• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.881-885
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• 1997

The solubilizing capacity of GL-12, LAS, SLES aqueous solutions and that of mixed surfactant systems were studied using sudan III, which is oil-siluble dye. The solubilizing capacity of mixed surfactant systems was greatly influenced by the mixing ratios. Generally, the solubilizing capacity increased as the composition of GL-12 in the mixed systems increased. From the effect of NaCl on the solubilizing capacity, it was found that the solubilizate is located near the palisade layer in the GL-12/LAS system, and the solubilizate is located inside the micellar core in the GL-12/SLES mixed system. These differences in the location of slubilizate inside micelles result from the difference of molecular structure between LAS and SLES.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.318-328
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• 2024

In this study, we enhanced the emulsifying power and solubilization of sucrose stearate (SS) by creating mixtures with sodium deoxycholate (SDOC) and PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO). We employed the design of mixture experiments (DOME) methodology to identify the optimal composition of the mixture, and the impact of varying the mixture composition on its characteristics was examined through regression analysis of the experimental data. It was revealed that the emulsifying power for coconut oil was most improved when only SDOC was added to SS, and solubilization was most improved when only HCO was added, while the emulsifying power for cetyl ethylhexanoate (CEH) was most significantly improved when SDOC and HCO were added together. As a result of simultaneous optimization of three characteristics, emulsifying power for each of coconut oil and CEH, and solubilization, the optimal surfactant mixture composition was determined as SS 0.7939, SDOC 0.0586, and HCO 0.1475.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1208-1218
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• 2019

The study is on the cosmetic solubilizing power of organic plant surfactants. The blended high purity polyglyceryl-10 oleate and polyglyceryl-10 stearate mixtures were synthesized using organically certified raw materials to develop surfactants having excellent solubilizing power. The mixture is called "Solubil ORG-1300". The appearance of this material is a pale yellowish paste, with a specific odor. The specific gravity was 1.12 and it was high purity that acid value was 0.072±0.1. The HLB value of this natural surfactant was averaged = 15.1 and calculated through the Griffin equation. Mechanically it is explained how organic surfactant are available with fragrance and oils. The solubilizing test was determined by eye evaluation method through the dissolving performance test for the two oils and measured the transmittance at 890 nm using a UV spectrophotometer to measure the transparency. The results showed that the concentration of surfactant needed to make Bergamot oil available requires approximately more 2 times. It was also found that the concentration of surfactant needed to make the tocoperyl acetate available was about 8 times higher. Experiments on the solubility resulting from pH changes showed stabilized usable solubilizing power even in acidic areas of pH=3.5, neutral areas of pH=7.2, and alkaline areas of pH=1.5. Experiments on the solubility according to pH variation showed good solubility stabilized in acidic areas of pH=3.5, neutral areas of pH=7.2, and alkaline areas of pH=11.5. As an application of cosmetics, the company successfully developed a prescription for moisturizing activity based on these results, it is expected that a wide range of applications will be available for skin care, baby lotion, sensitivity or atopic skin cosmetics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.89-98
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• 1999

현대전에서는 첩보와 정보의 수집 및 분석 능력과 이를 이용한 효과적인 의사결정을 전쟁의 승패를 좌우할 수 있는 중요한 요소이다. 이를 위하여 첩보와 정보 수집 및 분석을 자동화하기 위한 전장정보분석 자동화에 관한 연구가 국방과학연구소 주관으로 실시되고 있다. 따라서 이와 연계된 의사결정 자동화에 관한 연구가 필요하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 요구에 부응할 수 있는 전장정보를 활용한 의사결정의 중요한 한 분야인 화력분야를 자동화하기 위한 전문가시스템 지식베이스의 분석 및 설계에 관한 연구이다. 화력분야 의사결정은 아군의 가용 화력자산을 효과적으로 운용하는 화력분배가 중심이 되며 이 업무는 화력분배에 전문적인 지식을 가진 장교에 의해 실시된다. 이러한 화력분배 자동화를 위하여 본 논문에서는 화력분배와 관련된 현행 업무 관련 지식을 획득 및 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 규칙집합을 추출하였으며 규칙 집합들간의 상호관계, 입력요소, 출력결과 등을 식별하였다. 또한 규칙집합별로 세부적인 규칙을 도출하였고 객체지향기법을 이용한 클래스, 객체, 속성들을 식별하여 에디터를 이용해 지식베이스를 구축할 수 있도록 설계를 완료하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.893-905
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• 2020

