• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.355-368
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• 2003

In Exp. 1, this study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs. A total of sixty crossbred pigs (initial body weight 15.09$\pm$0.18kg) were used in this experiment. This study was carried out for 28 days. The five treatments were control (CON; basal diet), GB0.1 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.1%), GB0.3 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.3%), GB0.6 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.6%) and GB1.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0%). For overall period, ADG and Gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. In Exp. 2, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of germanium biotite as a substitute for antibiotics in growing pigs. A total of fifty five crossbred pigs (initial body weight 32.47$\pm$0.9kg) were used in this experiment. The three treatments were negative control (NC: basal diet without antibiotic), positive control (PC: basal diet + 200ppm CTC) and GB0.3 (basal diet + germanium biotite 0.3%). Pigs fed PC (17%, 385 vs 451 g/d) and GB0.3 (14%, 385 vs 438 g/d) diets grew faster(P<0.05) than pigs fed NC diet. Pigs fed PC and GB0.3 diets resulted higher(P<0.05) ADFI than pigs fed CON diet. However, pigs fed GB0.3 diet had improved gain/feed compared to pigs fed NC diet(P<0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM and N by pigs fed PC and GB0.3 diets were greater(P<0.05) than those by pigs fed NC diet. In Exp. 3, a study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary germanium biotite on growth performance, plasma characteristics, backfat thickness and fecal ammonia gas concentration in finishing pigs. A total of seventy-two finishing pigs (initial body weight 78.56$\pm$1.32kg) were used in this experiment. The treatments included 1) Control (CON; basal diet) 2) GB1.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 1.0%), 3) GB3.0 (basal diet + germanium biotite 3.0%). Pigs fed GB1.0 diet grew faster than pigs fed CON diet and GB0.3 diet (P<0.05). Also, pigs fed CON diet showed higher(p<0.05) ADFI than pigs fed GB3.0 diet. Pigs fed GB diets had improved gain/feed compared to pigs fed CON diet(P<0.05). Total?and VLDL concentrations in plasma of pigs fed GB diets treatments were significantly decreased compared to those in pig fed CON diet(P<0.05). However, HDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma of the pig was significantly increased compared to those in pigs fed CON diet (P<0.05). Pigs fed CON diet exerted higher(P<0.05) backfat thickness than pigs fed GB1.0 (5.4%, 27.19 vs 25.71mm) and GB3.0 (16.1%, 27.19 vs 22.81mm) diets. Feces from CON treatment were higher in fecal ammonia gas concentration than faces from pigs fed GB1.0 (64.1%, 17.00 vs 6.10mg/kg)and GB3.0 (61.8%, 17.00 vs 6.50mg/kg) treatments(P<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary addition of germanium biotite into diets for nursery pigs did not affect growth performance. The results also suggest the possibility of germanium biotite to replace antibiotic in diets for growing pigs. In finishing pigs, dietary supplementation of germanium biotite was an effective means for improving growth performance and for decreasing Total-and LDL+VLDL-plasma cholesterols, backfat and fecal ammonia gas concentration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 1985

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture in Korea. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the cutting management on the dead plant, weed appearance, regrowth and carbohydrate reserves in stubble, and dry matter yield of tall fescue dominated pasture during the mid summer season. For the test, a split plot design with 4 replications was treated with 2 different the third cutting times (July 12 and Aug. 4) as the mainplots, and 3 different cutting heights (3, 6 and 9 cm) at the third cut as the subplots, and the experiment was done at the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station, in Suweon, 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Considering the meteorological conditions during the experimental period, the temperature was a little higher by $2^{\circ}C$ than that of average year, especially the first and second decade of August were high. And the precipitation of 1984 tended to be low when compared with the average year. 2. Temperature of soil surface and underground tended to increase by $1-3^{\circ}C$ as the stubble height was low during the summer season. 