• 베이커리
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• no.11 s.364
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• pp.145-150
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7820-7830
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• 2015

Korean households' demand for food consumed away from home is on the steady increase. The ratio of eating-out expenditure of the household income, however, tends to decrease recently irrespective of income groups. This paper, therefore, aims to analyse the food-away-from-home expenditures of salary and wage earners' households by income decile group. The eating-out expenditure is modelled as a function of household income and then estimated using econometric methods such as regression, rolling regression, impulse response, and variance decomposition of forecast error. The regression results indicate that the higher the income decile group is, the lower the income elasticity of eating-out expenditure is, and the high income groups enjoy seasonal eating-out, the low groups do not. The coefficients of dynamic rolling regression are much smaller than those of static one, meaning that households tend to decrease the eating-out expenditure of their income. The impulse response analysis suggests that the eating-out expenditure increase of higher income groups lasts long relative to that of lower income groups. The variance decomposition, also, shows that household income plays much more important role in determining eating-out expenditure at the higher income groups than at the lower income groups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2016.01a
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• pp.141-142
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 자동차보험 회사의 고객센터 상담사를 대상으로 감정노동과 심리적 소진의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 고객센터 상담사들은 감정노동의 표면화 행위보다는 내면화 행위에 대한 스트레스가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 심리적 소진은 개인의 특성에 따라 차이를 보였다. 정서적 고갈은 여성 상담사일수록, 개인적 성취감 결여는 고졸일수록, 1일 전화응대시간이 8시간 초과할수록, 월평균가계소득이 낮을수록 더욱 높아지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 상담사의 개인특성과 감정노동이 심리적 소진에 미치는 영향력을 알아본 결과, 감정노동의 표면화 행위가 높을수록 정서적 고갈을 증가시켰고, 월평균 가계소득이 높을수록 정서적 고갈을 감소시켰다. 개인적 성취감 결여는 감정노동의 표면화 행위가 높을수록, 1일 전화 응대시간이 많을수록, 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 월평균 가계소득이 높을수록, 감정노동의 내면화 행위가 많을수록 개인적 성취감 결여는 감소되는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-85
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• 2018

The objective of this study focuses on the relationship between increasing of leverage and income, asset purchase. For empirical test, regression analysis was conducted using panel data of the household financial welfare survey. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, increasing of leverage is determined by the asset purchase. Deleveraging can be realized by reducing the size of the assets. Second, increase of leverage has positively affected on the increase of asset. Also, the increase of income has significantly positive influence on the increase of assets. These results provide practical guidance as research in increasing of leverage and increase of asset and the limitations of the research and future study are discussed as well.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.81-93
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of household income drops on household economic status during economic crisis periods. Using the data taken from Korean Household Panel Study for 1996 and 1998, it was investigated how household income change affected household income, expenditure, and assets/debt. The economic status change of the income-decreased group was compared with that of the income-increased group. The major findings were as follows: Average income of the total sample was 1,905 thousand won in 1996, while 1,419 thousand won in 1998. The household of which income was decreased during the period was 65.1% of total sample. Average income of the group was reduced from 2,263 thousand won to 1,239 thousand won. Among income sources, the amount of income from real asset was found to be the highest decreasing rate, and the amounts of both business and employed-work income were reduced almost up to an half of those in two years ago. The amounts for all expenditure categories were also decreased with decreasing household income. Especially the expenditures for food away from home, leisure, durable, recreation, and vehicle-related expense were found to have the highest income elasticity. The households with decreased income were found to reduce household expenditures by 377 thousand won per month, which was 70.9% of that in 1996. Decreases in household income resulted in decreases in net wealth by 10,170 thousand won. With decreases in household income, the amounts of total insurance and private savings such as gye were decreased, and so were the amounts of real assets and monetary assets.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.267-274
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• 2021

This paper examines the impact of the Basic Pension scheme in terms of poverty reduction and income distribution among elderly households by focusing on the differences in the household type. It compares the data before (2013) and after (2016, 2019) the introduction of Basic Pension by using Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Empirical analyses indicate that, first, the overall income and the public income transfer of the elderly households increased during the period compared. Second, the poverty rate was considerably higher for the elderly living alone than for other household types. The government policy led to poverty-reduction for all types of elderly households, wherein the effect was most profound in the case of elderly living with spouse. Third, income distribution improved for all types of elderly households, though maximum margin was observed in the case of the elderly living alone. Fourth, according to the multivariate logit regression, the Basic Pension had a positive impact on reducing the risk of poverty (defined as below 40% of median income) among the elderly households.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-168
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• 1995

