• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of symptomatic osteochondritis dissecans of the talus treated with arthroscopic debridement and multiple drilling. Materials and Methods: Between 1997 and 2003, 14 arthroscopic debridement(group I) and 15 arthroscopic multiple drilling(group II) were performed. There are 21 male and 8 female patients. Mean age was 34.4 years(33.8 years in group I, 37.5 years in group II) and average follow-up period was 43.2 months(46.4 months in group I, 40.1 months in group II). Simple radiographs and MRI were performed preoperatively and postoperatively, and the progressive stage of the lesions was evaluated through the arthroscopic surgery. Clinical results were evaluated with ankle-hindfoot scale and scoring scale for subjective and objective functional outcomes. The results were compared between 2 groups. Results: There are 20 medial(7 in group I, 13 in group II), 6 lateral(5 in group I, 1 in group II), and 3 both-side(2 in group I, 1 in group II) lesions. According to the classification of Berndt and Harty, there are 4 stage II(4 in group I, 0 in group II), 19 stage III(9 in group I, 10 in group II), and 6 stage IV(1 in group I, 5 in group II). According to the ankle-hindfoot score, the mean score was significantly improved $53.1{\pm}2.7$ points preoperatively to $85.1{\pm}8.5$ points postoperatively in group I and $54.6{\pm}6.8\;to\;80.7{\pm}8.5$ points group II. Subjective and functional scores was also improved $49.6{\pm}10.5$ points preoperatively to $84.6{\pm}7.7$ points postoperatively in group I and $50.7{\pm}9.2\;to\;83.0{\pm}9.6$ points in group II. But there were no statistical significance between them. Conclusion: Arthroscopic debridement and multiple drilling for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus showed successful results and there was no statistically significant difference between them.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.467-482
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• 2010

In this study, characteristics of various stability indexes (SI) and environmental parameters (EP) for the lightning are analysed by using 5 upper air observatories (Osan, Gwangju, Jeju, Pohang, and Baengnyeongdo) for the years 2002-2006 over South Korea. The analysed SI and EP are the lifted index, K-index, Showalter stability index, total precipitable water, mixing ratio, wind shear and temperature of lifting condensation level. The lightning data occurred on the range of -2 hr~+1 hr and within 100 km based on the launch time of rawinsonde and observing location are selected. In general, summer averaged temperature and mixing ratio of lower troposphere for the lightning cases are higher about 1 K and $1{\sim}2gkg^{-1}$ than no lightning cases, respectively. The Box-Whisker plot shows that the range of various SI and EP values for lightning and no lightning cases are well separated but overlapping of SI and EP values between lightning and no lightning are not a little. The optimized threshold values for the detection of lightning are determined objectively based on the highest Heidke skill socre (HSS), which is the most favorable validation parameter for the rare event, such as lightning, by using the simulation of SI and EP threshold values. Although the HSS is not high (0.15~0.30) and the number and values of selected SI and EP are dependent on geographic location, the new threshold values can be used as a supplementary tool for the detection or forecast of lightning over South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.439-450
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• 2018

The lineament is a linear or curved terrain element to discriminate adjacent geological structures in each other. It has been widely used for analysis of geology, mineral exploration, natural disasters, and earthquake, etc. In the past, the lineament has been extracted using cartographic map or field survey. However, it is possible to extract more efficiently the lineament for a very wide area thanks to development of remote sensing technique. Remotely sensed observation by aircraft, satellite, or digital elevation model (DEM) has been used for visual recognition for manual lineament extraction. Automatic approaches using computer science have been proposed to extract lineament more objectively. In this study, we evaluate the characteristics of lineament which is automatically extracted with respect to difference of spatial resolution of DEM. We utilized two types of DEM: one is Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) with spatial resolution of about 90 m (3 arc sec), and the other is the latest world DEM of TerraSAR-X add-on for Global DEM with 12 m spatial resolution. In addition, a global DEM was resampled to produce a DEM with a spatial resolution of 30 m (1 arc sec). The shaded relief map was constructed considering various sun elevation and solar azimuth angle. In order to extract lineament automatically, we used the LINE module in PCI Geomatica software. We found that predominant direction of the extracted lineament is about $N15-25^{\circ}E$ (NNE), regardless of spatial resolution of DEM. However, more fine and detailed lineament were extracted using higher spatial resolution of DEM. The result shows that the lineament density is proportional to the spatial resolution of DEM. Thus, the DEM with appropriate spatial resolution should be selected according to the purpose of the study.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2017

