• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.441-451
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• 2013

Samples for estimating concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocargons(PAHs), total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs), and benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene(BTEX) were collected at the tidal flat sediments of 8 coastal sites in Incheon, at seventy-two sampling stations for the surface sediment and twenty-four stations for the sediment core, twice in the spring and fall in 2011. This study was performed to evaluate the distributions of seasonal and spatial concentrations of PAHs, TPHs, and BTEX in the tidal flat sediments. The source origin of PAHs were carried out. The total average concentration of PAHs in the tidal flat sediment was $95.62{\mu}g/kg$. The characteristic of PAHs concentration distributions was observed that the average concentration in the autumn was lower than that in the spring, and higher concentration in the sediment core than the surface sediment, and greater vertical concentration at the top rather than the bottom in the sediment core. The total average concentration of TPHs at all sampling sites was in the value of 46 mg/kg. The characteristic of the TPHs concentration distribution was observed that the average concentration in the fall was much higher than that in the spring, and higher concentration in the surface sediment than the sediment core. The possible source of PAHs inputs were mainly derived from both pyrogenic and petrogenic origin at the surface sediment at Janghwari site and the sediment cores of both Sorae and Okyeon sites, while the rest sites of study areas originated with pyrogenic combustion.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2004

Macrobenthic fauna were studied on a tidal flat in Garolim Bay in July 2002, in order to understand their spatial distribution with the surface sediment types. Forty-nine stations were set on the tidal flat. A total of 147 species was sampled with the mean density of $1,140ind./m^2$ and the mean biomass of $157.2g/m^2$. The polychaetes were speices- and density-dominant faunal group with 64 species and the mean density of $791ind./m^2$. Mollusks were biomass-dominant faunal group with $132.0g/m^2$. Major dominant species were two polychaetes, Mediomastus californiensis with the mean density of $374ind./m^2$ and Heteromastus filiformis with $224ind./m^2$. Also mollusks such as Umbonium thomasi, Batillaria cumingi and Ruditapes philippinarum was relatively high in the mean density, showing the density of 45, 42, $32ind./m^2$ respectively. Especially, U. thomas was distributed in the mouth of the bay, where sediment grain size is rather coarse, and R. philippinarum at near tidal channel. Based on the cluster analysis, the macrobenthic community on the tidal flat was classified into seven station groups depending on the benthic environmental parameters(sediment types). Compared with other Korean tidal flats, species richness of Garolim tidal flats is more and less low.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-104
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• 2005

This study examined ecological grade of tidal flats at 59 sites along the west and east coast of Korea from January 1998 to December 2002. Assessment of ecological grade based on 7 headings includes biological and human geographical factors, such as species diversity and richness, utility value of species, possibility of damage and reservation conditions of coastline. Total of 181 species with 37 families of 14 orders were listed in this study. The highest scores (ecological grade I) showed at these five sites, Hagampo in Chungnam, Ui-do and Geomun-do in Jeonnam, Bijin-do and Maemul-do in Gyungnam. Half of thestudy sites belong to ecological grade II and 19 sites showed ecological grade III. Singyeong in Gyeonggi, Janghang in Chungnam, Gyehwado and Gomso in Jeonbuk, Dadepo in Busan were assessed as ecological grade IV. Grade V (the worst) was not found in this study.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine the origin of organic matter on sediment at Sindu-ri tidal flat. Grain size, organic matter, C/N ratio and the 13C and δ15N ratio were measured at three stations (Stn. A, B, C) of the tidal flat. As a result, the spatial variation in sediment properties showed that organic matter was related positively to the sediment mud content. Organic matters originating from marine particulate organic matter (marine POM) and fish farm particulate organic matter (fish farm POM) showed sedimentation of organic matters at Stn. A, sandy tidal flat, though terrestial plant (TP) and benthic microalgae (BMA) did at Stn.C, muddy tidal flat. Meanwhile, Stn. B, the intermediate property of Stn. A and C, was affected by marine POM and BMA. Furthermore, it was revealed that the amount and origin of organic matters in the sediments depended on spatial variation, and the factors were different from the stations. Particularly, at the Stn. C, the sediment showed high concentration of TOC in terrestrial organic matter and smaller size particles (< 63 ㎛). These facts suggest the many small size particles and organic matter will affect the sediment environmental condition in the Stn. C.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2005

