• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 1998

Ten reinforced concrete rigid frames and infilled shear wall frames were tested under both vertical and cyclic loadings. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the structural performance of such test specimens, such as the hysteretic behavior, the maximum horizontal strength, crack propagation, and ductility etc. under load reversals. All the specimens were modeledin one-third scale size. Based on the test results reported in this study, the follwing conclusions can be made. For the rigid frame type and the fully rigid babel type shear wall specimens, the hysteresis diagrams indicate that the degradations of their strength were developed slowly beyond maximum carrying capacity. It was shown that when the hoop reinforcement ratio became higher, the energy dissipation capacity became larger and the failure mode became ductile. The specimens designed by the less hoop reinforcement for the fully rigid babel type shear wall, were mainly failed due to diagonal crack in comparison with the specimens designed by the larger hoop reinforcement ratio. Maximum horizontal resisting moment capacity of speciment designed by the fully rigid babel shear wall were increased by 5.47~7.95 times in comparison with the rigid frame type.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.1285-1290
• /
• 2017

We prepared ITZO thin films with various thicknesses on glass substrates using RF magnetron sputtering and investigated electrical, optical and structural properties of the thin film. Sheet resistance of ITZO thin film showed a decreasing trend on the increase of film thickness, but its resistivity exhibited a substantially constant value of $5.06{\pm}1.23{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}-cm$. Transmittance of ITZO thin film moved to the long-wavelength with the increase of film thickness. Figure of merit in a visible light and an absorption area of P3HT:PCBM organic active layer of the 360nm-thick IZTO thin film was $8.21{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}^{-1}$ and $9.29{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}^{-1}$, respectively. Through XRD and AFM measurements, it was confirmed that all the ITZO thin films have amorphous structure and the surface roughness of films are very smooth in the range of 0.561 to 0.263 nm. In this study, it was found that amorphous ITZO thin film is a very promising material for organic solar cell.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
• /
• v.36D no.11
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 1999

A PLT(10) thin film has been deposited on $Pt/TiO_2/SiO_2/Si$ substrate by sol-gel method, and its switching characteristics have been investigated with various top electrode areas, input pulse voltages and loan resistances. As the external input pulse voltage increases from 2V to 5V, the switching time decreases from $0.49{\mu}s$ to $0.12{\mu}s$. The activation energy ($E_a$) obtained from the relations between the switching time and the applied pulse voltage is evaluated as 209kV/cm. The switched charge densities at 5V obtained from the hysteresis loop and the polarization switching are $11.69{\mu}C/cm^2$ and $13.02{\mu}C/cm^2$, respectively, which agree relatively well with each other and show the difference of 10%. When the top electrode area increases from TEX>$3.14{\times}10^{-4}cm^2$ to $5.03{\times}10^{-3}cm^2$ and the load resistance increases from 50${\Omega}$ to 3.3$k{\Omega}$, the switching time increases from $0.12{\mu}s$ to $1.88{\mu}s$ and from $0.12{\mu}s$ to $9.7{\mu}s$, respectively. These switching characteristics indicate that PLT(10) thin film can be well applied in nonvolatile memory devices.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.39 no.10
• /
• pp.1029-1037
• /
• 2015

Recently, the importance of rotordynamic stability has been increased because of the tendency to employ ultra-high speeds in rotating machinery. In particular, the dynamic characteristics of gas bearings for high-speed rotating machinery need to be identified at various excitation frequencies to predict the rotor's behavior. In this study, we perform dynamic loading tests for gas-foil bearings (GFBs) to determine the bump foil structure and an air-film combined bump-foil structure for varying excitation frequencies. We calculate the dynamic characteristics from the measured force and displacement data. The air film is generated by a pressurized air supply. Based on the results, the stiffness coefficients of the bump structure and the air-film combined bump structure increased, while the damping coefficients decreased at increasing excitation frequencies. Further, the stiffness and damping coefficients of the air-film combined structure show lower values than those of the bump structure. Consequently, we identify the frequency-dependent dynamic characteristics of the bump structure and the effect of gas film on the dynamic characteristics of GFBs. Furthermore, to reveal the effectiveness of the proposed method, we perform experiments and discuss two methods of extracting the dynamic characteristics from the measured data.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to describe the Non-Destructive Testing(NDT) of the rockbolt and investigate the applicability of the NDT methods to estimate the integrity of the rockbolt. To examine the rockbolt integrity including rockbolt itself and grouting material, two methods are adopted: numerical and experimental methods. In the numerical method, the numerical code DISPERSE is used to analyze the dispersion of the rockbolt. The dispersion curve shows the effects of the thickness and stiffness of grouted materials on the embedded rockbolt. Therefore, the optimal frequency for the integrity test of the rockbolt is obtained: 20~120kHz in L(1,0) mode. In the experimental methods, destructive and non-destructive tests are carried out in a laboratory. In the non-destructive test, the low frequency mode generated by an impact and t he high frequency mode generated by an ultrasonic transducer seem to characterize the rockbolt condition readily. The experimental results show that the guided waves attenuate more significantly when the stiffness of the grouted material increases and/or the zone of the defect increases. Meanwhile, the ultimate capacity of rockbolt was evaluated through the pull-out tests and is compared to the NDT results. This study demonstrates that the NDT is a valuable tool for the rockbolt integrity evaluation.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.455-462
• /
• 2013

