• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2010

Extension of mandatory retirement age (MRA) differs from other labor supply increases in that it induces a change in the incentive to save for retirement. A simple general equilibrium model indicates that extension of MRA can lead to a decrease in life-time income and social welfare as it excessively discourages domestic savings and thus capital accumulation. However, in an open economy where capital inflow allows capital input in production to remain constant despite lower domestic capital stock, extension of MRA likely increases worker welfare. In such case, extension of MRA can contribute to expansion of hiring demands through lowering wages or mitigating upward pressures on wages.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.639-645
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• 2007

In this study, an estimation of call demand for the internet telephony was carried out using the monthly time-series data from June 2001 to December 2004. In the estimation, the call traffic was assumed to be explained by tariff of the internet telephony service, tariff of fixed and wireless services, income, quality of service, and lagged traffic variable. The traffic is assumed to follow the partial adjustment mechanism. The estimation result shows that the call traffic demand is elastic to the tariff of the service while it is inelastic to the change of income. The qualisty of service is regarded as an important factor of demand. Also there appeared the call demand is adjusting to the change of explanatory variables with some lags.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.49-64
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• 1988

대부분의 수출자율규제실시국(輸出自律規制實施國)들은 총(總)쿼타의 일부를 개방(開放)쿼타로 할당하여 수출단가(輸出單價)와 비규제국(非規制國) 수출실적(輸出實績)에 비례하여 배분하는 2단계(二段階)쿼타배분제도(配分制度)를 택하고 있으며 이는 수출자율규제(輸出自律規制)에서 오는 수출소득(輸出所得)과 수출물량(輸出物量)의 감소를 수출시장다변화(輸出市場多邊化)를 통해 줄이려는 정책적(政策的) 노력(努力)으로 해석된다. 본고(本稿)는 부분균형분석(部分均衡分析)을 통해 비규제국(非規制國) 수출실적(輸出實績)을 개방(開放)쿼타의 배분기준(配分基準)으로 하는 2단계(二段階)쿼타배분제도(配分制度)가 기본(基本)쿼타에만 의존하는 단일(單一)쿼타배분제도(配分制度)보다 비규제국(非規制國) 수출물량(輸出物量)을 증가시키고 이에 따른 수출소득(輸出所得)의 변화는 비규제국(非規制國) 수입수요탄력성(輸入需要彈力性)에 의해 결정됨을 보인 반면 개방(開放)쿼타를 얻기 위한 기업의 경쟁행위가 비규제국(非規制國) 수출가격(輸出價格)을 한계생산비(限界生産費) 이하의 수준으로 하락시켜 자원배분(資源配分)의 비효율(非效率)을 초래할 수 있으며 이는 바로 GATT규정(規定)에 위배되는 덤핑사례(事例)를 유도할 수 있음을 보였다. 따라서 수출(輸出)쿼타배분제도(配分制度)를 운용함에 있어서 자원배분(資源配分)의 효율(效率)과 국제무역환경(國際貿易環境)에 미치는 영향 등을 충분히 고려해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.622-646
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• 2011

This paper analyses the effects of mobile telecommunications market's interconnection charge on consumer welfare between 2000 and 2010 by estimating price elasticity of demand with using log linear model and augmented Alexander et al(2000)'s model. The results show that consumer welfare is about 6 trillion won in 2009 and an upward trend. In the 2nd analysis, the decline in interconnection charge raise consumer welfare but, asymmetric interconnection and current TD-BU LRIC system have negative(-) relation with consumer welfare. Hence we need to revise interconnection policy frame.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.5 s.91
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

In order to construct an information pool on the production characteristics and efficiency of Korean railroad industry, various alternative approaches have to be applied. In this paper we present an empirical application of the distance function to measure the technical efficiency and the production characteristics of Korean railroad industry, The distance function firstly introduced by Shephard (1953) provides the advantage that it does not need information about prices, so it can accommodate the multiple output nature of the railway only using the quantifies as data. This is of great relevance in the context of the public sector such as railroad industry where there are often distinct control mechanisms on input prices. Also the distance function allows us to obtain a measure of technical efficiency as well as a measure of production characteristics. From annual data on Korean railroad industry during 1964-2004, multiple output distance function is estimated using quadratic programming model. The resulting technical efficiency estimates has tended to be improved over the period $1980{\sim}2004$. The indirect Morishima elasticities of substitution indicate that the substitutabilities for labor are relatively very low or impossible. The average scale elasticity is 2.7 which means that increasing the scale by 1per cent will result in an output increase by 2.7 percent. This result indicates that economies of scale are present in the Korean railroad industry.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.29-50
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• 2016

This paper is to apply an individual travel cost method(TCM) to estimate demand functions for cultural services enjoyed by visiting 3 branches of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art located in the Seoul Metropolitan area. This paper extends the standard TCM by incorporating opportunity costs of leisure time and two different data generating process - 398 respondents from an on-site survey and 600 respondents from a general household survey. Negative binomial models reflecting the non-negative integer nature of visiting frequency with over-dispersed variance were best fitted for demand functions, in which residents of Seoul metropolitan area surveyed from on the site exhibited higher visitation demand for the national art museum. Price elasticity and income elasticity differed by respondents' residency. Price elasticity of long distance visitors (-0.21) was more inelastic from those of Seoul residents (-0.34 ~ -0.5). Moreover, regional residents outside of Seoul area seemed to consider that services from the national art museum is a normal good with income elasticity of 0.5, whereas the Seoul residents seemed to perceive it to be an inferior good with income elasticity of -0.05.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.11-21
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• 2024