To classify the surface sedimentary facies using IKONOS image collected over Hwangdo tidal flat in Cheonsu Bay, the optical reflectance was compared for characterizing various sedimentary environments such as grain size, tidal channel pattern and area ratio of surface remnant water. The intertidal DEM (Digital Elevation Model) was generated by echo-sounder for analyzing the relationship between IKONOS image and sedimentary environments including topography. The boundary of the optical reflectance between mud-mixed facies and sand facies was distinct, and discrimination of the associated sandbar feature was also possible. The mud-mixed facies coupled with intricate tidal channels is confined to the relatively hi호 topography of Hwangdo tidal flat. The boundary between mud and mixed flat was indistinct in IKONOS optical reflectance but it would have a difference in the area ratio of surface remnant water. The dark area in the image represented the well developed sand facies having a lot of surface remnant water due to the relatively low surface topography. The overall accuracy of characterizing the surface sediment facies by maximum likelihood classification method was 86.2 %. These results demonstrate that high spatial resolution satellite imagery such as IKONOS coupled with knowledge of grain size, surface remnant water and tidal channel network can be effectively used to characterize the surface sedimentary facies (mud, mixed and sand) network of the tidal flat environments.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.84-94
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• 2019

The Seocheon and Yubu Island mudflats in Geum Estuary are important stopover sites for migratory birds as energy supplementation area in the East Asia-Australasian Flyway. Benthic invertebrates in the tidal flats are important food resources for the migratory birds. In other words, benthic invertebrates in the tidal flats play an important ecological role in energy flow. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between benthic invertebrate assemblages and environmental factors in Seocheon and Yubudo tidal flats in the Geum Estuary. As a result of the benthic invertebrate assemblage during the fall migration season, the total species number was 147, density and biomass were $1,772{\pm}1,342individuals/m^2$ and $445.1{\pm}807.6g/m^2$, respectively. Based on the appearance species and the density data, the result of analysis of mutual similarity among sampling sites was divided into two groups. Group A was the Macrophthalmus-Heteromastus community and Group B was the Spio-Urothoe-Mandibulophoxus community. Group B showed higher mean species number, density and biomass than Group A. The BIO-ENV analysis showed that the benthic invertebrate assemblages were most affected by the combination of sand content % and sediment sorting (${\rho}=0.500$). The variables of significant relationship with species number and biomass were sediment sorting (p=0.015) and the pore water DO(Dissolved Oxygen, p=0.003) in sediment, respectively.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2021

We reviewed the methods employed in Korean tidal flat surveys to measure the local abundance of the endangered wildlife and marine protected species, the fiddler crab, Austruca lactea. A complete census for infinite population is impossible even in a limited habitat within a tidal flat, and density estimates from samples strongly vary due to diverse biological and ecological factors. The habitat boundaries and areas shift with periodicities or rhythmic activities of organisms as well as measurement errors. Hence the local abundance calculated from density and habitat areas should be regarded as transient. This conjecture was valid based on the spatio-temporal variations of the density averages, standard error ranges, and spatial distribution of the crab, A. lactea observed for 3 years (2015-2017) in Songdo tidal flat in Incheon. We proposed the potential habitat areas using the occurrence probability of 50% from logistic regression model, reflecting the importance of habitat conservation value as an alternative to local abundance. The spatial shape of potential habitat predicted from a generalized model would remain constant over time unless the species' critical environmental conditions change rapidly. The species-specific model is expected to be used for the introduction of desired species in future habitat restoration/creation projects.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2007

