• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1994

The object of this study was to examine the user's impacts on the environmental deteriorations of trail at Ticket Office - Paekryunsa (Temple) Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong - Dongyupryung - Chilyun Fall area in T$\hat{o}$kyusan National Park. Four trails were sampled in the study area according to the amount of users. Then the user's impacts on trail were measured at each trail. The Ticket Office-Paekryunsa trail was the most used district and followed at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail, Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong-Dongyupryung trail in descending order. Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail is not used by people because of rest rotation system. The entire width of trail was greater at the more heavily used trail. Maximum depth, cross-sectional area loss, and surface texture and roughness of trail were the highest at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail. Soil hardness, soil acidity, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and exchange canon were influenced by trampling. Soil hardness, soil acidity and exchange canon increased in tramples soil, but content of soil moisture and organic matter decreased therein. Environmental deteriorations of trail were significantly influenced by the amount of users and the slope of trail. Bared lands about $2.000m^2$ were appeared by trampling and camping around Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong. Effects of carrying of rest rotation system for National Park were partly recognized at Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.950-956
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• 2012

Salicornia herbacea L. is an annual herb that grows in salt marshes and salt fields along the seashores. It is also commonly used as a folk remedy in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of Salicorrnia herbacea L. (SH) hot water extract on obesity. Five-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were divided into two groups and provided either a normal fat diet (11.5% fat from kcal) or a high fat diet (40.5% fat from kcal) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Then, rats were blocked into six groups of six mice each and provided either a diet containing SH (0.5% of diet; g/kg) or a normal diet for another 6 weeks. Final body weights were significantly reduced when rats were fed SH among the high fat diet groups (HNS and HHS). Serum triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased in every group provided SH. HDL-cholesterol concentrations significantly increased in SH-fed groups among the high fat diet groups. Further, atherogenic index significantly decreased when rats were fed SH diet (HHS). There were no differences in LDL-cholesterol between the high fat diet groups, and glucose concentrations decreased when rats were fed SH diet (HNS). These results indicate that dietary intake of Salicornia herbacea L. hot water extract might have beneficial effects on obesity by reducing body weight, fat weights, and improving blood lipid profile.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2005

Purpose : Instead of conventional two-dimensional (2-D) visual stimuli, three-dimensional (3-D) visual stimuli with stereoscopic vision were employed for the study of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (f-MRI). In this paper f-MRI with 3-D visual stimuli is investigated in comparison with f-MRI with 2-D visual stimuli. Materials and Methods : The anaglyph which generates stereoscopic vision by viewing color coded images with red-blue glasses is used for 3-D visual stimuli. Two-dimensional visual stimuli are also used for comparison. For healthy volunteers, f-MRI experiments were performed with 2-D and 3-D visual stimuli at 3.0 Tesla MRI system. Results : Occipital lobes were activated by the 3-D visual stimuli similarly as in the f-MRI with the conventional 2-D visual stimuli. The activated regions by the 3-D visual stimuli were, however, larger than those by the 2-D visual stimuli by $18\%$. Conclusion : Stereoscopic vision is the basis of the three-dimensional human perception. In this paper 3-D visual stimuli were applied using the anaglyph. Functional MRI was performed with 2-D and 3-D visual stimuli at 3.0 Tesla whole body MRI system. The occipital lobes activated by the 3-D visual stimuli appeared larger than those by the 2-D visual stimuli by about $18\%$. This is due to the more complex character of the 3-D human vision compared to 2-D vision. The f-MRI with 3-D visual stimuli may be useful in various fields using 3-D human vision such as virtual reality, 3-D display, and 3-D multimedia contents.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2013

Phellinus baumii is a medicinal mushroom used in Asian countries for a long period of time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin whitening activities of methanol extracts from fruiting bodies of P. baumii. To evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extract, polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and chelating activity on ferrous ions were studied. For assay of skin whitening activities, tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities, and tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibitory activities of B16/F10 melanoma cells treated with the methanol extract were investigated. The total polyphenol content of P. baumii methanol extract was 4.19. DPPH scavenging ability of P. baumii methanol extract was 88.26% in $25{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. We tested tyrosinase inhibitory activity and melanin contents in melanoma cells. The tyrosinase activity was inhibited to 65.17% at the concentration of $125{\mu}g/mL$ and melanin synthesis was inhibited to 57.61% at the concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$. Overall, the experimental results showed that P. baumii methanol extract had inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and melanin synthesis by dose dependent manner in B16/F10 melanoma cells. Strong ultra-violet absorption spectra in the range of 270~370 nm indicated that ethanol extract of P. baumii could protect the skin from UV. Therefore, P. baumii methanol extract might be used for development of skin whitening, anti-UV and skin care agents.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2002

