• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.718-728
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• 2015

The fish community and inhabiting status of introduced fish were surveyed at nine stations of Gangeungnamdae stream from September 2013 to May 2014. A total of 36 species of fourteen families were collected from the survey stations and among them, Pungitius sinensis was identified as endangered species. There were nine Korean endemic species (25%) including Coreoleuciscus splendidus. Dominant species were Rhynchocypris steindachneri (St. 1), Zacco koreanus (St. 2, 4, 5, 6), Ladislabia taczanowskii (St. 3)), Zacco platypus (St. 7, 8) and Tribolodon hakonensis (St. 9). Of the 11 introduced species fishes in Gangeungnamdae stream, L. taczanowskii, Pungtungia herzi, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Pseudogobio esocinus, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, Z. platypus, Z. koreanus, Koreocobitis rotundicaudata, Liobagrus andersoni and Coreoperca herzi were released from Han river water zone in Korean. Rapidly expanded population and distribution of introduces fishes were Z. platypus, Z. koreanus, P. herzi and S. gracilis majimae, but L. taczanowskii, C. splendidus, R. kumgangensis were not rapidly expanded population. Settlement but very small population fishes were C. herzi and L. andersoni. When reduced 3% fishes of relative abundance with previous data (1973), R. steindachneri, Orthrias toni, Iksookimia pacifica, Plecoglossus altivelis, P. sinensis and Gymnogobius urotaenia, and R. steindachneri was most reduced from 56.1% to 12.9%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Organic fertilizers in watermelon cultivation are widely used to supply nutrient and organic matter. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application rate of organic fertilizer on the watermelon growth and soil chemical properties in greenhouse METHODS AND RESULTS: The organic fertilizers used in this experiment were mixed expeller cake (MEC) and mixed organic fertilizer (MOF). The treatments were conducted with 4 levels (1.0 N, 0.7 N, 0.5 N and 0.3 N) on the basis of soil testing nitrogen fertilization (STNF) using MEC or MOF as the basal dressing, and using chemical fertilizers (CF) as the additional dressing on the rest of STNF. These fertilizations were compared to CF 1.0 N (0.3 N as the basal and 0.7 N as the additional dressing) and non fertilization (NF). The leaf area of watermelon in treatment 0.5 N and 0.3 N using MEC or MOF was similar to CF treatment. The absorbed nutrient amounts by leaf, weight and sugar contents of fruit in the 0.5 N and 0.3 N treatments were higher than other treatments. In 0.5 N and 0.3 N treatments using MEC or MOF on the basis of STNF, soil chemical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K concentrations after experiment showed tendency to decreasing or similar level before experiment. CONCLUSION(s): These results suggest that the MEC or MOF application as the basal dressing at the 30~50% level of STNF and CF application as the additional dressing on the rest of STNF be best to maintain adequate nutrient of soil and to increase marketable yield for watermelon.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1977

1. Chemical properties of soils and inorganic compositions of rice plants were analysed to explain the acute wilting occurred in the late stage of rice variety, Yusin. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1) The amount of K and $SiO_2$ of soils where severe rice wilting occurred was lower than that of soils where rice wilting didn't occurred. 2) The amount of N and FeO of wilted rice plants was higher than that of normal rice plants while the amount of $K_2O$ and $SiO_2$ and the ratio of $K_2O/N$ of former were lower than that of letter. 2. Severe wilting was occurred only in the rice variety, Yusin, when three varieties${\cdots}$ Yusin, Milyang #15, Milyang #23${\cdots}$were interplanted. The amount of organic and inorganic compositions of three varieties and chemical properties of rhizosphere soils were analysed. 1) The rice variety, Yusin, was the lowest and that of the rice variety, Milyang #15, was the highest in the level of total carbohydrate and hemicellulose. 2) Comparatively higher levels of K were observed in rhizosphere soil where Yusin was planted, while the level of the K in the plant of Yusin was the lowest.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.296-300
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• 1988

A trial product of monogranular compound fertilizer for sesame under vinyle mulching cultivations was manufactured using the principal sources of urea, diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash in combination with a filler of zeolite and a binder of liquid waste from glutamic acid fermentation. Two field experiments using transparent vinyl mulching for single-crop cultivation and black vinyl mulching for cultivation after wheat and barley cropping were carried out to evalute their effects on sesame and the results obtained were as follows. Plant height and stem diameter of the trial product in sesame plant were higher and better than those of NPK split application and NPK all basic application. As the yield of the trial product was higher and similar to the NPK application plots in transparent and black vinyl mulching treatment respectively, the one time basic application of a developed monogranular compound fertilizer for sesame was possible under vinyl mulching cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1982

