• Title/Summary/Keyword: 강도저하계수

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The Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Rapidly Solidified P-type $P-type Bi_{0.5}Sb_{1.5}Te_3$ alloy (급속응고된 $P-type Bi_{0.5}Sb_{1.5}Te_3$ 합금 열전재료의 미세조직과 열전특성에 미치는 압출 온도의 효과)

  • 이영우;천병선;홍순직;손현택
    • Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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    • 2001.11a
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    • pp.28-28
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    • 2001
  • $Bi_2Te_3$계 열전반도체 재료는 200 ~ 400K 정도의 저온에서 에너지 변환 효율이 가장 높은 재료로서 열전냉각 및 발전재료로 제조볍 및 특성에 관한 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 전자냉각 모듈의 제조에는 P형 및 N형 $Bi_2Te_3$계 단결정이 주로 사용되고 있으나. $Bi_2Te_3$ 단결정은 C축에 수직한 벽개면을 따라 균열이 쉽게 전파하기 때문에 소자 가공사 수윤 저하가 가장 큰 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 이에 따라 최근 열전재료의 가공방법에 따른 회수율 증가 및 열전특성 향상에 관한 열간압출, 단조와 같은 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 가스분사법(gas atomizer)을 이용하여 용질원자 편석의 감소, 고용도의 증가,균일고용체 형성, 결정립미세화 둥 급속응고의 장점을 이용하여 화학적으로 균질한$Bi_2Te_3$계 열전재료 분말을 제조하고, 제조된 분발을 압출가공하여 기계적성질, 소자의 가공성 및 열전 성능 지수율 향상시키는데 연구 목적이 있다. 본 설험에서는 99.9%이상의 고순도 Bi. Te. Se. Sb를 이용하여, 고주파 유도로에서 Ar 분위기로 용융하고, 가스분사법를 이용하여 균질한 $Bi_2Te_3$계 열전재료 분만을 제조하였다. 분말표면의 산화막을 제거하기 위하여 수소분위기에서 환원처리를 행하였고, 된 분말을 Al 캔 주입하여 냉간성형 한 후 진공중에서 압출온도를 변화시켜 열간압출 가공을 행하였다. 압출 온도변화에 따른 압출재의 미세조직 및 열전특성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 C면 배향에 대한 결정방위 해석, 압출재의 압축강도 등을 분석하였으며, 압출온도에 따삼 미세조직 변화와 결정방위의 변화에 따른 열전특성의 관계를 해석하였다성시켰고 이들이 산인 HNO3에서 녹았기 때문이다. 본 연구에서 개발된 새로운 에칭 용액인 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)의 에칭 원리가 똑같이 적용 가능한 다른 종류의 초경 합금에서도 사용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.로 판단된다.멸과정은 다음과 같다. 출발물질인 123 분말이 211과 액상으로 분해될 때 산소가스가 배출되며, 이로 인해 액상에서 구형의 기공이 생성된다. 이들 중 일부는 액상으로 채워져 소멸되나, 나머지는 그대로 남는다. 특히, 시편 중앙에 서는 수십-수백 마이크론 크기의 커다란 기공이 다수 관찰된는데, 이는 기공의 합체로 만들어진 것이다. 포정반응 열처리 시 기공 소멸로 만들어진 액상포켓들은 주변 211 입자와 반응하여 123 영역으로 변한다. 이곳은 다른 지역과 비교하여 211 밀도 가 낮기 때문에, 미반응 액상이 남거나 211 밀도가 낮은 123 영역이 된다. 액상으로 채워지지 못한 구형의 기공들 중 다수가 123 결정 내로 포획되며, 그 형상은 액상/ 기공/고상 계면에너지에 의해 결정된다.단의 경우, 파단면이 매끄럽고 파변상의 결정립도 매우 미세하였으며, 산확물 의 용집도 찾아보기 어려웠 나, 접합부 파단의 경우에는 파변의 굴곡이 비교척 심하고 연성 입계파괴의 형태를 보였£며, 결정립도 모채부 파단의 경우에 비해 조대하였다. 조대하였다. 셋째, 주상기간 중 총 에너지 유입률 지수와 $Dst_{min}$ 사이에 높은 상관관계가 확인되었다. 특히 환전류를 구성하는 주요 입자의 에너지 영역(75~l13keV)에서 가장 높은(0.80) 상관계수를 기록했다. 넷째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰 자기폭풍일수록 현저했다. 주상에서 관측된 이러한 특성은 서브스톰 확장기 활동이 자기폭풍의