Objectives : Cognitive complaints are reported frequently after breast cancer treatments. The causes of cognitive decline are multifactorial, a result of the effect of cancer itself, chemotherapy, and psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. However, cognitive decline does not always correlate with neuropsychological test performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subjective cognitive decline with objective measurement and to explore associated factors of cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. Methods : We included 29 breast cancer survivors who complain cognitive decline at least 6 months after treatment and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Neuropsychological tests were performed in all participants. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated associations between neuropsychological test scores and psychological distress including depression and anxiety, also considering age, education, and comorbidity. Results : There were no statistically significant differences in neuropsychological test performances. However, the breast cancer survivors showed a significantly higher depression(p=0.002) and anxiety(p<0.001) than the healthy controls did. Among the cancer survivors, poorer executive function was strongly associated with higher depression(${\beta}=-0.336$, p=0.001) and anxiety(${\beta}=-0.273$, p=0.009), after controlling for age, education, and comorbidity. In addition, poorer attention was also significantly related with depression(${\beta}=-0.375$, p=0.023) and anxiety (${\beta}=-0.404$, p=0.013). Conclusions : The results of this study showed the discrepancies between subjective complaints and objective measures of cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. It suggests that subjective cognitive decline could be indicators of psychological distress such as depression and anxiety.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2006

Offensive odor from CAFO(concentrated animal feeding operation) and its control have become a significant issue in Korea. Control of odors from the CAFO requires to identify major odorant and their generation mechanisms. In this study, an easy method to collect gas sample and to quantify its odorants is proposed. The method involves on-site odorant extraction with solid-phase microextraction and quantitation with GC/MSD or GC/FID. Analytes of the current study include: trimethylamine(TMA), carbon disulfide($CS_2$), dimethyl sulfide(DMS), dimethyl disulfide(DMDS), acetic acid(AA), propionic acid(PA) and n-butyric acid(BA). The resulting linearity($R^2$) of calibration curve for each analyte was good over the range from several ppbv to ppmv; 0.984 for TMA(0.056-1.437), 0.996 for $CS_2$(0.039-0.999), 0.994 for DMS(0.029-0.756), 0.995 for DMDS(0.024-0.623), 0.992 for AA(0.068-1.314), 0.955 for PA(0.047-0.940), and 0.976 for BA(0.036-0.712). Method detection limits were 5.67, 6.39, 5.78, 25.2, 0.098, 0.363 and 0.099 ppbv for AA, PA, BA, TMA, DMS, $CS_2$, and DMDS, respectively. With the developed method, odorants from poultry, swine, and cattle barns were analysed. All the compounds but DMDS were detected from the sample collected in the poultry barn, and their levels exceeded the representative published human olfactory threshold.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

Purpose: The accuracy and advantages of OBI(On Board Imager) against the conventional method like film and EPID for the setup error correction were evaluated with the analysis of the accumulated data which were produced in the process of setup error correction using OBI. Materials and Methods: The results of setup error correction using OBI system were analyzed for the 130 patients who had been planned for 3 dimensional conformal radiation therapy during March 2006 and May 2006. Two kilo voltage images acquired in the orthogonal direction were fused and compared with reference setup images. The setup errors in the direction of vertical, lateral, longitudinal axis were recorded and calculated the distance from the isocenter. The corrected setup error were analyzed according to the lesion and the degree of shift variations. Results: There was no setup error in the 41.5% of total analyzed patients and setup errors between 1mm and 5mm were found in the 52.3%. 6.1% patients showed the more than 5mm shift and this error were verified as a difference of setup position and the movement of patient in a treatment room. Conclusion: The setup error analysis using OBI in this study verified that the conventional setup process in accordance with the laser and field light was not enough to get rid of the setup error. The KV images acquired using OBI provided good image quality for comparing with simulation images and much lower patients' exposure dose compared with conventional method of using EPID. These advantages of OBI system which were confirmed in this study proved the accuracy and priority of OBI system in the process of IGRT(Image Guided Radiation Therapy).

