• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.543-558
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• 2019

This study was carried out to apply the taxonomic characters to identify and to provide the habitat circumstances for forty one un-introduced environmentally harmful plants in the Korea which have been designated by Ministry of Environment in 2016. We investigated the dried plant specimen from several herbaria and performed field habitat survey in western coast area of United States including California, Oregon and Washington. We suggest the first result for ecological risk discussion, weed risk assessment, taxonomic characters and classification keys for 8 species with the related species - Carduus acanthoides L. (Asteraceae), Carduus tenuiflorus W. Curtis (Asteraceae), Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. (Apiaceae), Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (Apiaceae), Ehrharta erecta Lam. (Poaceae), and Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Poaceae).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2019

골관절염은 연골 파괴 및 연골 형성의 손상을 초래하는 산화 스트레스 세포사와 관련된 염증성 질환이다. 최근에, 엉겅퀴(Cirsium japonicum var. maackii)는 다양한 염증성 질환에 대하여 보호하는 역할을 하는 것으로 보고되었습니다. 그러나, 연골 퇴행 및 골관절염 진행에 대한 엉겅퀴의 역할은 아직 알려져 있지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구는 골관절염 및 연골 분해 생쥐 모델에서 엉겅퀴의 보호 효과를 조사하였다. 먼저, 엉겅퀴의 활성 성분 함량을 측정하기 위해 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 건조된 엉겅퀴 지상부의 물 추출물에서 총 폴리페놀 함량은 $149.2{\pm}24.1mg\;GAE/g$ 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 $27.9{\pm}2.0mg\;NE/g$을 함유하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한, HPLC 분석으로부터 엉겅퀴 지상부 물 추출물의 주요 화합물은 플라보노이드 계열인 cirsimarin과 cirsimaritin으로 확인되었다. 또한, 엉겅퀴 추출물은 조직 병리학적 분석에 의해 입증된 내측 반월판의 불안정화에 의해 유도된 골관절염 마우스 모델에서 연골파괴 억제효과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 본 연구결과는 엉겅퀴 추출물이 골관절염과 연골 파괴를 개선 또는 예방할 수 있는 새로운 식 의약 소재로의 개발 가능성을 제시한다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2020

Recently, one of the major issues of shipbuilding and marine is the reduction of air and marine pollution emission to ships. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has concluded an international convention (MARPOL) to prevent pollution from ships. A Annex Six of The Convention restricts and regulates air and marine pollution of ship from exhausting gases. To this end, it is required to apply EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Indicators) to the construction of new ships, and to minimize the emission of environmental pollutants by recommending the application of EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operation Indicators) to operational ships. Therefore, in this study, we propose to calculate the grade of operating efficiency (EG) of ships based on actual operational data for transport ships and to provide energy-efficient optimal path search information through analysis of marine environment data.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2022

Tire codes are made of materials such as hemp, cotton, rayon, nylon, steel, polyester, glass, and aramid are fiber reinforcement materials that go inside rubber to increase durability, driveability, and stability of vehicle tires. The reinforcement of the tire cord may construct a composite material using tires such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, bicycles, and fibrous materials such as electric belts and hoses as reinforcement materials. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the adhesive force between the rubber and the reinforced fiber exhibits the desired physical properties in the rubber composite material made of a rubber matrix with reinforced fibers. This study is a study on the heat treatment conditions for improving the adhesion strength of the tire cord and the reinforced fiber for tires. The core technology of the drying process is a uniform drying technology, which has a great influence on the quality of the reinforcement. Therefore, the uniform airflow distribution is determined by the geometry and operating conditions of the dryer. Therefore, this study carried out a numerical analysis of the shape of a drying nozzle for improving the performance of hot air drying in a dryer used for drying the coated reinforced fibers. In addition, the flow characteristics were examined through numerical analysis of the study on the change in the shape of the chamber affecting drying.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 2000