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Characteristic of Sintering of Mullite-Cordierite Composite by a Solution-Polymerization Route Employing PVA (PVA를 이용한 Solution-Polymerization 합성법에 의하여 제조된 Mullite-Cordierite 복합체의 소결특성)

  • Lee, Yong-Seok;Lee, Byung-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.42 no.3 s.274
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    • pp.155-164
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    • 2005
  • The characteristics of sintering for Mullite-Cordierite (MC) composites and the effect of $TiO_2$ addition were studied. The MC composites were manufactured by a solution-polymerization method using PVA as a polymer carrier, and $TiO_2$ was used as a sintering agent. They were calcined at $1300^{\circ}C$, planetary milled for 4 h and sintered at $1450^{\circ}C$. As cordierite content increased, relative density of materials was increased up to $98\%$ and sinterability was improved. In case of $50\;wt\%$ mullite/$5\;wt\%$ cordierite composition sintered for 16 h, the flexural strength and thermal expansion coefficient were 190 MPa and $3.07{\times}0^{-6}/^{\circ}C$, respectively. However, mechanical properties were decreased with the cordierite contents higher than $50\;wt\%$ because of the excess liquid-phase amount. As the addition of $TiO_2$ is increased, columnar crystal of mullite and liquid-phase contents were increased. In particular, the flexural strength and thermal expansion coefficient decreased in case of $5\;wt\%\;TiO_2$ addition.

Chloride Penetration Properties of Portland Cement Mortar Substituted with Anion Exchange Resin Powder (음이온교환수지 분말이 치환된 포틀랜드 시멘트 모르타르의 염소이온 침투 특성)

  • Lee, Yun-Su;Lim, Seung-Min;Park, Jang-Hyun;Jung, Do-Hyun;Lee, Han-Seung
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2020
  • Chloride ion, which penetrates into the cement composites from the outside, generally diffuses by the concentration gradient. Chloride ions are adsorbed by the chemical reaction with cement hydrates. Recent studies have shown that anion exchange resin (AER) powder can effectively adsorb the chloride ion in the cement composites, and thus, the cement composites containing AER have a high chloride adsorption capacity and a good resistance for chloride penetration. In this study, the chloride adsorption ability of the AER powder was investigated under the conditions of distilled water and calcium hydroxide saturated solution to determine if the AER powder is less effective to increase the chloride adsorption ability after grinding process. The chloride adsorption ability of AER powder was compared with the previous research about the chloride adsorption of AER bead. In addition, the compressive strength, chloride diffusion coefficient (using NT Build 492 method), and the chloride profile of cement mortar substituted with AER powder were investigated. There was no decrease in the chloride adsorption capacity of AER powder but increase in the kinetic property for chloride adsorption after the grinding process. The AER powder could absorb the chloride ion in the mortar quickly, and showed better chloride ion adsorption ability than the cement hydrates.

An Experimental Study on the Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete Incorporating Waste Foundry Sand (폐주물사를 혼입한 콘크리트의 동결-융해 저항성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • 윤경구;이주형;홍창우;박제선
    • Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.153-161
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    • 1998
  • Concrete structures has been deteriorated by and freezing the thawing due to temperature gap. This study was conducted to evaluate durability of concrete which are increasingly demanded recently. Therefore the research of durability must be executed for application of waste foundry sand concrete real structures. Concrete durability properties incorporating waste foundry sand was performed with the variable of W/C ratio. Sand/Waste foundry sand ratio and Air entrainment-Non air entrainment. Cylinder specimens were made and subjected to freezing and thawing cycle at -18$^{\circ}C$ and 4$^{\circ}C$. Dynamic modulus of elasticity were evaluated as F/T cycle increase. The results show that strength of concrete is increased the W/C ratio decrease, the Sand/Waste foundry sand ratio increases when the concrete contains AE agent and decreasing W/C ratio and AE concrete makes improved resistance of freezing and thawing improved. Especially, resistance of freezing and thawing is improved by Fine aggregate/Waste foundry sand ratio which is 50%, 25%, 0% in a row. Therefore it is turn out the waste foundry sand could be applied to concrete from the experiment.

