• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1998

Work-related Low Back Pain(LBP) is one of tile most important Issues in the field of industrial safety and health. Particularly, manual lifting is known as a major cause of work-related LBP and impairment. Total number of 163 manual lifting tasks in motor assembly processes were investigated. The 1981 and the 1994 equations developed by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) were applied to evaluate potential hazards of lifting-related LBP. Comparisons between the 19R I and 1994 NIOSH criteria were made. The relationships between the NIOSH criteria and lifting-related LBP were also analyzed. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The values of Action Limit(AL) by the NIOSH 1981 lifting equation. Recommended Weight Limit(RWL) by the 1994 equation and the weight of the load handled at each manual lifting task were shown log-normal distributions. 2. LI'(the weight of tile load/AL) and LI(the weight of the load/RWL) were calculated estimate the physical stress imposed by each individual lifting task. As a result. 76.7% of the total LI' value exceeded 1 and 12.9% exceeded 3, and 84.7% of the total LI values exceeded 1 and 20.9% exceeded 3. 3. Bus 2 Department showed the highest rate of LI'>1 and LI>1 and Bus 1 Department showed the highest rate of LI'>3 and LI>3 4. In general, the RWLs by the 1994 equation were found lower than the ALs by the 1981 equation. It is assumed to he resulted from the fact that the 1994 equation includes methods evaluating asymmetrical lifting tasks and lifts of objects with less then optimal hand-container couplings, and also covers a larger range of work durations and lifting frequencies than the 1981 equation. 5. Significant correlations were found between LI' and incidence of LBP (R=0.734, p<0.05). LI and incidence of LBP(R=0.671. p<0.10) and load-weights and incidence of LBP(R=0.797, p<0.05). 6. Control measures are required to achieve the value of LI less than 1 for some tasks having high LI values. Engineering control is highly recommended for some tasks having the value of LI above 3.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.225-238
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• 2002

The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess sexual orientation and Knowledge and attitudes with regards to AIDS in military personnel, and to provide basic data for developing a further sex education program for them. The data were collected in June 2002 on 242 service members of A Branch of the Ground Army located in Chung-Chung Do Region. They responded to a survey questionnaire that consisted of 68 items: 14 items on sexual orientation. 39 items on knowledge about AIDS, and 15 items on attitudes toward AIDS. The data were analyzed using SAS program. The study results are as follows: 1. Sexual orientation of the military personnel 1) In terms of sexual orientaion, harassment and assault, only $26.4\%$ of the subjects responded as, 'know well'. Appropriate awareness of the legal liability was reported by $21.6\%$ of the subjects regarding sexual harassment and $78.1\%$ of the subjects regarding sexual assault. 2) Pre-marital cohabitant was supported by $89.2\%$ of the subjects. 3) The Korean military personnel showed liberal attitudes toward sexuality as $46.4\%$ of them reported having sexual-relationship with the dating partner is acceptable. 4) The attitudes of the most subjects toward homosexuality was found to be unfavorable. 5) Subjects were m the need of appropriate sex education. of which substantial knowledge on sexual intercourse was the most needy area. 2. Knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS of the military personnel 1) The subjects' level of knowledge on AIDS was relatively low, showing the average score of $22.31\pm7.23$ points (range: 0-39 points). The higher level of knowledge was reported by those who had high level of education, father alive. and less number of brothers in their family. 2) The subjects' attitudes toward AIDS was relatively positive. The attitude toward AIDS was also found to be more positive in those who had high level of education and less number of brothers. 3) There was a positive but weak correlation between knowledge and attitude toward AIDS. The study finding showed that the sexual orientaion of the Korean military personnel was moderately positive and liberal. However, their awareness of sexual harassment and assault and AIDS was still found to be low. As Korean enlisted military service men are likely to be in the ages with strong sexual desire, it may be important for them to have appropriate sexual orientation and attitudes toward AIDS. Therefore, it is recommended to develop further practical and sound sex education programs within the military unit in order to meet their education needs as well as to utilize sex education specialists as the instructors of those programs.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2010

Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of detraining on lipoprotein and body composition after 8 week calorie restriction and different level of aerobic exercise among obese middle-aged women. Methods: The 30 middle-aged women whose body fat were over 30% were randomly allocated into three groups of control, exercise group of 40% $VO_2$max level, and exercise group of 60% $VO_2$max level. All the participants were taught to record their calorie intake and restrict daily 500kcal intake. After eight-week exercise and daily 500kcal restriction, their body compositions and blood lipid levels were measured again. Results: The weight, BMI, body fat, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol levels showed significant decreases after eight-week exercise and calorie restriction in the two exercise groups. However, detraining tended to increase them again after detraining of 4 weeks, and even more after 8 weeks. Conclusions: Detrainging after calorie restriction and exercise tended to increase levels of indices for body composition and lipoprotein among obese middle-aged women.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.195-207
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the microstructural changes of surface in the specimens, performing the shear bond strength testing. The currently most used non-precious alloys are nickel-chromium based alloys with or without beryllium. However, their biocompatibility has been questioned concerning possible damages to the health of the patient and professionals involved in the fabrication of prosthesis caused by long exposure to Ni and Be. An option to nickel-chromium alloys is the cobalt-chromium alloy, an alternative that does not sacrifice the physical properties of the metal porcelain systems. Studies in the animals substantially show that the cobalt-chromium alloys are relatively well tolerated, being therefore more biocompatible than the nickel-chromium alloys. Methods: Non-addition Be to nickel-chromium based alloy(Bellabond plus) and cobalt-chromium alloy which has been widely used(Wirobond C) fused with ZEO light porcelain classified control group and cobalt-chromium alloy which is developing alloy of Alphadent company in Korea(Alphadent alloy) fused with ZEO light porcelain classified experimental group. The specimens of $4mm{\times}4mm{\times}0.5mm$ were prepared as-cast and as-opaque to cast body to analyze the mechanical characteristic change, the microstructure of alloy surface. The phase change was used to observe through XRD analysis and OM/SEM was used to observe the surface of specimens as-cast and as-opaque to cast body. Chemical formation of their elements was measured with EDS. Then hardness was measured with Micro Vicker's hardness tester. Shear bond strength test thirty specimens of $10mm{\times}10mm{\times}2mm$ was prepared, veneered, 3mm high and 3mm in diameter, over the alloy specimens. The shear bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine(UTM) with a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Ultimate shear bond strength data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe's test (P<0.05). Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: The X-ray diffraction analysis results for the as-cast and as-opaque specimens showed that the major relative intensity of Bellabond plus alloy were changed smaller than Wirobond C and Alphadent Co-Cr based alloys. Results: Microstructural analysis results for the opaque specimens showed all the alloys increased carbides and precipitation(PPT). Alphadent Co-Cr based alloy showed the carbides of lamellar type. The Vickers hardness results for the opaque specimens showed Wirobond C and Alphadent Co-Cr based alloys were increaser than before ascast, but Bellabond plus alloy relatively decreased. The mean shear bond strengths (MPa) were: 33.11 for Wirobond C/ZEO light; 25.00 for Alphadent Co-Cr alloy/ZEO light; 18.02 for Bellabond plus/ZEO light. Conclusion: The mean shear bond strengths for Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloy were significantly different. But the all groups showed metal-metal oxide modes in shear bond strengths test at the interface.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.128-162
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• 1996

Using Random Sampling, the authors measured the body heights and weights of 31,151 persons - 17,102 in males and 14,049 in females from metropolitan, urban and rural areas between 6 to over 80 year old - for the purpose of investigating the type and the actual condition of the Korean's growth and development. At first, on the basis of the results, the authors measured the growth and development, various kinds of physiques, nutritional index of the 6 to 20s age group. Second, the authors presented the standard body weight of males and females by their body height, who were in the end of their growth (20-29 age group). Third, the authors calculated and presented the normal adapted body weight of the age group who were over 30 age after the growth had been completed. Forth, the author presented the obesity rate of the adults over 20 years old by body mass index. Finally, the authors compared chronological change of the Koreans' body heights and body weights with the results of other researchers. 1. Body Measurement Rapid growth, in terms of body height, which is described by a straight line on a growth curve has been observed among males in the ages 6-13 and among females 6-14. That growth curve turned out to be slower among the people of higher ages by both sexes. The cross-over occurred in both sexes at 11-14. The highest growth rate for a year is at 13-16 for males and 11-13 for females. This indicates that females enter a rapidly growing stage 2 years earlier than males. 2. Various Physiques and Nutritional Index Rapid growth, in terms of Relative Body Weight Index, which is described by a straight line, has been observed among males in the ages 6-16 and females in the ages 6-14. The cross-over occurred in both sexes 12.5-14.5 age in the adolescencent period. Whereupon females outgrow males. The Roher Index displayed more good value in case of females than male and in the adolescent period, the level of fullness is lower than after the completion of development. The Kaup Indices of both sexes increase with age. The index is less than 2.0 for males in 6-14 age group and for females in 6-13 age group and with this, it appeared that development of horizontal axis to long axis is poor. The index is more than 2.0 after 15 age group in males and 14 age group in females and developmental state4 age group and for females in 6-13 age group and with this, it appeared that development of horizontal axis to long axis is poor. The index is more than 2.0 after 15 age group in males and 14 age group in females and developmental state Body Mass Index is less than 20 for males 6-14 age group and for females in 6-13 age group. In the case of the higher age group, that index maintains a normal state.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.610-621
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• 2001