Purpose : We already reported the results that aqueous extract of Korean ginseng roots showed a marked cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated whether combined ginseng product with X-irradiation increase the cytotoxicity of tumor cells than X-irradiation or not. Materials and Methods : Fifty gram of Korean ginseng powder mixed with 1 L of distilled water was extracted with reflux flask under condition of $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. This aquaous ginseng extract was filtered, centrifuged and then was freezed under condition of $-90^{\circ}C$ for 16-18 hrs. The freezing extract was dried with freeze drier, and then diluted. X-irradiation was given to tumor cells by 6 MeV linear accelerator. The cytotoxicity of ginseng in vitro was evaluated from its ability to reduce the clonogenecity of fibrosarcoma (FSa II) cells. In X-irradiation alone group, each 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy was given to tumor cells. In X-irradiation with ginseng group, 0.2 mg/mL of ginseng extract was exposed to tumor cells for 1 hour before X-irradiation. Results : The yield for 50 g of ginseng extract which was treated with freezing drier was 3.13 g($6.3\%$). Cytotoxicity In vitro was measured as survival fraction which was judged from the curve, at ginseng concentration of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/mL were $0.89\pm0.04$, $0.86\pm0.06$, $0.73\pm0.01$ and $0.09\pm0.02$, respectively. Survival fraction at X-irradiation alone of 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy were $0.81\pm0.07$, $0.42\pm0.08$, $0.15\pm0.02$, $0.03\pm0.01$, respectively. But, suwival fraction in combined group of X-irradiation and ginseng (0.2mg/ml) at each same radiation dose were $0.28\pm0.01$, $0.18\pm0.03$, $0.08\pm0.02$, $0.006\pm0.002$, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion : The yield for ginseng extract which was treated with freezing drier was $6.3\%$. Cytotoxicty of Fsa 11 in combined ginseng with X-irradiation group was increased than that of X-irradition alone group, and its enhancing effect seemed to be added.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.576-598
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• 2016

This paper is to reconsider some characteristics of philosophical discussion on alienation, especially focusing on Lefebvre's concept of alienation, and then to conceptualize a number of features of alienation in both industrial and postindustrial capitalist cities. The construction and development of modern city in industrial capitalism has brought about alienation from nature and from land(i.e. means of production), and in these contexts, has generated alienated labour of urban labourers, which has been deepened through development of modern technologies and divisions of labour. The transformation from industrial to postindustrial society can be seen not as alleviating but as further intensifying and expanding process of alienation. Urban alienation in postindustrial society has been spatially and temporally extended through processes of glocalization and of financialization with the development of credit system. It also has been widened to fields of consumption and leisure and to spheres of non-material production, and has get more deeply involved in capital circulation through built environment and landscape(or spectacles) of cities. Finally this paper is to re-examine briefly theoretical discussions on dealienation in order to conceptualize the just city for dealienation of labour and of urban space, in particular considering the concept of 'the right to the city' as practical strategy of urban dealienation, and to suggest further three kinds of justice for the just city, that is, justice for distribution, for production and for recognition.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2000

Vegetation disturbance history of the Korean Peninsula from the Palaeolithic Age to the Koryo Dynasty (1392) has reconstructed by the use of various data sources. Active vegetation disturbance, which has begun during the Neolithic Age, seems to be more widespread on lowland and coastal areas in the early stages, but later expanded into inland areas. The ploughing of a field and the selective cutting of certain trees, such as oak trees, nettle trees and pine trees are noticeable, and eventually caused deforestation during the Bronze Age. The use of iron tools of the Iron Age has enabled the forest clearing to develope the dry fields. During the Three Kingdoms period (BC 57∼AD 918) extensive deforestation has maintained for the development of cultivated fields, as well as other activities, such as timber, lumbering, production of iron farm implement, ploughing by cattle. The encouragement of disafforestation on mountain slope and creation of terraced field during the Koryo Dynasty (918∼1392) has caused the deforestation over the country, along with the consumption of large amount of wood and timber for fire-wood, ship-building, mining, xylography and so on.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.543-552
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• 1994