In the steel industry, there is a perception that "collusion has become a long-standing practice" and it is expected that the authorities' legal response to collusion will be strengthened in the future. This necessarily requires improving the accuracy of the legal response, the most important of which is to accurately identify whether the allegedly colluding firms actually did collude. This study focuses on the recent iron scrap price-fixing case and examines whether a single accused firm actually engaged in price-fixing in a situation where there is a mix of firms that acted independently of the collusion and firms that actually engaged in price-fixing. The results of the analysis allow us to infer that the accused steelmaker did not actually collude, which is consistent with the authorities' final judgment against the steelmaker. In the real world, some collusions are carried out by only a subset of firms in a market, and in these cases, there are often disputed firms as to whether or not they carried out the collusion. This study can serve as an analytic guide for industries, including the steel industry, to verify the behavior of individual firms, especially those whose collusive practices are disputed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.371-383
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• 1999

This report gave analysis of food demand both in Korea and Japan through introducing the concept of cohort analysis to the conventional demand model. This research was done to clarify the factors which determine food demand of the household. The traits of the new model for demand analysis are to consider and quantify those effects on food demand not only of economic factors such as expenditure and price but also of non-economic factors such as the age and birth cohort of the householder. The results of the analysis can be summarized as follows: 1) The comparison of the item-wise elasticities of food demand demonstrates that the expenditure elasticity is higher in Korea than in Japan and that the expenditure elasticity is -0.1 for cereal and more than 1 for eating-out in both countries. In respect to price elasticity, the absolute values of all the items except alcohol and cooked food are higher in the Korea than in Japan, and especially the price elasticities of beverages, dairy products and fruit are predominantly higher in Japan. In this way, both expenditure and price elasticities of a large number of items are higher in Korea than in Japan, which may be explained from the fact that the level of expenditure is higher in Japan than in Korea. 2) In both of Korea and Japan, as the householder grows older, the expenditure for each item increases and the composition of expenditure changes in such a way that these moves may be regarded as due to the age effect. However, there are both similarities and differences in the details of such moves between Korea and Japan. Those two countries have this trait in common that the young age groups of the householder spend more on dairy products and middle age groups spend more on cake than other age groups. In the Korea, however, there can be seen a certain trend that higher age groups spend more on a large number of items, reflecting the fact that there are more two-generation families in higher age groups. Japan differs from Korea in that expenditure in Japan is diversified, depending upon the age group. For example, in Japan, middle age groups spend more on cake, cereal, high-caloric food like meat and eating-out while older age groups spend more for Japanese-style food like fish/shellfish and vegetable/seaweed, and cooked food. 3) The effect of the birth cohort effect was also demonstrated. The birth cohort effect was introduced under the supposition that the food circumstances under which the householder was born and brought up would determine the current expenditure. Thus, the following was made clear: older generations in both countries placed more emphasis upon stable food in their composition of food consumption; the share of livestock products, oil/fats and externalized food was higher in the food composition of younger generation; differences in food composition among generations were extremely large in Korea while they were relatively small in Japan; and Westernization and externalization of diet made rapid increases simultaneously with generation changes in Korea while they made any gradual increases in Japan during the same time period. 4) The four major factors which impact the long-term change of food demand of the household are expenditure, price, the age of the householder, and the birth cohort of the householder. Investigations were made as to which factor had the largest impact. As a result, it was found that the price effect was the smallest in both countries, and that the relative importance of the factor-by-factor effects differed among the two countries: in Korea the expenditure effect was greater than the effects of age and birth cohort while in Japan the effects of non-economic factors such as the age and birth cohort of householder were greater than those of economic factors such as expenditures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1839-1845
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salt soluble protein extracts from anchovy (ASSPE) on sausage during storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Sausages were produced containing 5 and 10% ASSPE. Sausages containing ASSPE showed no significant differences in emulsion stability, color, pH, moisture, viable cell count, and VBN compared to the control. The hardness significantly increased with the addition of ASSPE, and sausages containing 5% ASSPE were the highest in gumminess. In the sensory evaluation, sausages containing 5% ASSPE had the highest score in appearance and springiness. In conclusion, the addition of ASSPE in sausage had no effects on storage characteristics, but had a good effect on improvement of quality and sensory characteristics. Especially, 5% ASSPE sausage had good texture and high sensory characteristics due to increased binding capacity. These results suggest that 5% ASSPE may improve the quality and sensory characteristics of sausage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1767-1772
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• 2009

Brined Baechu cabbages were packed with different films of high density polyethylene (HDPE), aluminium polyethylene (Al/PE), nylon polyamide (Ny/PE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and permeability-controlled polyethylene (Mirafresh (MF), US patent No. 5972815), and then stored at 4${^{\circ}C}$ for 4 weeks. Changes in quality characteristics of pH, acidity, total bacteria counts, lactic acid bacteria counts, E. coli counts, texture and $O_2$ concentration were determined during the storage. The pH of brined Baechu cabbage packed with Mirafresh (MF) film was 6.25 after 4 weeks from initial pH of 6.80. The acidity of all brined Baechu cabbages increased, however, the increase of the cabbage in MF was the lowest. The levels of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and E. coli in the cabbages packed with MF were also lower than the other films. After 4 weeks, of all brined springiness Baechu cabbages decreased, but MF showed relatively high springiness. The $O_2$ concentrations by its permeation through MF were 0.35%-1.00% at 4-25${^{\circ}C}$ after 1 week. In conclusion, MF was found to be the most effective packaging film for brined Baechu cabbage to extend shelf-life.