Effect of Repeated Wet/Dry Cycles of Salt Solution on Flexural Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (반복적 염수침지가 강섬유 혼입 콘크리트의 휨성능에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun;Choi, Yu-Jin;Chung, Chul-Woo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.553-564
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    • 2022
  • Concrete is a representative composite material that shows excellent performance in the construction field. However, it is a brittle and nonhomogeneous material and exhibits weak behavior against bending and tensile forces. To compensate for such weakens, fiber reinforcement has been utilized, and steel fiber has been recognized as one of the best material for such purpose. However, steel fiber can seriously affect the durability of concrete exposed to the marine environment due to the corrosion caused by chlorine ions. This study intended to evaluate the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforce concrete during and after repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution. According to the experimental results, there was no reduction in the relative dynamic modulus of concrete during the repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution for 37 weeks. Flexural strength was not decreased after completion of repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution. There was no sign of corrosion in steel fibers after visual observation of fractured surface. However, the flexural toughness was decreased, and this is because about half of the concrete specimen showed failure before reaching the maximum displacement of 3 mm. Although repeated wet/dry cycles in salt solution did not cause cracks in concrete through corrosion of steel fibers, specific attention is required because it can reduce flexural toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete.

Thermal Conductivity and Pore Characteristics of Low-Temperature Sintered Lightweight Aggregates Mode from Waste Glass and Bottom Ash (바텀애쉬와 폐유리를 사용하여 제조한 저온소성 경량골재의 열전도율과 기공특성)

  • Lee, Han-Baek;Ji, Suk-Won;Seo, Chee-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.851-858
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    • 2010
  • In this study, waste glass and bottom ash were used as basic materials in order to secure a recycling technology of by-products which was mostly discarded and reclaimed. In addition, because softening point of waste glass is less than $700^{\circ}C$ and bottom ash includes combustible material, it was possible to manufacture low-temperature sintering lightweight aggregates for energy saving at $800{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ that it is as much as 20~30% lower than sintering temperature of existing lightweight aggregates. Thermal conductivity of newly-developed lightweight aggregates was 0.056~0.105W/m. K and its porosity was 40.36~84.89%. A coefficient of correlation between thermal conductivity and porosity was -0.97, it showed very high negative correlationship. With this, we were able to verify that porosity is key factor to affect thermal conductivity. Microstructure of lightweight aggregates by $CaCO_3$ content and replacement ratio of bottom ash in the variation of temperature were that $CaCO_3$ content increased along with pore size while replacement ratio of bottom ash increased as pore size decreased. Specially, most pores were open pore instead of closed pore of globular shape when replacement ratio of bottom ash was 30%, and pore size was small about 1/10~1/5 as compared with case in bottom ash 0~20%. In addition, open pore shapes were remarkably more irregular form of open pore in $900^{\circ}C$ than $700^{\circ}C$ or $800^{\circ}C$ when replacement ratio of bottom ash was 30%. We reasoned hereby that these results will influence on absorption increase, strength and thermal conductivity decrease of lightweight aggregates.

A Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2-steel Composite Fabricated by Gas Pressure Infiltration Process (가스압 함침 공정으로 제조된 TiB2-steel 금속복합재료의 미세조직 및 기계적 물성에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jihye;Lee, Donghyun;Cho, Seungchan;Kwon, Hansang;Lee, Sang-Kwan;Lee, Sang-Bok;Kim, Junghwan
    • Composites Research
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.248-254
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    • 2022
  • In this study, TiB2-steel composite with high-fractional TiB2 reinforcement was fabricated by gas pressure infiltration process and the microstructure analysis and compressive strength and hardness were evaluated. To elucidate the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties for fabricated composite, after the compression test of TiB2-steel composite, the fracture surface was analyzed and the fracture behavior on compression test was predicted. As a result of the compression fracture surface analysis, interfacial failure trace between the steel matrix and the reinforcement was observed, and the interface between the steel matrix and the reinforcement was analyzed using TEM. From the result of microstructure analysis on the fabricated composite, it was confirmed that, in addition to TiB2 reinforcement and steel matrix, TiC phase and coarse (Fe,M)2B (M=Cr,Mn) phase were formed. Throughout the thermodynamic calculation, it was confirmed that TiC and (Fe,M)2B can be formed as a stable phase under the process condition. The fabricated TiB2-steel composite had a significantly increased hardness, and the compressive strength and Young's modulus were improved by 3.07 times and 1.95 times, respectively, compared to steel matrix. It seems that the coarse (Fe,M)2B (M=Cr,Mn) phase formed throughout the composite causes the deterioration of mechanical properties, and by controlling the formation of the (Fe,M)2B (M=Cr,Mn) phase, it is judged that the mechanical properties of the TiB2-steel composite can be further improved.

