• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.233-260
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• 2018

The West Coast is known as one of the world's three largest intertidal mudflats but the mudflat ecosystems have been constantly destroyed by various reclamation projects and industrial complexes. This study intends to estimate the economic values of major ecosystem services provided by the Seocheon intertidal flats using a choice modeling method. The benefits of the intertidal flats are categorized as four different attributes: number of migratory birds (related to biodiversity and cultural services), production of fish and shellfish (regulating services and habitats), tourism activities (cultural services), and number of fishing households in local communities (cultural services). Study results show that the general public enjoys the economic benefits of 1.777 trillion won (900 million won/hectare) as of 2015 in order to preserve 1,200ha of Seocheon mudflat. Assuming that future generations continue to enjoy these economic benefits of mudflat conservation, the annual value converted is about 64.7 billion won/year, corresponding to 53.9 million won/hectare per year. Individuals are willing to pay are expected to maintain their entire life in the 1,000 households living in the Seocheon tidal-flat fishing village, with an average of 11,000 won per person and an additional 50,000 tourist activities per year. It was estimated to have the amount of payment of 9,000 won. An individual's marginal willingness to pay was estimated to be about 11,000 won per year for supporting a total of 1,000 fishing households, 6,000 won to provide tourism activities of 50,000 visitors, and 9,000 won to provide the habitats of 90,000 migratory birds. For segmentation analysis, residents of Seocheon did not place significant values for the attributes besides migratory bird conservation. However, those of Gunsan showed relatively low margtinal willingness to pay for conservation of migratory birds and fishing villages but showed similar preferences for the maintenance of tourism activities compared to the general public. The results imply that the introduction of economic incentive system is needed to effectively manage and conserve ecosystem services of specific intertidal flats.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

After Canada has struggled with a radioactive waste problem over for 20 years, the Canadian government finally found out that its approach by far has been lack of social acceptance, and needed a program such as public and stakeholder engagement (PSE) which involves the public in decision-making process. Therefore, the government made a special law, called Nuclear Fuel Waste Act (NFWA), to search for an appropriate nuclear waste management approach. NFWA laid out three possible approaches which were already prepared in advance by a nuclear expert group, and required Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) to be established to report a recommendation as to which of the proposed approaches should be adopted. However, NFWA allowed NWMO to consider additional management approach if the other three were not acceptable enough. Thus, NWMO studied and created a fourth management approach after it had undertaken an comparison of the benefits, risks and costs of each management approach: Adaptive Phased Management. This approach was intended to enable the implementers to accept any technological advancement or changes even in the middle of the implementation of the plan. The Canadian PSE case well shows that technological R&D are deeply connected with social acceptance. Even though the developments and technological advancement are carried out by the scientists and experts, but it is important to collect the public opinion by involving them to the decision-making process in order to achieve objective validity on the R&D programs. Moreover, in an effort to ensure the principles such as fairness, public health and safety, security, and adoptability, NWMO tried to make those abstract ideas more specific and help the public understand the meaning of each concept more in detail. Also, they utilized a variety of communication methods from face-to-face meeting to e-dialogue to encourage people to participate in the program as much as possible. Given the fact that Korea has been also having a hard time in dealing with spent nuclear fuel management, all of these efforts that Canada has made with a PSE program would give good lessons and implications to the Korean case. In conclusion, as a deliberative participation program, PSE could be a possible breakthrough approach for the Korean spent nuclear fuel management.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-130
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• 2012

This study examines mortality change in North Korea and its association with state production and welfare systems. Two main subjects are analyzed. The first theme is to examine the reliability of mortality related data released by North Korea government authorities. Examining inner consistencies among mortality related statistics and comparing with mortality trends in other socialist societies, the study finds that mortality rate was under estimated. Under-estimation of mortality by North Korean authorities is regarded to result not only from political purpose which aims to propagate the regime's superiority but also from enumeration errors of vital statistics based on the residence registration. The second theme is to estimate the change in mortality of North Korean people since the establishment of DPRK, correcting errors of mortality data. Mortality of North Korean people is estimated to have improved largely by the early 1970s, to have been sluggish hereafter, and finally to have increased during the economic hardship period between 1993 and 2008. While large people died during the food crisis in the late 1990s, however the population loss caused by mortality increase was not so great as the proposition of the huge starvation was expected. It is partly because population turbulence occurred not just by mortality increase, rather it has progressed in the joint effects of fertility decline and exodus of North Korean people for food. It is also due to North Korean people's voluntary activities of informal economy. It is also worth noting the high mortality rate of North Korean men. The high mortality of North Korean men is likely due to men's mobilization for long time in army and labor with high risk of accident and their life styles.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 1994

