• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.146-173
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• 2014

Extant studies have explained that firm's innovations including technological product and process innovations contribute to its competitive advantage and growth, thereby supporting competitiveness and growth of industry. These studies, however, have focused mainly on the role and effect of technological change that is primarily measured by the patent numbers and R&D intensity. Aside from these traditional streams, there has been growing interest on the impact by various dimensions of innovation including non-technological innovations. Apart from the discussions on the dimensions and scope of innovation, stages or processes of innovation also have been studied. Extant studies on innovation process model, however, has limited its interests in the structure of the transformation of knowledge. This study have established a comprehensive model embracing operational and financial performance to investigate the causal paths between innovation and firm performance. Using multi-level generalized linear model with path analysis, this study have found results as follows: First, the processes from innovative activities to innovation output and outcomes including operational and financial performance at firm level were verified. Secondly, the influence of innovation decreases gradually as the distance away from the direct outputs of the innovation increase in the direction of financial outcomes. Third, the effect of innovation on the sales growth rate is higher for small businesses than for medium-sized businesses. The effect of innovation on the profit rate, however, is significant only for medium-sized businesses. For large businesses, innovation has no positive significant impact on any financial performance at all. Fourth, Fourth, the appropriability of innovation has positive impacts on innovative performance, patent applications, and operational performance.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2014

$Y_2O_3$ ceramic specimens were fabricated from the granular powder, obtained by spray drying process from the slurry. The slurry was prepared by mixing PVA binder, NaOH for Ph control, PEG and $Y_2O_3$ powder. The $Y_2O_3$ specimen was shaped in size of ${\phi}14mm$ and then sintered at $1650^{\circ}C$. The characteristics, microstructure, densities and plasma resistance of the $Y_2O_3$ specimens were investigated with the function of forming pressure and sintering time. $Y_2O_3$ specimens were exposed under the $CHF_3/O_2/Ar$ plasma, the dry etching treatment of specimens was carried out by the physical reaction etching of $Ar^+$ ion beam and the chemical reaction etching of $F^-$ ion decomposed from $CHF_3$. With increasing sintering time, $Y_2O_3$ specimens showed relatively high density and strong resistance in plasma etching test.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• 제12권4호통권37호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2005

We propose a new approach to greatly simplify the fabrication of conventional nanoimprint lithography (NIL) by combined nanoimprint and photolithography (CNP). We introduce a hybrid mask mold (HMM) made from UV transparent material with a UV-blocking Cr metal layer placed on top of the mold protrusions. We used a negative tone photo resist (PR) with higher selectivity to substrate the CNP process instead of the UV curable monomer and thermal plastic polymer that has been commonly used in NIL. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on HMM plays a reliable role for pattern transfer when the HMM is separated from the transfer layer. Hydrophilic $SiO_2$ thin film was deposited on all parts of the HMM, which improved the formation of SAM. This $SiO_2$ film made a sub-10nm formation without any pattern damage. In the CNP technique with HMM, the 'residual layer' of the PR was chemically removed by the conventional developing process. Thus, it was possible to simplify the process by eliminating the dry etching process, which was essential in the conventional NIL method.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1999

SCAI(spent CANDU fuel bundle serial number identifier) was developed to read serial numbers of spent fuel bundles in the spent fuel storage. For the purpose of effectively identifying the serial number of fuel bundle. SCAI was composed of underwater camera & light part. guiding & supporting part and control & monitor part. So it is easy to assemble and disassemble, and operate. It was tested to read serial numbers of spent fuel bundles loaded in basket during the recent spent fuel transfer campaign at Wolsong Unit 1. And it was also applied to read serial numbers of spent fuel bundles discharging from the initial core at Wolsong Unit 3 by slight change of camera and light. Inspectors could easily operate SCAI after several practices in the storage pond, which was a user friendly. And SCAI provided clear and immediate picture for identification of serial numbers of spent fuel bundles. It was interally evaluated that SCAI greatly contributed to cut inspection efforts for national and international safeguards at Wolsong power plant.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.661-673
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• 2007

Rock materials of the three-storied stone pagoda in the Cheongryongsa temple in Korea are mainly composed of gneissose two-mica granite and fine-grained granite. This stone pagoda shows structural instability due to cracks and breaking-out of the stones. The surface properties of the stone is highly degraded by various inorganic pollutants and epilithic biospecies. Therefore, this study carried out comprehensive deterioration diagnosis by non-destructive methods, and some conservation treatments base on the diagnosis were carried out to reduce weathering progress. As the treatments, the biospecies and lichen that covering on the stone surfaces were removed by dry and wet cleaning, and degraded concrete applied to the pagoda for restoration in the past was removed and repaired with epoxy resin. Oxidized iron plates inserted between the rock properties were also substituted titanium stainless steels. After all processes are completed, we sprayed consolidant on the rock surface. Finally, the ground of the stone pagoda was rearranged using small rock aggregates, and the fence was established for control of artificial deterioration by visitors and environmental maintenance.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2003