Brown Color Characteristics and Antioxidizing Activity of Doenjang Extracts (된장의 지용성ㆍ수용성추출물에 대한 갈색 특성 및 항산화 효과)

  • 김현정;손경희;채선희;곽동경;임성경
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.644-654
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    • 2002
  • Brown color characteristics and antioxidizing activities were investigated for Doenjang under different processing conditions. Doenjang A was prepared directly from Meju and saline solution whereas Doenjang B was Prepared after separating soy sauce by soaking for 45 days. Both Doenjangs were aged for up to 180 days. Antioxidizing activity was studied in relation to the brown color characteristics using fat-soluble extract and water-soluble extract of Doenjang. The intensity of brown color was higher in the water-soluble Doenjang extract than the fat-soluble Doenjang extract. In the UV-VIS scanning spectra, water-soluble Doenjang extracts showed significant changes as the aging proceeded, but fat-soluble Doenjang extract did not. Antioxidizing activity of fat-soluble Doenjang extract increased as the aging period extended; however, no significant difference was detected in the water-soluble extract. Overall, Doenjang A showed higher contents of amino acids, reducing sugar, brown color, and antioxidizing activity, and the antioxidizing ability was higher in water-soluble Doenjang extract rather than in the fat-soluble Doenjang extract.

Effects of the Addition of Vegetables on Oxidized Frying oil (항산화 채소류 첨가가 가열 산패된 유지에 미치는 영향)

  • 김업식;최은미;구성자
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.557-561
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    • 2002
  • The changes in some chemical and physical properties of fresh or rancid soybean oil by the treatment with sweet potato, potato, burdock, and carrot were investigated. The results of the study were as follows: The specific gravity of the soybean oil increased by heating and decreased by the addition of sweet potato, burdock and carrot into the oil. The chromaticity of soybean oil increased by heating and treatment with above vegetables having antioxidant activity. To investigate the antioxidant effects of above vegetables during heating, anisidine value (AV) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) electron donating ability were measured. The AV of oil decreased by heating with sweet potato in fresh or rancid oil. The DPPH value decreased by heating with sweet potato and carrot, of which the antioxidant activity were similar to that of 0.02 ∼ 0.05 mg of dl-${\alpha}$ -tocopherol.