In order to elucidate the outbreak mechanisms of a new disease which is characterized by an intense congestion in central venus sinuses(CVS) of gill filaments in cultured eel. these experiments were carried out; epidemically surveyed on the cultured eel farms in the vicinity of Kunsan city and experimentaliy outbreaked the disease in the stressful condition such as thermal and handling shock and innoculated the supernatant from the homogenate of naturally severe congested gill into eels and onto the monolayer of the CHSE-214. Although the frequency of congestion in eels of B, C, D and E farms were higher than in eels of A farms, the water qualities(stocked and cultured water) among farms were not a great difference. In eels of B, C, D and E farms, the values of haematocrit(Ht), haemoglobin(Hb), total protein(Tp), albumin(Alb), glucose(Glu), magnesium(Mg) were lower and the values of calcium(Ca), methemoglobin(Met-Hb), glutamic pyruvic transminase(GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transminase(GOT) higher than in eels of A farms. These valules have not related to the frequency of congestion. An intensive congestion and dilataton in CVS of gill filaments in experimentally handling-stressed eels produced similar histopathological changes to those observed in the spontaneously diseased eel, but not in eels experimentally injected with filtering contents. The cytopathic effect on the CHSE-214 was not observed. In stressed eels the congestion of gill was increased in relation to either the decrease ranges of water temperature or the incerase in accllimated times. And increase in Ht, Met-Hb, Alb, Glu, GOT and GPT and decrease in Mg, Hb and Tp were found, which had a close relationship to congestion of gill. Cortisol were increased according to the decrease ranges in acclimated water temperature. From these results, decrease in water temperature during selection placed eels upon the stressed condition, made increase in ionic strength in blood stream, and CVS was dilatated owing to the increased blood inflow.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 1992

Background: Although polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are important in protecting the airways and alveolar surfaces, there is evidence that they can also injure the lung while exercising their defensive role. However it has been unclear whether PMN-induced pneumocyte injury is mediated by their direct cytotoxic effect on target cells or by PMN-derived cytotoxic mediators. On the other hand histamine was known not only to act as an important chemical mediator participated in the pathogenesis of some atotic and allegic disorders, but also to have an inhibitory effect on normal PMN functions. Method: To study the mechanism by which PMN induce pneumocyte injury, we cocultured PMN from four healthy nonsmokers or their PMN-derived supernatants (PMN-SPN) with monolayers of $^{51}Cr$-labeled human A549 pneumocytes and compared PMN-and PMN-SPN-mediated pneumocyte injuries measured by $^{51}Cr$ release assay. We also compared the effects of histamine on each pneumocyte injury. Results: 1) PMN-SPN showed more injurious effect on A549 pneumocytes than that of PMN itself regardless histamine pretreatment of PMN. 2) Pneumocyte injury by PMN with histamine pretreatment was increased or decreased compared with that by PMN without histamine pretreatment, according to histamine concentrations, and PMN stimulating agents and their concentrations. 3) Pneumocyte injury by PMN-SPN with histamine pretreatment tended to be decreased compared with that by PMN-SPN without histamine pretreatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PMN-SPN may play more important role in mediating pneumocyte injury than PMN itself and that histamine may partially play a protective role on PMN-induced pneumocyte injury. Alternatively we conclude that the effects of histamine on PMN-induced pneumocyte injury may be affected by microenvironment in vivo.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 1999

This study is to make suggestion for developing textbook systematically by analyzing biological contents and organization in science textbooks which are important instructional media to accomplish objectives of the 6th middle school science curriculum. The inclusiveness degree of the 6th science educational objectives reflected in the textbooks was analyzed by Klopfer's and the Korean Educational Department's objectives taxonomy. And the biological contents and the organization of the science textbook were analyzed by learner, subject matter, and society dimensions which are selecting criteria for curriculum objectives suggested in Tyler's curriculum model. The analyzed results are as follows: 1. The inclusiveness degree of the educational objectives was very low. 2. Regarding the dimension of learner, the concepts of formal operational cognitive level were much increased as grade becomes higher. And the degree of learner's interests reflected on the learning topics and domains was very low. 3. Regarding the dimension of subject matter, the concept-centered learning was increased, in relation to inquiry learning as grade becomes higher. The analyzed results of inquiry subskills showed that observation, classification, and recording skills in 1st grade, observation and operation skills in 2nd grade, and interpreting data skills in 3rd grade were centered. As the problems and processes were presented, so most of inquiry activities had low openness scale. The learning contexts were organized into discipline-centered in relation to real life. 4. Regarding society dimension, the learning topics of environments and health were much presented. but those of biotechnology and career were presented scarcely. And most learning topics related society dimension were organized in textbooks of the 2nd and 3rd grade. These suggested that to accomplish curriculum objectives effectively. the inclusiveness degree of educational objectives is to increase and, the contents and organization of textbook were constructed harmoniously in aspects of learner, subject matter and society dimensions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were any changes in taste sensitivity with recurrent aphthous ulceration. Nintyseven subjects(25 males and 72 females) were included for the study and they were categorized into 2 groups(recurrent aphthous ulceration 27 persons, control 70 persons), recurrent aphthous ulceration group was investigated in the department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Pusan National University from April, 2005 to August, 2006 and control group was investigated in the clinic at Incheon city from June, 2006 to August, 2006. The electrical taste thresholds were measured using an electrogustometer of the 4 different sites(tongue tip, tongue lateral, circumvallate papilla and soft palate) in oral cavity. The results were as follows ; 1. The electrical taste threshold showed significant lower in the RAU group. 2. The electrical taste threshold showed significant lower in female group, and showed significant lower except soft palate in male group of the RAU group. 3. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to increase in all site of the multiple RAU group, but there were no significant differences. 4. The electrical taste threshold showed a tendency to increase in tongue lateral of the acute RAU group, and showed a tendency to increase in tongue tip, circumvallate papilla, soft palate of the chronic RAU group. 5. After treatment, electrical taste threshold was significant increase than initial visit in the RAU group. 6. After treatment, NAS showed a tendency to decrease in the RAU group.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2007