Composite powder of$B_4C-A1_2O_3$was prepared from a mixed powder of$B_2O_3/A1/C$by SHS under argon pressure instead of using a chemical furnace. A mixture of$B_2O_3,$Al and C powder (equivalent amounts to the reaction,$2B_2O_3+4A1+C=B_4C+2A1_2O_3)$was ball milled for 2 h. The mixed powder was placed in a SHS reactor and filled with 10 atm of argon gas and ignited. The inner and outer products were the same by XRD analysis. It was consisted of a composite powder of$B_4C-A1_2O_3$without $AlB_{12}/C_2$which was always produced using a chemical furnace. The composite powder was about$60~100{mu}m$size which was composed of crystalline particles of about 0.3~l${mu}m$size. But when 15 atm of argon was employed, partial sintering took place to give rise hard composite powder of$15~25{mu}m$$B_4C$with $0.1~0.2{mu}m$$A1_2O_3.$

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2010

Among various make-up products, foundations are widely used to express clear and flawless skin. Foundations can be classified by its formula to 3 types, liquid foundation, powder foundation, and oil dispersion foundation. Powder foundations are easy to carry and use, so it is commonly possessed. In the R&D point of view, the developing method of powder foundations can be classified again to 3 types. Dry-process, baked-process, and the wet slurry-process. The fact that the wet slurry-process goes through either the back injection method or the front injection method is previously known. The front injection process is used as the main method in this study. We observed the quality dependence on the kind of solvent and the powder coating system. In brief, when water was used as the main solvent, the hardness increased than when volatile silicones or hydrocarbons were used. And the sensory results were shown to prefer volatile solvents (silicones or hydrocarbons) over water. Similarly, when the amino acid-coating system was applied, the hardness was shown to increase, when silicone-coating system shown no specific change. By these results, tailor-made powder foundations targeting specific customer grades can be easily produced.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2018

In case of high contents of rare earths in the LiCl-KCl salt, it is not easy to recover U and TRU metals as a usable resource form from LiCl-KCl eutectic salts generated from the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. In this study, a conversion of $UCl_3$ into an oxide form using $K_2CO_3$ and an electrodeposition of $NdCl_3$ into a metal form in $LiCl-KCl-UCl_3-NdCl_3$ system were conducted to resolve the problem. Before conducting the conversion, experimental conditions for the conversion were determined by performing a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation. In this study, almost all of $UCl_3$ disappeared in the LiCl-KCl salt when the injection of $K_2CO_3$ reached theoretical equivalent for the conversion, and then $NdCl_3$ was effectively electrodeposited as a metal form using liquid zinc cathode. After that, the LiCl-KCl salt became transparent, and uranium oxides were precipitated to the bottom of the LiCl-KCl salt. These results will be utilized in designing a process to separate U and rare earths in LiCl-KCl salt.

• Resources Recycling
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2002

Recently, waste printed circuit board (PCB) has significantly increased in its amount due to the rapid development of electronic industries. Since several kinds of noxious materials and also valuable metals are contained in it, the waste PCB is in an urgent need of recycling for the dual purposes for the prevention of environmental pollution and recovery of valuable resources. Also, the catalyst which equipped in the exhaust pipes of automobiles to reduce emission of air pollutants contains precious met-als so that their recovery from the waste auto-catalysts is required. In this study, the recovery of valuable metals from waste PCB and auto-catalyst by arc furnace melting process has been investigated, which is known to be very stable and suitable f3r less production of pollutants due to its high operating temperature. The effect of the kind of flux on the recovery of precious metals was examined by using quicklime, converter slag, and copper slag as the flux. In addition, the influence of direct and alternating current and the applying direction of direct current has been investigated. It was observed that using converter or copper slag as a flux was more desirable for a higher efficiency in the precious metal recovery compared with quicklime. For the effect of current, application of direct current taking the bottom as a negative pole generally showed a better efficiency for the extraction of valuable metals from waste PCB, which was also observed for the case of waste auto-catalyst. The average recovery of precious metals from both wastes by arc furnace melting process was very high, which was up to in the range of 95～97%.

• Resources Recycling
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2005

The manufacture property of anhydrous calcium sulfate (anhydrite Ⅱ) from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum discharged from domestic thermoelectric power plants to apply as an auxiliary material of cement and concrete by high temperature treatment were investigated. The FGD gypsum was completely converted to anhydrite Ⅱ at the temperature of 700$^{\circ}C$ and the retention time of 1 hr. In the phase transformation process, particle size was also changed. The chemical composition, particle size and heat property of anhydrite Ⅱ made from the FGD gypsum were similar to them of natural gypsum. In the leaching test of sulfate ion (SO$_4^{2-}$) at the temperature of 90$^{\circ}C$ and the retention time of 1 hr, the amount of leached SO$_4^{2-}$ for the anhydrite Ⅱ that was sintered at 700$^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr was about 50 wt.% based on that of natural gypsum. In addition, the amount of leached SO$_4^{2-}$ for the anhydrite Ⅱ by adding the slaked lime of 3 wt.% decreased about 70 wt.% comparing with that of natural gypsum. In the application test, the compressive strength of cement and concrete manufactured by using the anhydrite Ⅱ as an auxiliary material were similar or superior compared with them of cement and concrete done by natural gypsum as an auxiliary material.