대규모 연안개발은 연안지형의 변화와 함께 다양한 식물상의 변화를 만드는 원인이 되고 있다. 때문에 시화방조제， 새만금방조제， 남양만 방조제 등의 대규모 방조제 공사 이후에 연안갯벌에서 나타나는 식물상의 변화를 관측하는 것은 연안습지환경의 변화를 분석하는 중요한 척도가 된다. 본 연구에서는 아리랑 2호 의 고해상도 자료를 바탕으로 연안습지의 지형변화에 따라 나타나는 생물상의 식생지수를 분석하고 이들의 시-공간적변화가 연안지형의 특성과 공간규모의 대칭적 특성을 나타내고 있음을 제시하였다. 특히，중급해상도에 의해 분석되었던 식생지수를 고해상도 위성관측 자료와 현장조사 자료를 비교하여 이를 검증하였다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.160-169
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• 2019

The migration status of waterbirds inhabiting the 10 coastal wetlands in the south and west coasts (Jangbongdo, Muuido, Daecheoncheon estuary, Seocheon tidal flat, Yubudo, Gomso bay, Hauido, Jeungdo, Doam bay, Gangjin bay) was examined from May 2008 to March 2013. For the most dominant taxonomical group, shorebirds accounted for 37.5% of the number of species and 67.1% of the total population, followed in the order of dabbling ducks, herons, and seagulls. The dominate species were Calidris alpina, Larus crassirostris, Limosa lapponica, Charadrius alexandrinus, and Calidris tenuirostris. Shorebirds were observed most at Seocheon Tidal Flats and Yubudo Island, and dabbling ducks were found most in Doam Bay. Diving ducks were observed most at Gangjin Bay and seagulls were seen most frequently at Seocheon Tidal Flats. The ten coastal wetlands of the western and southern coasts were divided into three groups according to the similarity index of waterbirds (Ro). Group 1 was the area where dabbling ducks and diving ducks were dominant, group 2 was the area where shorebirds were dominant, and group 3 was the area where seagulls were dominant. It was evident that there were differences in species composition depending on the regional environments.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.770-774
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• 2009

한강하구 일대는 세계최대 규모의 갯벌이 조성되어 해양생태계에서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 곳이다. 육상기원의 퇴적물이 흐름이 완만한 하구 주변부에 퇴적되어 대규모의 갯벌을 생성하여 육상에서 유입되는 많은 유기물이 집중되고 탁도가 높아 대량의 플랑크톤과 같은 일차생산자가 상대적으로 부족한 대신에 담수 유입이 많아 하구와의 거리에 따른 일정한 염분 구배를 가지고 있어 더욱 다양한 환경이 조성되어 있음에도 1980년대 후반부터 각종 매립사업과 한강종합개발사업($1982{\sim}1986$)이 실시되어 한강하구의 습지가 줄어들고, 해안침식, 토사유입, 퇴적, 적조현상, 갯벌 및 해수오염과 같은 결과를 가져왔다. 1990년대에는 한강하구지역에서 퇴적으로 인한 홍수 예방과 건설골재 확보를 위한 준설이 활발히 이루어졌으나, 이로 인한 습지생물 서식처 파괴와 같은 환경영향이 우려되어 현재는 실시하지 않고 있다. 무차별적인 개발계획으로 매년 홍수 때마다 피해를 입는 김포일대, 한강과 임진강 지역의 수위 및 흐름 영향을 살펴보고 향후 대책 수립을 검토해야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한강하구의 유사이송에 의한 수리학적 특성을 분석하기 위해 상류로부터 이송되어온 유사에 대하여 시간적 흐름특성을 통하여 조성된 한강하구의 특징을 분석하였고, 지형변화 분석을 위해 MIKE 21 프로그램의 이동상 해석모듈을 사용하여 지형변화에 따른 한강하구에서의 홍수기 하상변화와 유수 흐름 및 수위등의 변화를 모의하였다. 그 결과 예성강과 한강의 유수흐름은 청주초를 통하여 외해로 유출되고 이 흐름은 대부분 강화도와 교동도 사이의 교동수로로 유출되는 것으로 나타났으며, 염하수로 합류부 및 임진강 합류부에서는 침식 및 퇴적이 활발히 일어나는 것으로 모의되었다. 향후 수리학적 특성변화에 따른 유사의 퇴적 및 세굴에 의한 한강하구 지역의 지형변화를 분석하여, 주변 환경영향에 대한 대책 수립을 검토해야 할 것이다.