• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.184-190
• /
• 2005

We have attempted to give some physical into the factors that control the response of subsurface target to plane wave excitation at VLF (very low frequency) frequencies. Although the VLF technique has some serious disadvantages, such as a lack of penetration depth and limited frequencies, its advantages are also extremely important to have made it by far the most popular electromagnetic technique in current use. In the magnetic-field measurement mode these lightweight, relatively low-priced tools allow us to survey large areas rapidly and inexpensively, to locate and roughly define subsurface electrical conductors. When used in the electric-field mode the technique is, in simple environments, capable of quantitative interpretation and once again the speed and relative cheapness of these devices makes them a natural 'first electromagnetic tool ' to use in reconnaissance mapping.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.09a
• /
• pp.87-111
• /
• 2000

In this study, we describe the principle and result of geophysical techniques which are widely used in geotechnical survey. Also we discuss two case histories. One is discrimination of limestone cavity areas by resistivity, seismic tomography, televiewer, well logging, and the other is discrimination of coal by resistivity, electromagnetic method, resistivity tomography.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.528-531
• /
• 2003

안산시 단원구 대부동, 보령시 청소면 장곡리와 서천군 비인면 선도리의 해안가 4곳에서 전기비저항 탐사를 이용하여 해수침투 조사용 관측정 주변의 대수층구조와 해수침투여부를 파악하고자 하였다. 공내수의 심도별 전기전도도를 확인 해본 결과, 4개의 조사공에서 180-48,000$\mu$S/cm의 각기 다른 값을 보였으며, 전기비저항 검층의 결과에서는 16인치 Short-Normal 검층 0.5-19.28$\Omega$m, 64인치 Long-Normal 검층 1.36-47.45$\Omega$m 그리고 Lateral 검층에서는 0.16-6.69$\Omega$m의 값의 분포를 보였다. 이를 통해 해수에 의해 지하수 및 주변 지질이 완전히 오염된 관측정과 우려되거나 아직 해수침투가 일어나지 않은 관측정을 구분할 수가 있었다. 또한 시추공-지표간 토모그래피를 통해 관측정 주변의 개략적인 수리지질 구조도 파악할 수 있었다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.158-163
• /
• 2011

The small-loop electromagnetic (EM) survey is an effective method to delineate contamination areas and pathways of contaminant plumes from landfill. A multi-frequency small-loop EM survey was applied to find them at landfill area, located in delta region, and checked the results with in-situ surveys including 24 trench excavations and 12 drilling boreholes. The correlation between these two results indicates this survey would be suitable to investigate the contamination area. However, it would be difficult to analyze low resistivity less than 10 ohm-m below 10 m depth in delta area without drilling survey because of a limitation to expand the penetration depth lower than 10 m depth due to the separation of 1.66 m between the two coils of GEM-2.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.210-224
• /
• 2019

Surface wave (SW) surveys, which have been applied to numerous application fields ranging from micro-scale ultrasonic analysis to geological scale analysis, are widely used to monitor near-surface stability. The survey method is basically made through analysis on dispersion of SW propagating along the earth surface, in order to delineate shear velocity structure of subsurface. SW survey data are inverted with assuming one-dimensional (1D) layered-earth in order to recover shear wave velocities of each layer, after being analyzed to make the dispersion curve that shows phase velocity of SW with respect to frequency. This study reviews surface wave surveys with explaining the basic theory including the characteristics of dispersion and the procedure of general data processing. Even though surface wave surveys can be categorized into active and passive methods, this paper focuses only on active surface wave methods which includes continuous SW (CSW), spectral analysis of SW (SASW) and multichannel analysis of SW (MASW). Passive method will be reviewed in the subsequent paper.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.108-117
• /
• 2002

We have introduced a new approach to obtain the conductivity information of subsurface using Cagniard impedance over two-dimensional (2-D) model in the presence of horizontal magnetic dipole source with the frequency range of $1\;kHz\~1\;MHz$. Firstly, we designed the method to calculate the apparent resistivity from the ratio between horizontal electric and magnetic fields, Cagniard impedance, considering the source effects when the plane wave assumption is failed in finite source EM problem, and applied it to several numerical models such as homogeneous half-space or layered-earth model. It successfully provided subsurface information even though it is still rough, while the one with plane wave assumption is hard to give useful information. Next, through analyzing Cagniard impedance and apparent resistivity considering source effect over 2-D models containing conductive- or resistive-block, we showed that the possibility of obtaining conductivities of background media and anomaly using this approach. In addition, the apparent resistivity considering source effect and phase pseudosections constructed from Cagniard impedance over the isolated conductive- and resistive block model well demonstrated outlines of anomalies and conductivity distribution even though there were some distortions came from sidelobes caused by 2-D body.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.09a
• /
• pp.139-162
• /
• 2002