Background: A national health care initiative recommends routine spirometry screening of all smokers over age 45 or patients with respiratory symptoms. In response to the recommendation, new, simple, and inexpensive desktop spirometers for the purpose of promoting widespread spirometric screening were marketed. The performance of these spirometers was evaluated in vivo testing with healthy subjects. However, the clinical setting allows spirometric assessment of various pathologic combinations of flow and volume. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of a desktop spirometer to a standard laboratory spirometer, in a clinical setting with pathologic pulmonary function. Method: In a health check-up center, where screening pulmonary funct test was performed using the HI-801 spirometer. Subjects who revealed the ventilation defect in screening spirometry, performed the spirometry again using the standard Vmax spectra 22d spirometer in a tertiary care hospital pulmonary function laboratory. Pulmonary function test with both spirometer was performed according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society. Results: 109 patients were enrolled. Pulmonary function measurements (FVC, $FEV_1$, PEFR, FEF25%-75%) from the HI-801 correlated closely (r=0.94, 0.93, 0.81, 0.84, respectively) with those performed with the Vmax spectra 22d and showed the good limits of agreement and differences between the 2 devices; FVC +0.35 L, $FEV_1$ +0.16 L, PEFR +1.85 L/s, FEF25%-75%-0.13 L/s. With the exception of $FEV_1$, FEF25%-75%, these differences were significant(p<0.05) but small. Conclusion: The HI-801 spirometer is comparable to the standard laboratory spirometer, Vmax spectra 22d, with high accurary for $FEV_1$ and FVC and acceptable differences for clinical use.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2013

This study investigated the safety management behavior of dental professionals to minimize exposure to harmful elements of amalgam and resin. As for the use of amalgam and resin, 85.8% of them used amalgam. 100% of used composite resin 100%. 97.8% used acryl resin, and 95.7% used tray resin. 95.2% and 36.5% of them were aware of the harm of amalgam and resin respectively. When using resin, their safety management behavior score was 1.99 on average, and the lowest score was 2.50 on average for 'ventilate the indoor air when handling resin'. Their average score of the safety management behavior was 1.83 when using amalgam. The lowest score was 2.89 on average for 'use the rubber dam for patients when handling amalgam'. As a result of the safety management behavior based on general characteristics, all characteristics were significant with regard to amalgam, and my position at work and work experience were significant with regard to resin (p<0.05). The correlation between the safety management behavior and general characteristics was analyzed when dental amalgam and resin are used. Amalgam was statistically correlated with academic background (p<0.05) and position at work (p<0.05), whereas resin was statistically significantly correlated with age (p<0.05) and position at work (p<0.05). Accordingly, education about the harm of dental materials must be continuously provided for dental professionals when they handle dental materials so that safety management behavior will be conducted correctly, and active efforts to protect the health of dental professionals from harmful chemicals must be made.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.187-196
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• 2010

Recently, people have been suffering from stress-related fatigue and psychological disorders. Most people depend on medicine for pain relief; many treat pain also through alternative medicine or replacement therapy. However, drug therapy has many side effects, including increased stress after the therapy. In comparison, alternative therapies such as massage and foot reflexology are less damaging to the body, and such therapies can be provided without physical or psychological discomfort. In this regard, the author had previously co-developed color foot reflexology, which combines the merits of color therapy and foot reflexology; color foot reflexology has been shown to have beneficial effects without undue pain. This study investigates the effects of color foot reflexology on the physiological response of the body by comparing the body’s response to the signal with that to the placebo. Healthy adult subjects were selected for the experiment, which was conducted under optimal experimental conditions and design. The results indicated that when stimulated, parasympathetic nerves increased in HRV and that blood pressure, pulse, body heat, peripheral blood flow were dramatically activated. However, the results for the placebo indicated minimal changes or irregular outcomes. The results provide strong evidence for the beneficial effects of the color foot reflexology instrument on the autonomic nervous system and on the physiological response of the body. Future research is warranted to verify the results of the current study by examining patients suffering from diseases and disorders arising from irregular physiological functions in the context of the foot.