This study was investigated the anti-angiogenic activities of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus by using Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and rat cornea. First experiment, the fertilized chicken eggs were kept in a humidified egg incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. After 4 days incubation, about 3 ml of albumin was aspirated from eggs with an hypodermic needles through a small hole drilled at the narrow end of the eggs, and the shell membrane on the floor of the air sac was peeled away. Embryos with chorioallantois of 3~5 mm in diameter were employed for the assay of antiangiogenic activity. Retinoic acid was used as a positive control for this experiment. After 48 h of treatment. branching pattern of blood vessels below coverslip containing retinoic acid ($10{\mu}g/egg$) was dramatically decreased. A simiar angiogenic inhibition was observed in the CAM treated with $50{\mu}g/egg$ of Cnidium omcinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus extracts. Second experiment, rat corneal neovascularization was induced by suturing (one stitch) the cornea with 10-0 nylon, and terramycin was applied on the cornea for I week to prevent corneal inflammation. In the cornea of rats untreated with herbal extracts, numerous vessels were usually seen invading the cornea by day 2 or 3 after suture, and reaching the lesion area within 5~6 days. Corneal neovascularization was gradually increased and peaked at 3 weeks. In contrast to this, herbal extracts conspicuously inhibited the angiogenesis, Oral administration of herbal extracts (20 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks significantly inhibited the rat corneal angiogenesis induced by suture, and the length of blood vessels in herbal medicine-treated rat cornea was conspicuously lower than that in control animals. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the rat cornea treated with thalidomide (200 mg/kg body weight/day). These findings indicate the anti-angiogenic properties of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus, suggesting that these properties may be one of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities of herbal extracts tested in this study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2003

Purpose : In Rett syndrome patients, the incidence of sudden death is greater than that of the general population, and cardiac electrical instability including fatal cardiac arrhythmia is a main suspected cause. In this study, we are going to find out the possible cause of the higher risk of sudden death in Rett patients by the evaluation of heart rate variability, a marker of cardiac autonomic activity and corrected QT intervals. Methods : Diagnosis of Rett syndrome was made by molecular genetic study of Rett syndrome (MECP2 gene) or clinical diagnostic criteria of Rett syndrome. Heart rate variability and corrected QT intervals were measured by 24 h-Holter study in 12 Rett patients, and in 30 age-matched healthy children with chief complaints of chest pain or suspected heart murmurs. The were compared with the normal age-matched control. Results : Patients with total Rett syndrome, classic Rett syndrome, and Rett variants had significantly lower heart rate variability(especially rMSSD)(P<0.05) and longer corrected QT intervals than age-matched healthy children(P<0.05). Sympathovagal balance expressed by the ratio of high to low frequency(LF/HF ratio) also showed statistically significant differences between the three groups considered(P<0.05). Conclusion : A significant reduction of heart rate variability, a marker of autonomic disarray, suggests a possible explanation of cardiac dysfunction in sudden death associated with Rett syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.761-766
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of protease on quality characteristics of sponge cake. Protease was used at levels of 0.0005 U (PC-1), 0.0010 U (PC-2), 0.0015 U (PC-3), and 0.0020 U (PC-4) for sponge cake preparation. Amylogram showed the setback was significantly decreased in comparison with the control (P<0.05). Height and baking loss rate of control sponge cake were $4.24{\pm}0.18cm$ and $12.01{\pm}0.29%$, respectively. PC-3 and PC-4 showed increased heights of $5.22{\pm}0.16$ and $5.24{\pm}0.11cm$ as well as slightly increased baking loss rates of $12.71{\pm}0.31%$ and $12.89{\pm}0.61%$, respectively. Specific volume and color difference measurements of control showed a specific volume of $3.53{\pm}0.06mL/g$, crust color difference of $53.05{\pm}0.28$, and crumb color difference of $29.84{\pm}0.52$. Measurements of specific volume, crust color, and crumb color of PC-3 and PC-4 were $4.18{\pm}0.02mL/g$, $56.19{\pm}0.84$, $29.05{\pm}0.43$, $4.21{\pm}0.02mL/g$, $56.85{\pm}0.43$, and $29.45{\pm}0.47$, respectively. Firmness measurements showed that the control had the highest firmness. PC-3 and PC-4 were effective at improving the shelf-life of sponge cake as indicated by reduced firmness. Sensory evaluation results demonstrated that all samples scored higher than the control. Throughout the results, the addition of protease increased volume and improved quality characteristics of sponge cake.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.266-280
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• 1994