Since weak zones or geological lineaments are likely to be eroded, weak zones may develop beneath rivers, and a careful evaluation of ground condition is important to construct structures passing through a river. Dc resistivity surveys, however, have seldomly applied to the investigation of water-covered area, possibly because of difficulties in data aquisition and interpretation. The data aquisition having high quality may be the most important factor, and is more difficult than that in land survey, due to the water layer overlying the underground structure to be imaged. Through the numerical modeling and the analysis of case histories, we studied the method of resistivity survey at the water-covered area, starting from the characteristics of measured data, via data acquisition method, to the interpretation method. We unfolded our discussion according to the installed locations of electrodes, ie., floating them on the water surface, and installing at the water bottom, since the methods of data acquisition and interpretation vary depending on the electrode location. Through this study, we could confirm that the dc resistivity method can provide the fairly reasonable subsurface images. It was also shown that installing electrodes at the water bottom can give the subsurface image with much higher resolution than floating them on the water surface. Since the data acquired at the water-covered area have much lower sensitivity to the underground structure than those at the land, and can be contaminated by the higher noise, such as streaming potential, it would be very important to select the acquisition method and electrode array being able to provide the higher signal-to-noise ratio data as well as the high resolving power. The method installing electrodes at the water bottom is suitable to the detailed survey because of much higher resolving power, whereas the method floating them, especially streamer dc resistivity survey, is to the reconnaissance survey owing of very high speed of field work.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1978

A seismic reflection Survey was carried out in the offshere area between Geoje Island and Namhae Island, utilizing the echosounder with the frequency 28KHz and thd Uniboom with the filter band 800∼2000Hz. The results show the submarine topography, sedimentary layer structure and the depth distribution of the base rock. The water depth of the sea in the survey area is less than 80m; up to 40m contour line the sea bottom surface has a slight dip(about 1/1000), while in the zone deeper than 40m the bottom topography has a irregular relief. The thickness of the whole sedimentary deposit is about 20∼70m and divided into 3 layers: Upper layer(A layer) with horizontal laminae, intermediate layer(B layer) with cross-bedding and groove structure, and lower layer(C layer) not showing any sedimentary structure on the seismic reflection profile. The surface of the base rock is deeper gradually in the south-eastern part of the survey area and extends to 140m depth. The vertical sediments sequences, composed of B layer and A layer, show the type of transgressive sequences. It is interpreted that B layer was formed at one period when the sea level was lower 40∼60 than the present and ince then, following the rising of the sea level, A layer was deposited.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
• /
• 2003.03a
• /
• pp.13-30
• /
• 2003

In this paper, a new systematic method will be introduced, in which a Rock-mass Prediction System(RPS) predicts the geological conditions and rock mass movements before tunnel excavation and the appropriate counter-measures are taken in the expected weak zones during tunnel construction. The Rock-mass Prediction System(RPS) consists of the LIM, a horizontal core drilling and a seismic exploration method(TSP/HSP). In the Rock-mass Prediction System(RPS), the seismic exploration method (TSP/HSP) gives information on the locations of the weak zones such as major faults and voids in wide-range, and the horizontal core drillings are utilized to find exact location and widths of the faults or voids near the weak zones which was predicted by the seismic exploration method (TSP/HSP). The LIM is used to find the hardness of the rock mass and small weak zones near the excavation face. The Rock-mass Prediction System (RPS) was successfully applied to the Sol-An Tunnel and the effectiveness of the system was verified.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.40 no.1 s.182
• /
• pp.67-85
• /
• 2007

We have performed the CSAMT survey to examine the geoelectrical structure and groundwater distribution for two survey lines across the south-eastern region of Jeju Island. Three kinds of 1-D inversion techniques were employed taking account of the geological situation around the observation sites, and their inversion results were concurrently compared and analyzed to improve the reliability of interpretation. The resultant inverted resistivity structures reveals the three-layered structure, which is composed of the layers with a high-low-lower resistivity from the surface downward. Through the comparison of the inverted resistivity model and core log of deep borehole nearby observation sites, the lithology of each inverted layer was inferred. The first layer and second layer corresponded to the basaltic layer with a thickness of $100{\sim}250m$, and the third layer to the Seoguipo Formation and the U Formation; the thickness of the Seoguipo Formation could not be estimated due to the limitation of investigation depth and little resistivity difference between both Formations. Nevertheless, the Seoguipo Formation, which is strongly associated with the groundwater system in the south-eastern region of Jeju Island, showed the conspicuous spatial continuity from the middle mountain area to coastal area.