1. Production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in Korea could be divided into five different phases of total imports, setting up fertilizer plants, self-sufficiency in production, net export, and diversification in compound fertilizers. Currently the nation has production capacity of 800 thousand M/T of nitrogen, 400 thousand M/T of phosphate ($P_2O_5$) and 200 thousand M/T of potash ($K_2O$). 2. Yearly consumption increased every year, since 1964, 28,000 M/T N, 7,700 M/T $P_2O_5$, and 7,500 M/T $K_2O$ until 1972, when the increase jumped by eight times for $P_2O_5$ and seven times for $K_2O$ for the following 3 years in anticipation of their short supply. Now total consumption has been more or less stabilized at the level of 450 thousand M/T N, 220 thousand M/T $P_2O_5$ and 180 thousand M/T $K_2O$ for the last 7 years. 3. Current operation rate of fertilizer plants is around 80% throughout the whole industry, after going through several different levels depending on demand at times. 4. Fertilizer export started in 1967 and reached a peak of 150 thousand nutrient ton in 1972, about 20% of total production, before temporarily stopping due to over-demand for next three years. The export resumed again in 1976 rise to the all time high of 670 thousand nutrient ton in 1980, almost half of total production, and then started to decline due to higher price of petroleum since then. 5. The decline in fertilizer export appears to be accelerated because several countries, in South-Eastern Asia, traditional export market for Korean fertilizers, started to build their own plants, since 1980, based on their raw materials of especially petroleum. 6. Current consumption in Korea is about 30 nutrient Kg per 10a, equivalent to that in Western European countries, partly due to new high-yielding rice varieties and extensive cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables. Additional fertilizer demand in future can be anticipated in reclaimed land for growing grass and forestry.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 1981

In order to obtain an imformation on the exchangeable potassium and it's activity ratio to other cations in wet paddy top soil grown by rice, soil samples were taken from bottomless middle size (60cm in dia, and height, respectively) round concrete pot being car ride out with an experiment on the split application of potassium in relation to lime and analysed. The pot experiment was being conducted from 1974 at a farm of the City University of Seoul and the wet soil samples were taken from the paddy in the year of 1976. The samples were extracted with $0.1N-AlCl_3$ solution and analysed regarding the elements. Results obtained are as follows : 1. Less exchangeable potassium was extracted from the soils limed than those unlimed when the same amount of potassium was applied immediatly after flooding. However, when the Potassium was applied two weeks after flooding, the reverse was observed. The fact that the exchangeable potassium is increased in the case that potassium fertilizer applied two weeks after flooding explained as due either to the prohibiting effect of iron or less abserption of potassium by the crop. 2. A remarkable decrease of exchangeable potassium of soils was observed during the vigorous growth stage of rice. 3. The activity ratio of $\frac{K}{(Fe^{{+}{+}}){\frac{1}{2}}}$ was remarkabley low after July 16th at which the soil was considerably reduced. 4. The activity ratio $\frac{K^+}{NH^+}$ of limed soil lasted highly until July 16th. It may be resulted from slow progress of ammonification caused by high pH. 5. A positive correlation was found between $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ under reduced condition. But there was no correlation between $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $K^+$ or $NH^+_4$, because that the concentrations of $K^+$ and $NH^+_4$ in soil fluctuates during growing season.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.299-303
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• 1986

To provide useful information on the improving cultural practices of mungbean, investigations were made on Ca/Mg and (equation omitted) ratio in soil and plant grown under three fertilizer levels of N, P, K with different upland soils, using variety, Kyonggijaerae 5. Highly significant possitive correlations were observed between the soil extracted molar Ca/Mg ratio, (equation omitted) ratio at flowering time and yield, number of pods per plant, respectively. Soil-extracted Ca/Mg ratio at flowering time ranged from 1.9 to 6.4 and (equation omitted) ratio ranged from 0.17 to 0.33. Yield decreased rapidly as extracted soil Ca/Mg ratio became smaller than the ratio of 3.9, and yield was the highest the (equation omitted) ratio adjusted to 0.23 at flowering time. At harvesting time, Ca/Mg ratio in plant ranged from 1.4 to 4.3 and the yield decreased rapidly as Ca/Mg ratio in plant became smaller than 2.6. Yields, however, were not related to the soil-extracted Ca/Mg ratio interval from 3.9 to at least 6.4 in flowering time and Ca/Mg ratio in plant ranged from 2.6 to 4.3 at harvesting time.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 1973