Upper-air synoptic data and surface weather elements such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud and precipitation were analyzed in some detail to determine the characteristics of Nopsae, a foehn-like surface wind over the Youngsuh region of Central Korea. NOAA AVHRR and GMS images are also referenced to identify the distribution of clouds and precipitation to classify the tpyes of foehn over the study area. The data period examined is from 1982 until 1993 of spring and summer months from March through August. Results of the anaylsis are as follows. Warm and dry air penetration over the Younesuh region has experienced on foehn days occured between March 21 and August 10 during study perion. The mean annual number of foehn the days were 28. Foehn phenomena were prominent during March 21-25, April 5-15, May 25-June 10, and June 26-30 pentads. The intensity of the phenomena can be evaluated as the difference of daily maximum temperature and relative humidity between windward sites and leeward sites. The intensity of daily maximum temperature reached 14.5$^{\circ}C$, but most values were in the range of 5.0-7.5$^{\circ}C$ (61%). Although strong intensity of foehns usually develop in June, it is common that farmers in the region experince more aridity during the foehnday of April and May due to the transplantation of rice seedlings. Long-run foehn are not common phenomena and 55% of foehn terminate in one day, but there is a record that Nopsae persisted up to 9 days continuously. The author identified using the cloud and precipitation data out of NOAA-11, AVHRR and GMS images is that one of them has no precipitation over windward side. The available data and the results of the analysis are somewhat inadequate. Since the results imply that wave phenomenon is potentially important in terms of local surface weather and vertical momentum transport, more detailed theoretical and observational studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism and the impacts of Nopsae.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evacuate the effect of different types of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds on the formation of human auricular and septal cartilages. All of the scaffolds were formed in a tubular shape for potential application for artificial trachea or esophagus with either 110,000 g/mol PLGA. 220,000 g/mol PLGA. or a combination of both. In order to maintain the tubular shape in vivo, two methods were used. One method was inserting polyethylene tube at the center of scaffolds made of 110,000 g/mol PLGA. The other method involved combination of the two different molecular weight PLGA's. The inner surface of tubular shaped scaffold made with 110,000 g/mol PLGA was coated with 220,000 9/mol PLGA to give more mechanical rigidity. Elastic cartilage was taken from the ear of a patient aged under 20 nears old and hyaline cartilage was taken from the nasal septum. The chondrocytes were then isolated. After second passage, the chondrocytes were seeded on the PLGA scaffolds followed by in vitro culture for one week. The cells-PLGA scaffold complex were implanted subcutaneously on the back of nude mice for 8 weeks. The tissue engineered cartilages were separated from nude mice and examined histologically after staining with the Hematoxylin Eosin. The morphology of the scaffolds were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pores were well formed and uniformly distributed in the various PLGA scaffolds. After 8 weeks in vivo culture, cartilage was well formed with 110,000 g/mol PLGA. however lumen had collapsed. In contrast. a minimal amount of neocartilage was formed with 220,000 g/mol PLGA, while the architecture of scaffold and lumen were well preserved. Elastic cartilage formed more neocartilage than hyaline. Hyaline and elastic neocartilage were well formed on 110,000 g/mol PLGA with the polyethylene tube, exhibiting mature chondrocytes and preservation of the tubular shape. It was found that 110,000 g/mol PLGA was more appropriate for cartilage formation but higher molecular weight polymer was necessary to maintain the three dimensional shape of the scaffold.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

Cylindrical and conical types of grain-straw separation equipment which has a stationary crimped sieve drum with rotating inner rotor were constructed. The developed equipments were tested to investigate the characteristics of separating performance under various mechanical conditions and crop conditions. As increase of the inclination of equipment and decrease of pitch of cover vane, the grain recovery was increased while straw rejection was decreased. The grain recovery and overall efficiency were decreased as the rotor speed and feeding velocity were increased for both varieties of rice, moisture contents, and test equipments. Conical prototype equipment performed higher straw rejection, lower grain recovery, and lower power requirement. However, separation performance of conical type equipment was more widely varied with various test conditions compared to cylindrical one. The performance of both equipments showed relatively insensitive to crop feedrate and crop properties, such as variety, moisture content, and grain-to-straw ratio.