A series of drained plane strain compression tests was performed on dried samples of dense Toyoura sand and Silver Leighton Buzzard sand prepared by air-pluviation method to find out the deformation and strength characteristics on the value of confining pressure ${\sigma}{_3}^{\prime}({\sigma}{_3}^{\prime}=0.05{\sim}4.0kgf/cm^2)$. The axial and lateral strains measured in this apparatus ranged from $10^{-6}$ up to the failure of the specimen. So the stress-strain characteristics would be investigated from very small to very large strain levels. It was found that the change of the angle of internal friction ${\phi}^{\prime}{_{max}}=arcsin\{({\sigma}{_1}^{\prime}-{\sigma}{_3}^{\prime})/({\sigma}{_1}^{\prime}+{\sigma}{_3}^{\prime})\}_{max}$ with the change of ${\sigma}{_3}^{\prime}$ is very small when ${\sigma}{_3}^{\prime}$ is lower than higher. Furthermore, the effect of confining pressure on stiffness of sands was evaluated. It was also found that for the range of shear strain ${\gamma}$ from $10^{-6}$ to those at peak, the Rowe's stress-dilatancy relation seems to be a good approximation for air-dried Toyoura sand and Silver Leighton Buzzard sand, irrespective of the change of ${\sigma}{_3}^{\prime}$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.426-439
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• 2021

In this study, we compare the properties and estimate the durability of five oil colors that are the most popularly used colors in the conservation of oil paintings. A set of these colors was obtained form four manufacturers each, and their properties were analyzed by conducting deterioration experiments. Subsequently, we observed the colors and performed X-ray fluorescence analysis. As a result of colour observation and XRF analysis, it was confirmed that there are the differences according to the pigment types, mixing rations and the manufacturers even for colors having the same product name. The deterioration test indicated differences in the appearance of the colors ; for instance, the color difference was above 12.0 in most of the samples, including restoration color and acrylic gouache. In the case of Lemon Yellow a lot of discoloration and cracking occurred, and difference in gloss was ob served in Viridian of manufacturer C. Most cracks were ob served in the restoration color obtained from manufacturer B and were assumed to be because of the resin used by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, additional research will have to be conducted by controlling variables in order to find out the cause. Through this study, we demonstrated that retouching materials for conservation of oil painting differed in their physical properties according to the color and manufacturer. Therefore a conservator should be mindful during the selection and use of materials for retouching oil paintings.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.151-168
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• 2004

The Mireuk Temple Stone pagoda is the largest scale of the existing Stone Pagoda in Korea. A research until now postulates that the Stone pagoda at Mireuk Temple site is composed of nine stories total. However it does not have any records of the detail, dimension, and related methods, etc, even though it is a tectonically large scale building. Only one source of the description is based upon a story which is a sort of Korean myth or traditional story (Samkukyousa, Mu dynasty), although a historical description from a myth or a story is a polemical issue and still needed research in order to prove the truth. One of the ways to make a proof of the truth is an architectural research from the typology of the plane. The types of the plane are differentiated from each era. Therefore, the typology of the plane presents a reason or a proof for the age of the pagoda. Furthermore, the typology of the plane is crucial part in the research of the historical style and it could help the historical style of the Mireuk temple stone pagoda. Research until now shows that the Mireuk temple stone pagoda is the genesis of the stone pagoda shaped after wooden one. It is impossible to find any previous one from the stone pagoda at Mireuk Temple site in Korea. So it is easier to find any previous example from the history of China because Buddhist pagoda-most pagodas are something to do with Buddhism-in Korea is introduced by India via China. This research presents the periodical variation of stone and brick pagoda in both countries. It concludes that the Mireuk temple stone pagoda has $7^{th}$ century's plane type.