The flag and lower leaves (4th or 5th) of rice plant from the field of NPK simple trial and from three low productive area were analyzed in order to find out certain diagnostic criteria of nutritional status at harvest. 1. Nutrient contents in the leaves from no fertilizer, minus nutrient and fertilizer plots revealed each criterion for induced deficiency (severe deficient case induced by other nutrients), deficiency (below the critical concentration), insufficiency (hidden hunger region), sufficiency (luxuary consumption stage) and excess (harmful or toxic level). 2. Nitrogen contents for the above five status was less than 1.0%, 1.0 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.6, 1.6 to 1.9 and greater than 1.9, respectively. 3. It was less than 0.3%, 0.3 to 0.4, 0.4 to 0.55 and greater than 0.55 for phosphorus $(P_2O_5)$ but excess level was not clear. 4. It was below 0.5%, 0.5 to 0.9, 0.9 to 1.2, 1.2 to 1.4 and above 1.4 for potassium. 5. It was below 4%, 4 to 6, 6 to 11 and above 11 for silicate $(SiO_2)$ and no excess was appeared. 6. Potassium in flag leaf seemed to crow out nitrogen to ear resulting better growth of ear by the inhibition of overgrowth of flag leaf. 7. Phosphorus accelerated the transport of Mg, Si, Mn and K in this order from lower leaf to flag, and retarded that of Ca and N in this order at flowering while potassium accelerated in the order of Mn, and Ca, and retarded in the order of Mg, Si, P and N at milky stage. 8. Transport acceleration index (TAI) expressed as (F_2L_1-F_1L_2)\;100/F_1L_1$ where F and L stand for other nutrient cotents in flag and lower leaf and subscripts indicate the rate of a nutrient applied, appears to be suitable for the effect of the nutrient on the translocation of others. 9. The content of silicate $(SiO_2)$ in the flag was lower than that of lower leaf in the early season cultivation indicating hinderance in translocation or absorption. It was reverse in the normal season cultivation. 10. The infection rate of Helminthosporium frequently occurred in the potassium deficient field seemed to be related more to silicate and nitrogen content than potassium in the flag leaf. 11. Deficiency of a nutrient occured simultaniously with deficiency of a few other ones. 12. Nutritional disorder under the field condition seems mainly to be attributed to macronutrients and the role of micronutrient appears to be none or secondary.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1970

Investigation was made to know the effects of the time of transplanting and harvesting, fertilizer, soil texture and period of storage on tuber yield and starch content of sweet potato. Variety used was Shin-mi, one or the leading varieties in Korea. Late transplanting, early harvesting, and balanced application of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, and loam and coarse sandy loam were more effective in increasing starch content than early planting, late harvesting, and more application of potassium and none application of phosphorous, and light clay respectively. Long storage period resulted in reducing starch content.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.110
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• pp.10-22
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• 2004

최근 서울고등법원은 일련의 판결에서 상품$\cdot$용역거래와 자금$\cdot$자산거래를 구분하고, 전자에 수반하여 간접적으로 자금지원효과를 내는 행위는 자금지원행위에 포섭되지 않는다고 판시하였다. 그 논거로는 공정거래법 관련 조항의 문언이나 입법취지, 여타 불공정거래행위 규정의 사문화 우려 및 확대해석에 따른 규제의 예측가능성 위협 등이 제시되었다. 그런데 지원행위에 대한 서울고법의 ''이분법적 접근방법''(dichotomous approach)은 지원행위의 개념, 성질 및 효과, 불공정거래행위 금지의 체계 등에 비추어 부당하다. 지원행위에 관한 한 상품$\cdot$용역 거래를 자금$\cdot$자산거래와 구별할 수 있는 객관적 기준이 존재할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 공정거래법은 일관되게 단지 거래의 목적물뿐만 아니라 거래에 수반되는 반대급부나 결제방법 등의 관점에서 폭넓게 지원행위를 규정함으로써 상품$\cdot$용역거래에 따라 지원효과가 발생하는 경우를 염두에 두고 있기 때문이다. 또한 부당 지원 행위금지는 차별취급 등 여타 불공정 거래행위금지에 대한 특별법적 성격을 갖는 것으로서 양자가 경합할 경우 원칙적으로 전자가 우선적용 되어야 하며, 나아가 지원효과의 직$\cdot$간접성을 기준으로 지원행위 여부를 가리는 것은 지나치게 자의적인 것으로서 규제의 예측가능성을 더욱 저해하고, 수범자의 탈법행위를 용이하게 할 수 있다. 다만, 계열회사간 지원행위는 경제적 효율성을 수반할 수 있고 그 자체가 경쟁질서를 위협하는 것은 아니라는 점에서, 지원성 거래는 가능한 폭넓게 인정하되 그에 따른 부당성 내지 공정거래 저해성 판단에 신중을 기하는 방향으로 관련 조항을 해석하는 것이 바람직하다.