This study is a study on solubilization and emulsifying power of tocopheryl acetate using vegetable surfactants. High purity polyglyceryl-10 isostearate and polyglyceryl-10 oleate were mixed to synthesize a vegetable surfactant with excellent solubilizing power and emulsifying power. The mixed raw material was named Solubil EWG-1100. The appearance of this raw material was a pale yellowish paste with a specific smell, specific gravity of 1.12, and acid value of 0.085. The HLB value of this surfactant was calculated by the Griffin's equation with an average value of 15.17. The behavior of this surfactant to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was mechanically verified. The performance of solubilization was evaluated by a method of visual evaluation and was measured by a transmittance rate at 650 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. As a result, in the formulation using 3% ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was required about 5 times of natural surfactant. In the formulation without ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate required about 7 times of natural surfactant. In addition, the concentration of surfactant required to make an emulsifivation 10 % of tocopheryl acetate was 1 wt% of Solubil EWG-1100, and the emulsified particle size was 3.5 mm in cream formula. In order to obtain stable and fine emulsified particles, it was found that as the concentration of tocopheryl acetate increased, the concentration of Solubil EWG-1100 also was to increase. As a result of testing the solubilizing power of the surfactant according to the pH various change, it showed stable solubilizing power in the acidic region of pH=3.2, the neutral region of pH=7.0, and the alkaline region of pH=11.8. As application, based on these results, it is expected that it can be widely applied to the cosmetics field that develops skin care prescriptions, sensitive skin products, and heavy dry skin products.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 1999

Removal of sulfur compounds in the petroleum products is essential for the prevention of sulfur oxides. However, conventional methods involving catalytic reactions are found to have some limitations in complete removal of harmful sulfur compounds and to require relatively high cost. Recently, desulfurization process using microorganisms is known to be promising in terms of excellent sulfur removal efficiency and reasonably low treatment cost. For the biodesulfurization process to be effective, the solubilization of sulfur compounds into aqueous solution is a prerequisite. In this study, polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants were used in order to enhance the solubilization of sulfur spectrophotometer. The solubilization of sulfur compounds was found to increase with temperature and to bo abruptly increased at above 1 wt % surfactant solutions. It was also observed that the longer the hydrophobic chain of the surfactant molecule, the higher solubilizing power of a nonionic surfactant. It was found that the Tergitol series surfactants showed higher solubilizing capacity than Neodol series presumably due to the disruption of the regular packing in the hydrocarbon region of the surfactant aggregates.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 1990

Solvolyses of p-substituted benzyl bromides have been studied in dimethylsulfoxide-water and N,N-dimethylformamide-water mixtures by kinetic method. To determine the ionizing power, Y and the nucleophilicity, $N_{BS}$, the solvolyses of 1-adamantyl halides, t-butyl halides, and methyl tosylate in the same solvent mixtures have been investigated. The solvatochromic parameters for each dimethylsulfoxide-water mixtures have been determined by substituting into the Taft's linear solvatochromic energy relationships with measured $ν_{max}$. The solvolyses of p-substituted benzyl bromides have been found to proceed by borderline mechanism in which bond formation is more advanced than bond cleavage in the transition state based on the m, l values and ${\beta},{\rho}_s$, values.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.413-418
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• 1998

Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates are a kind of nonionic surfactants obtainable from reaction of fatty acid methyl ester with ethylene oxide utilizing a solid catalyst. Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates have economical advantage compared with polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers using fatty alcohol. In this work, the solubilizing capacity concerned with phase behavior of ternary systems composed of nonionic surfactant/water/oil, interfacial tension and detergency at the phase inversion temperature(PIT) were investigated and compared with those of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers in order to confirm the applicability of methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates in the detergents. Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates showed the solubilizing capacity of 10~18% for hexadecane which were about 6% higher than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers. At the PIT condition, methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates' interfacial tension were 0.0124~0.0176 dyne/cm while polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers have the value of 0.013~0.0163 dyne/cm and methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates showed higher detergency of 82.1~83.2% than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers of 76.5~77.3%. The good detergency performance of methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates would be due to the higher oil solubilizing power and lower interfacial tension than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers at the PIT condition.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.11B
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• pp.1738-1747
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• 2010

This report shows the analysis and design of tactical decision automation procedure and the result of core algorithm. Expecially scheme of analysis and design includes result of tactical decision supporting procedure analysis for target engagement to fire in refer to AFATDS. Tactical decision automation procedure has three phases like target analysis, target priority, fire unit decision, fire method and attack method. Target analysis creates base information to decide priorities and attack methods through target activity, size and protection status. Target priority and fire unit decision judge target priority and fire unit with unit status and operation mission basis of target priority. Fire unit and Attack method decide fire style according to the kind of fire and ammunition for effective firing achievement. Finally, we show the effective tactical decision automation procedure through making the algorithm of priority and air control.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.373-378
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• 2015

The solvolysis rate constants of di-n-butyl phosphorochloridate ((CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂O)₂POCI, 1) in 28 different solvents are well correlated with the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation, using the N_T solvent nucleophilicity scale and Y_Cl solvent ionizing scale, with the sensitivities values of 1.40 and 0.42 for l and m, respectively. These l and m values can be considered to support an S_N2 reaction pathway. This interpretation is further supported by the activation parameters, i.e., relatively small positive ΔH^≠ (8.0 to 15.9 kcal·mol⁻¹ ) values and large negative ΔS^≠ (−25.8 to −53.1 cal·mol⁻¹ ·K⁻¹ ) values, the Kivinen’s n values (0.9~1.7), and the solvent kinetic isotope effect (1.62).