Effects of Boliing, Steaming, and Chemical Treatment on Solid Wood Bending of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (자비(煮沸), 증자(蒸煮) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 상수리나무와 소나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • So, Won-Tek
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-62
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    • 1985
  • This study was performed to investigate: (i) the bending processing properties of silk worm oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) by boiling and steaming treatments; (ii) the effects of interrelated factors - sapwood and heartwood, annual ring placement, softening temperature and time, moisture content. and wood defects on bending processing properties; (iii) the changing rates of bending radii after release from a tension strap, and (iv) the improving methods of bending process by treatment with chemicals. The size of specimens tested was $15{\times}15{\times}350mm$ for boiling and steaming treatments and $5{\times}10{\times}200mm$ for treatments with chemicals. The specimens were green for boiling treatments and dried to 15 percent for steaming treatments. The specimens for treatments with chemicals were soaked in saturated urea solution, 35 percent formaldehyde solution, 25 percent polyethylene glycol -400 solution, and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution for 5 days and immediately followed the bending process, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The internal temperature of silk worm oak and Korean red pine by boiling and steaming time was raised slowly to $30^{\circ}C$ but rapidly from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80-90^{\circ}C$ and then slowly from $80-90^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. 2. The softening time required to the final temperature was directly proportional to the thickness of specimen. The time required from $25^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ for 15mm-squared specimen was 9.6-11.2 minutes in silk worm oak and 7.6-8.1 minutes in Korean red pine. 3. The moisture content (M.C.) of specimen by steaming time was increased rapidly first 4 minutes in the both species, and moderately from 4 to 20 minutes and then slowly and constantly in silk worm oak, and moderately from 4 to 15 minutes and then slowly and constantly in Korean red pine. The M.C. of 15mm-squared specimen in 50 minutes of steaming was increased to 18.0 percent in the oak and 22.4 percent in the pine from the initial conditioned M.C. of 15 percent The rate of moisture adsorption measured was therefore faster in the pine than in the oak. 4. The mechanical properties of the both species were decreased significantly with the increase of boiling rime. The decrement by the boiling treatment for 60 minutes was measured to 36.6-45.0 percent in compressive strength, 12.5-17.5 percent in tensile strength, 31.6-40.9 percent in modulus of rupture, and 23.3-34.6 percent in modulus of elasticity. 5. The minimum bending radius (M.B.R.) of sapwood and heartwood was 60-80 mm and 90 mm in silk worm oak, and 260 - 300 mm and 280 - 300 mm in Korean red pine, respectively. Therefore, the both species showed better bending processing properties in sapwood than in heartwood. 6. The M.B.R. of edge-grained and flat-grained specimen in suk worm oak was 60-80 mm, but the M.B.R. in Korean red pine was 240-280 mm and 260-360 mm, respectively. Comparing the M.B.R. of edge-grained with flat-grained specimen, in the pine the edge-grained showed better bending processing property than the flat-grained. 7. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the rising of softening temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. The minimum softening temperature for bending was $90^{\circ}C$ in silk worm oak and $80^{\circ}C$ in Korean red pine, and the dependency of softening temperature for bending was therefore higher in the oak than in the pine. 8. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the increase of softening time as well as temperature, but even after the internal temperature of specimen reaching to the final temperature, somewhat prolonged softening was required to obtain the best plastic conditions. The minimum softening time for bending of 15 mm-squared silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen was 15 and 10 minutes in the boiling treatment, and 30 and 20 minutes in the steaming treatment, respectively. 9. The optimum M.C. for bending of silk worm oak was 20 percent, and the M.C. above fiber saturation point rather degraded the bending processing property, whereas the optimum M.C. of Korean red pine needed to be above 30 percent. 10. The bending works in the optimum conditions obtained as seen in Table 24 showed that the M.B.R. of silk worm oak and Korean red pine was 80 mm and 240 mm in the boiling treatment, and 50 mm and 280 mm in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing property of the oak was better in the steaming than in the boiling treatment, but that of the pine better in the boiling than in the steaming treatment. 11. In the bending without a tension strap, the radio r/t of the minimum bending radius t to the thickness t of silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen amounted to 16.0 and 21.3 in the boiling treatment, and 17.3 and 24.0 in the steaming treatment, respectively. But in the bending with a tension strap, the r/t of the oak and the pine specimen decreased to 5.3 and 16.0 in t he boiling treatment, and 3.3 and 18.7 in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing properties of the both species were significantly improved by the strap. 12. The effect of pin knot on the degradation of bending processing property was very severe in silk worm oak by side, e.g. 90 percent of the oak specimens with pin knot on the concave side were ruptured when bent to a 100 mm radius but only 10 percent of the other specimens with pin knot on the convex side were ruptured. 13. The changing rate in the bending radius of specimen bent to a 300 mm radius after 30 days of exposure to room temperature conditions was measured to 4.0-10.3 percent in the boiling treatment and 13,0-15.0 percent in the steaming treatment. Therefore, the degree of spring back after release was higher in the steaming than in the boiling treatment. And the changing rate of moisture-proofing treated specimen by expoxy resin coating was only -1.0.0 percent. 14. Formaldehyde, 35 percent solution, and 25 percent polyethylene glycol-400 solution found no effect on the plasticization of the both species, but saturated urea solution and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution found significant effect in comparison to non-treated specimen. But the effect of the treatment with chemicals alone was inferior to that of the steaming treatment, and the steaming treatment after the treatment with chemicals improved 10-24 percent over the bending processing property of steam-bent specimen. 15. Three plasticity coefficients - load-strain coefficient, strain coefficient, and energy coefficient - were evaluated to be appropriate for the index of bending processing property because the coefficients had highly significant correlation with the bending radius. The fitness of the coefficients as the index was good at load-strain coefficient, energy coefficient, and strain coefficient, in order.

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