3. Regrowth leaf length and leaf area after the third cut increased significantly with the high cutting height at the third cut. 4. A significant higher total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content in stubble after the third cut was observed in the high stubble cut on July 12. The results indicate that the high stubble height reserves more carbohydrates for early regrowth stage after the third cut when compared with the low stubble. On Aug. 4, however, the recovery of TNC contents after the third cut was not effective due to high temperature and rainfall. 5. The percentage of dead plant after the third cut was found to be high with the low cutting height during the mid summer season (p<0.05). 6. With the low stubble height on July 12 cut, it was appeared that the percentage of weed was significantly increased (p<0.05), and main weeds appeared after the third cut were Echinochloa crusgalli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Cyperus iria>Rumex crispus, and so on. In case of cut on Aug. 4, weed appearance was no difference at three cutting heights. 7. Dry matter yield at the third cut was increased in the plot of cutting on Aug. 4 and stubble height (p<0.05). However, yields at the fourth and fifth cut were increased with high stubble height (p<0.05), regardless of harvest time. 8. In total dry matter yield after the third cut, there was no significant difference between the cutting time and forage yield. However, total yield on July 12 was increased with the high stubble height (p<0.05). 9. From the above results, it is suggested that the 9 cm cutting height during the mid summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, weed control and forage yield of tall fescue dominated pasture.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) pigs($74.22{\pm}0.71kg$) were used for 49-day assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S1(1.66% rye silage) and 3) S2(3.32% rye silage). In growth performance, from 4 to 7 weeks, average daily feed intake(ADFI) in pigs fed CON diet was higher than pigs fed S1 and S2 diets. Through the entire experimental period($0{\sim}7$ weeks), a ADFI in CON and S2 treatments was higher than S1 treatment (p<0.05). Serum cortisol concentration of pigs fed rye silage decreased significantly compared to pigs fed basal diet (p<0.05). The Hunter's $L^*$(lightness) value of loin in the pigs fed S2 diet was higher than that of loin in the pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). The $b^*$(yellowness) value of loin in the pigs fed S1 and S2 diets were higher than CON treatment(p<0.05). Backfat thickness in CON treatment increased significantly compared to S1 and S2 treatments(p<0.05). Among fatty acid contents of lean meat, the contents of palmitic and stearic acids were significantly higher in CON than others(p<0.05), where as eicosenoic and linolenic acids were the highest in S2 treatment among treatments(p<0.05). Total SFA(saturated fatty acid) was the highest in CON(p<0.05) and S1 and S2 treatments were higher USFA/SFA(unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid) ratio than CON treatment. In fats, linolenic acid was higher in S2 treatment than those of S1 and CON treatments(p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter in pigs fed S1 and S2 diets was greater than that of pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05) and S1 treatment was higher than others on digestibility of nitrogen(p<0.05). VFA(volatile fatty acid) emission from focal, measured after 1 day, increased significantly in pigs fed S1 and S2 diets(p<0.05). In conclusions, our results showed that feeding rye silage might be beneficial in decrease of cortisol concentration, hunter's $L^*$(lightness) value and $b^*$(yellowness), fatty acid contents, and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between feeding rye silagr and finishing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.58-74
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• 2018

This study aims to propose baseline data for designing restoration of Gaobyulup, researching space formation and characteristics of gardens of Gaobyulup, which located in the foot of Cheonmasan Mountain in Namyangju. Gaobyulup is a remain in retirement of Gyulsan Yu-Won Lee, a representative politician, administrator, and tea drinker in late Joseon Dynasty. The results of the research about the shape of Gaobyulup deducted through reference review, poetry and prose analysis, an on-the-spot survey and residents' interview are below: Lee, who used pseudonym as 'Gyulsan,' which menas Jongnamsan Mountain, yearned Mangcheonbyeoreop(輞川別業) by Yu Wang and retirement with a country house operation by Seogye Sedang