The effects of earthquakes can be devastating especially to existing structures that are not based on earthquake resistant design. This study proposes a steel grid shear wall that can provide a sufficient lateral resistance and can be used as a seismic retrofit method. The pushover analysis was performed on RC structure with and without the proposed steel grid shear wall. Obtain the performance point that the target structure for seismic loads applied to evaluate the response and performance levels. The capacity spectrum at performance point is nearly elastic range, so satisfied the performance objectives(LS level). And response modification factor(R factor) were calculated from the pushover analysis. The R factor approach is currently implemented to reflect inelastic ductile behavior of the structures and to reduce elastic spectral demands from earthquakes to the design level. The R factor increases from 2.17 to 3.25 was higher than the design criteria. As a result, according to reinforcement by steel grid shear wall, strength, stiffness, and ductility of the low-rise RC structure has been appropriately improved.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2006

Aeration is the most important and indispensable operation unit for the treatment of swine manure using aerobic liquid-composting process. The composting of swine manure depends on biological treatment process, but the highly concentrated ammonia nitrogen is required a pretreatment to expect the appropriate efficiency of the biological treatment process. In this study, pilot experiments have been carried out to estimate of the fit condition about ammonia stripping process as a pretreatment to aerobic liquid- composting. pH adjustment with $Ca(OH)_2$ was economically superior to use of NaOH and optimum pH of ammonia stripping was 12.3, ammonia nitorgen was rapidly removed as pH were increased at $$35^{\circ}C$$. When air stripping is performed before aerobic liquid-stripping, a high initial pH is required for complete ammonia removal and is additional effects such as organic substances, phosphorus, turbidity, and color removal. Stripping process was very efficient in the pretreatment of highly concentrated ammonia nitrogen for composting of swine manure. Emission rate of gaseous ammonia was $0.5355mole\;s^{-1}$ at initial time and $0.0253mole\;s^{-1}$ at finitial time. The fit condition of ammonia stripping in this study were at the temperature of $$35^{\circ}C$$, and the pH of 12.3 during 48 hours.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2000

A Bi$_{4}$Ti$_{3}$O$_{12}$ (BIT) thin film is prepared by sol-gel method using acetate precursors and evaluated whether it could be applied to NVFRAM (Non-Volatile Ferroelectric RAM). The drying and the annealing temperature are 40$0^{\circ}C$ and $650^{\circ}C$, respectively and they are determined from the DT-TG (Differential Thermal-Thermal Gravimetric) analysis. The BIT thin film deposited on Pt/Ta/SiO$_{2}$/Si substrate shows orthorhombic perovskite phase. The grain size and the surface roughness are about 100 nm and 70.2$\AA$, respectively. The dielectric constant and the loss tangent at 10 KHz are 176 and 0.038, respectively, and the leakage current density at 100 ㎸/cm is 4.71 $mutextrm{A}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$. In the results of hysteresis loops measured at $\pm$250 ㎸/cm, the remanent polarization (Pt) and the coercive field (Ec) are 5.92 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 86.3 ㎸/cm, respectively. After applying 10$^{9}$ square pulses of $\pm$5V, the remanent polarization of the BIT thin film decreases as much as about 33% from 5.92 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of initial state to 3.95 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$.

• Geotechnical Engineering
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.59-74
• /
• 1997

This paper shows the results of a series of model bests on the behavior of single steel pipe pile which is subjected to lateral load in Nak-dong river sand. The purpose of the present paper is to estimate the effect of Non -homogeneous soil, constraint condition of pile head, lateral load velocity, relative density of soil, embedded pile length, and flexural stiffness of pile on the behavior of single pile which is embedded in Nak-dong river strand. These effects can be quantined only by the results of model tests. The nonlinear responses of lateral loadieflection relationships are fitted to 2nd polynomial equations by model tests results. Also, the lateral load of a deflection, yield and ultimate lateral load max. bending moment, and yield bending moment can be expressed as exponential function in terms of relative density and deflection ratio. By comparing Brom's results with model results on the lateral ultimate load, it is found that short and long pile show the contrary results with each other. The contrary results are due to the smaller assumed soil reaction than the soil reaction of the Nakiong river sand at deep point. By comparing lateral behavior on the homogeneous soil with non-homogeneous soil, it is shown that lateral loadieflection relationship is very dependent on the upper relative density. This phenomenon is shown remarkably as the difference between upper and lower relative density increases.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2007

As one of the main support systems, rock bolts play a crucial role in the reinforcement of tunnels. Numerical and experimental studies using a transmission method of ultrasonic guided waves are performed to evaluate the integrity of rock bolts encapsulated by grouting paste. Numerical simulations using "DISPERSE" are carried out for the selection of the optimal experimental setup, i.e. non-destructive testing (NDT) system of the rock bolt. Based on results of the numerical simulation, the calculated frequency range for NDT testing is between 20kHz and 70kHz with the first longitudinal L(1) mode. Laboratory transmission tests are performed by attaching the piezo electric sensor at the tip of the rock bolt before embedding. Both of analytical and experimental results show that the amplitude of signals as well as the wave velocity increases with increase in the defect ratio of grouting paste. The defect in grouting paste means that the space around the rock bolt is not fully filled with the grouting paste. Experimental results also show that the increase of the wave velocity is more sensitive to the defect ratio increase than that of the amplitude. This study demonstrates that the transmission technique of ultrasonic guided waves may be a valuable tool in the evaluation of the rock bolt integrity.