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical results of the function and stability of ACL reconstruction using the flexible reamer. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 98 patients who taken ACL reconstruction using the flexible reamer from March, 1999 to May, 2004. And the follow-up period was more than 12 months in all cases. We used the subjective tests including Lysholm knee score and 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC) subjective knee score, and the objective tests such as anterior drawer test, Lachman test, pivot shift test, and KT-2000 arthrometer to evaluate the clinical results. Results: In the range of motion of the affected knee, the extension deficit more than 5 degree was 8 cases preoperatively and 1 case postoperatively. The flexion deficit more than 5 degree was 12 cases preoperatively and 2 cases postoperatively. The mean Lysholm knee score was 61.3 point(${\pm}3.5$ SD) preoperatively and 87.7 point(${\pm}2.0$ SD) postoperatively. The mean 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC) subjective knee score was 49 point(${\pm}3.3$ SD) preoperatively and 84 point (${\pm}2.2$ SD) postoperatively. 93 cases were more than grade II in Lachman test preoperatively and 5 cases postoperatively. 71 cases were more than grade II in pivot shift test preoperatively but 89 cases were negative postoperatively. The mean maximal manual difference by KT-2000 arthrometer was 6.8 mm(${\pm}1.9$ SD) preoperatively and 1.8 mm(${\pm}0.8$ SD) postoperatively. Conclusion: ACL reconstruction using the flexible reamer achieved the ideal isometric point of femur and anatomic graft placement, so we could obtain good results, especially in rotational stability.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to test whether metric measurements of crown length, root length and apex width during tooth development could be a better basis for correlation with age than the classical methods based on subjective estimations of various stages of tooth development. Panoramic radiographs of 120 children, aged 7 to 9 years, were collected from the department of the pediatric dentistry of Chonnam National University Hospital, Korea. The methods of Mornstad was used to estimate age. The structures measured were crown length root length and apex width in panoramic radiographic. The results were as follows : 1. In the boys, it showed higher correlation between lower 2nd molar crown length, lower 1st molar root length or lower 1st permolar apical width and age. In the girls, it showed higher correlation between lower 2nd premolar crown length, lower 2nd molar root length or lower 1st molar apical width and age. 2. With the aid of a multiple regression model, a linear relationship between some of these distances and age was shown. Boy(months) = 43.958 + lower 2nd molar crown length ${\times}$ 4.392 + lower 1st molar root length ${\times}$ 2.255 - lower 1st permolar apical width ${\times}$ 2.046, Girl(months) = 75.213 + lower 2nd premolar crown length ${\times}$ 3.910 lower 2nd molar root length ${\times}$ 2.280 - lower 1st molar apical width ${\times}$ 6.217 Age was estimated in boys and girls using the mathematic model ; the mean difference between chronological and estimated ages was $-2.1{\pm}6.8$ months for boys and $6.1{\pm}6.2$ months for girls. Therefore, it seems to be more accurate and easier than the earlier methods.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2000

Background : In chronic airway disease, mucus secretion is increased, but extraction of mucin, which is the main component of mucus secretion, is a very complicated and limited in clinical use. Recently, monoclonal antibody for mucin was developed for possible clinical use. In this study, cellular analysis and quantification of respiratory mucin in sputum of patients with chronic airway diseases were performed. Method : Sputum was collected from patients with asthma(n=33), bronchiectasis(n=8) or chronic bronchitis (n=13) by spontaneous expectoration or by hypertonic saline induction. Collected sputums was treated by 0.1% dithiotreitol to dissociate the disulfide bond of the mucus and filtered through a nylon gauze. Total cell count, viability and differential count were measured. For detection of mucin, collected samples were treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then with monoclonal antibody(HMO2), as the primary antibody, and PAS stain. The amount of mucin was measured with ELISA by HMO2. Correlation with clinical information, cellular analysis, and amount of measured mucin were analyzed. Results : Total cell counts of sputum were significantly increased in patients with bronchiectasis but viability remained the same. Eosinophils were significantly increased in patients with asthma, neutrophils in bronchiectasis chronic bronchitis, respectively (p<0.05). The results of Western blotting and PAS staining confirmed the presence of glycoproteins and matched? with mucin. The amounts of mucin measured by ELISA were not significantly different among the disease groups. Significant correlation was identified between the amount of mucin and viability(r=-0.482, p<0.05). Conclusion : Inflammatory cells in the sputum of those with chronic airway disease were different for each disease type. Measurement of mucin by ELISA via monoclonal antibodies may be a simple method for the evaluation of chronic airway disease.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.187-196
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• 2010

Recently, people have been suffering from stress-related fatigue and psychological disorders. Most people depend on medicine for pain relief; many treat pain also through alternative medicine or replacement therapy. However, drug therapy has many side effects, including increased stress after the therapy. In comparison, alternative therapies such as massage and foot reflexology are less damaging to the body, and such therapies can be provided without physical or psychological discomfort. In this regard, the author had previously co-developed color foot reflexology, which combines the merits of color therapy and foot reflexology; color foot reflexology has been shown to have beneficial effects without undue pain. This study investigates the effects of color foot reflexology on the physiological response of the body by comparing the body’s response to the signal with that to the placebo. Healthy adult subjects were selected for the experiment, which was conducted under optimal experimental conditions and design. The results indicated that when stimulated, parasympathetic nerves increased in HRV and that blood pressure, pulse, body heat, peripheral blood flow were dramatically activated. However, the results for the placebo indicated minimal changes or irregular outcomes. The results provide strong evidence for the beneficial effects of the color foot reflexology instrument on the autonomic nervous system and on the physiological response of the body. Future research is warranted to verify the results of the current study by examining patients suffering from diseases and disorders arising from irregular physiological functions in the context of the foot.