Park. In the persuit of this ideal, he created and operated a country house in Gaogok of Yangju, which a family burial ground was located. Gaobyulup, which located in Gaogok in the lower part of Cheonmasan Mountain, was largely composed outer and inner gardens, and the area of house operation was started from a stone post of Gaobokji The inner garden of Gaobyulup was including major garden components like buildings, such as Sasihyanggwan, Obaekganjung, Imharyoe and Toesadam, and Chaewon near Haengrangchae, and Gwawon in an backyard. In addition, Younggwijung pavilion, which located 850m away from Gaobyulup, was the another country house inside the Byulup, thus Gaobyulup shows a duplex space formation. In the inner garden of Gaobyulup, there are Sasihyanggwan, which had functions of Sarangchae as library and depository of old paintings and calligraphic works, and Obaekganjung, a small Sarangchae which connected with Sasihyanggwan in the form of a transept. Yusanggoksuger located near Obaekganjung. Additionally, Imharyeo, a library with a tablet of Byeokryowon(??園), which located in the highest point in Byulup, has the functions of a reading room and a tea house. Many Taihu stones were located not only in Toesadam, a square-formed pond with lotus but also many places in the inner gardens. And rare garden plants were planted. These were closely related to the trend of horticulture for pleasure, wealth, and collecting old paintings and calligraphic works for pleasure of Lee. Meanwhile, the area of Younggwijung pavilion, located in Gaocheon stream fall from Byulup to Manhoiam, looks like Wooampok, a enjoying place of other personages, who use their pseudonym as "Oksan" or "Wooam" Lee identifies Wooampok as "Jesampok" and carved 'Gyulsan' s he declared this place is his operating area. Lee built Younggwijung pavilion and planted many peach trees for recreation of utopia. The stone letters of Byukpadongcheon, located in front of a bridge in the foreside of Younggwijung pavilion, seems another enchanted land created in Gaobokji inside. Lee carved Jeilsan in huge rock on the falls rear Manhoiam temple, which Lee did great role of foundation of the temple, so he identifies that this place was the end of the outer garden of Gaobyulup. This study tries to estimate traces of the country house in Gaogok through reference review and on-th-spot survey, and the results from this study are presumed based on site remains only conformed today. It needs to discover second scenary or stone carved letters between Jeilsan and Jesampok. Additionally, exact formation characteristics of Gaobyulup should be identified through excavation survey later. To do so, an interest and a major role of Namyangju-si must be equipped for future restoration of Gaobyulup.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.392-400
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of various periods of rye silage feeding on the growth performance, blood characteristics, and carcass quality of finishing pigs. A total of sixteen [($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$)] pigs (90.26 kg in average initial body weight) were tested in individual cages for a 30 day period. Dietary treatments included 1) CON (basal diet), 2) S10 (basal diet for 20 days and 3% rye silage for 10 days) 3) S20 (basal diet for 10 days and 3% rye silage for 20 days) and 4) S30 (3% rye silage for 30 days). There were no significant differences in the ADG and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(p>0.05), however the ADFI was higher in pigs fed the CON diet than with pigs fed diets with rye silage (p<0.05). The DM digestibility was higher with the S20 diet than with the S30 diet (p<0.05). With regard to blood characteristics, pigs fed rye silage had a significantly reduced cortisol concentration compared to pigs fed the CON diet (p<0.05). The backfat thickness was higher with the CON diet than with the S20 or S30 diets (p<0.05). Regarding the fatty acid contents of the leans, the C18:0 and total SFA were significantly higher with the CON diet than with the other diets (p<0.05). However, the C18:1n9, total MUFA and UFA/SFA levels were significantly lower with the CON diet than the other diets (p<0.05). Regarding the fatty acid contents of fat, the levels of C18:1n9 and MUFA were similar with the S20 and S30 diets, however, these levels were higher than with the CON or S10 diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, feed intake and DM digestibility were affected by rye silage, and the cortisol concentration, backfat thickness and fatty acid composition of pork were positively affected by feeding pigs rye silage.