It is a common wisdom that the long-term economic development of Korea chiefly depends not only on the steady increase of the capital formation but also on the stable increase of the national saving. And also it is a widely accepted opinion that household saving plays a significant role for the smooth supply of investment funds. For the empirical analysis on the determining factors of household saving, consumption function of the household of Korea was utilized indirectly. The reason is that consumption function is regarded as a stable function whereas saving function is considered to be an unstable function of the relevant independent variables. In order to carry out the regression process of the consumption functions, data on the family income and expenditure survey and the farm household economy survey was used. The regression result could be summarized as follows : Firstly, household income and the number of the employed in the household have the negative effect in determining the consumption ratio of the Korean households. On the other hand, ages and the educational attainment of the household heads as well as the number of the household members have the positive effect. During the early part of 21st century, the consumption ratio of the Korean households is expected to be decreased because of the increasing trend of household income, and the ever increasing number of the employed member of the household based on the increasing trend of the labor force participation rate of women and the decrease of the average size of the number of household members owing to widespread nuclear family system. On the other hand, the consumption ratio of the household of Korea is expected to be increased because of the continuous increase of the average ages of the household heads caused by the population aging phenomena and improvement of the educational attainment of the household heads. But on the whole, household saving ratio is expected to be increased owing to the secular downward trend of the consumption and therefore no significant difficulties are anticipated for the smooth provision of investment resources needed to have long-term economic progress of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.181-204
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends of the Korean income packaging, poverty rate, and level of income inequality from 1996 to 2002. In order to do that, this study used the micro-data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO). Major results were as follows: (1) A ratio of public transfer in family income packaging increased at the DJ administration. (2) Poverty rate and Gini coefficient, which were 7.8% and 0.29 in 1996, rose to $8.8{\sim}10.4%$ and $0.30{\sim}0.34$ respectively during the year of 1998-2002. (3) However, poverty reduction effect and income inequality reduction effect of public income transfer increased preferably at the DJ administration. Those effects increased more since the enactment of National Basic Livelihood Security in 2000. Therefore, government should provide more national welfare programs to reduce the poverty rate and to improve better structure of income distribution.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2023

This study investigated how COVID-19 imparted the fashion expenditure of households in Korea. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ratio of fashion expenditure to household income and the ratio of fashion expenditure to household consumption expenditure were estimated using secondary data of national statistics. The household income and expenditure data in Korea were extracted from 2018 to 2021. The household was categorized by generations such as gen Z, gen M, gen X, Baby Boomer, and Silent generation, and the household income status was identified by the income quintile. The outcome revealed that the ratio of fashion usage expenditure to income decreased following COVID-19 equated to before COVID-19 and revealed the significant differences by income quintile. The ratio of fashion consumption to household expenditure significantly differed between the pre-COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19. The difference in the ratio of fashion consumption to household expenditure was important by generations, and it was not affirmed by the income quintile.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.157-179
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• 1999

This study is an empirical research to analyze how many private income transfers in Korea decrease poverty rate, to compare the effects of private income transfers' decreasing poverty rate with income classes. This study has utilised the Family Income and Expenditure Survey to estimate the poverty ratio in urban areas and Unemployment Household Survey which Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs has investigated at 1998. Majour findins are these. First, Sizes of private transfers incomes are much than that of public transfers incomes. The rates in receiving private transfers income are ten times higher than that in receiving public transfers income among urban worker's household. The mean of private transfer income are about six times larger than that of public transfer income among urban worker's household. Second, the effects of private income transfers' reducing poverty rates are not large. After private transfers, urbarn workers' households are about 10 per cent away from its poverty line, and unemploy households are only 3 per cent away from its poverty line. Third, especially, private income transfers are hardly reducing poverty rates among extreme poverty class. After private transfers, urban workers' households which their incomes are within low 5%, are not away from its poverty line at all.