In order to find out whether Hand Acupuncture Therapy and Moxibustion Heat Therapy is effective to relieve dysmenorrhea syndrome, we performed a Quasi-experiment on a group of fourty females. The experiment was carried out during the period from April 20 to August 20, 1999. The group was divided into two sub-groups called "a Hand Acupuncture Therapy sub-group" and "a Moxibustion Heat Therapy sub-group" consisting of 20 females respectively. Hand Acupuncture Therapy and Moxibustion Heat Therapy were performed four times a week. Especially, in case of Moxibustion Heat Therapy, subjects were treated twice a times. The data analyzed by an SAS program. The results are as follows : 1) Hand Acupuncture Therapy and Moxibustion Heat Therapy are very effective to relieve dysmenorrhea syndrome. This study shows that in case of Hand Acupuncture Therapy sub-group, supposing that mean score of Menorrhalgia before treatment was 7.85, it became low to 4.50 when. subjects suffered the first menstruation and it was 2.50 at the second menstruation, and 1.60 at the third menstruation. In the mean score of Moxibustion Heat Therapy sub-group, Menorrhalgia before treatment was 7.85, it was 5.90 at the first menstruation(p<.05), and 3.00 at the second, and 1.85 at the third menstruation. 2) Among Hand Acupuncture Therapy subgroup, 9 subjects could hardly be relieved from the pain of dysmenorrhea at the first menstruation. So, they were treated additionally with the method of tonification and sedation of abdominal diagnosis of three constitution and became completely relieved at second menstruation. Meanwhile, 7 subjects among Moxibustion Heat Therapy also faced the same situation. So they were treated with Moxibustion on dorsum of hand and got effectiveness at the third menstruation after taking therapy. 3) Odinary dysmenorrhea syndrome are constipation, dizziness, anorexia, abdominal pain, lumbago, breast engorgement, abdominal distention, dysconcentration, nervousness, diarrhea, nausea & vomitting, apathy, restlessness, fatigue, aggression, leg pain, edema. After taking therapy, all of subjects were relieved from these dysmenorrhea syndrome at third menstruation. 4) All subjects were classified into five types of physical constitution with abdominal diagnosis of three constitution as follows: 18 cases of left kidney right yang excess, 8 cases of left yin right yang excess, 7 cases of left right kidney excess, 5 cases of left right yang excess, 2 cases of left yang right kidney excess.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5B
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• pp.331-343
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• 2012

In this study, the site investigation for fish was performed in the 15 km of Hongcheon river including Oancheon stream. The river ecosystem health was evaluated using the field data for fish. The field survey was carried out at 9 sites, 4 times from August to November 2011. The ecological diversity, including dominance, evenness, and richness and the ecological health using IBI and QHEI were evaluated. The result shows that the mean IBI in the 9 sites is in good-common condition, but the downtown section has a common-worse condition. The result evaluated by QHEI shows optimum-good condition. Also, the habitat suitability index for Pseudopuntungia tenuicorpa, which is one of endangered species, was evaluated, and then the environment flow was calculated by using the PHABSIM model. The previous research in the literature reports that Acheilognathus signifer, one of the endangered species, inhabited in Hongchen river. However, the existence of Acheilognathus signifer was not found in the recent research and this study. Thus, the physical habitat condition for Acheilognathus signifer was evaluated using the field data in the previous study. Also, the habitat improvement for Acheilognathus signifer in Hongcheon river was proposed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2001

The ratio of the elderly population is rapidly growing due to socio-economic development and better medical services. As the average life-span of the Korean elderly becomes longer, the proportion of the elderly is increasing. Therefore, the elderly need to sustain a high quality of life. However, all these factors, such as sensory loss, decreased endurance, mobility limitation, and a loss of independence, act to diminish the quality of life among the elderly. It is necessary for elders to adapt themselves to aging, to maintain their physical functions and especially, it is important to keep their independence in activity of daily living and self care. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the degree of activity in daily living and exercise of a self-care agency and to investigate the relationship between activity of daily living and self-care agency. Also, this research aimed to contribute to nursing interventions that maintain and promote quality of life of the elderly and to enable themselves to live independently. The subject of this study were 160 elders, over age 65, who were sampled in C city. Data were collected by observation and questionnaires from May,1999 to December, 1999. The measurement tools were Barthel Index(1979), Lawton & Brody(1969) for activity of daily living and Kearney & Fleischer(1979) for self-care agency. Data were analyzed by SAS PC+ package and included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The mean of ADL and IADL was 96.09 and 16.38, respectively. The score described activity of daily living among the elders in C province as moderate. Particularly, in the items of IADL, the item of medication was the highest score. 2. The mean for exercise of self-care agency was 76.48, a moderate degree. 3. The degree of ADL and IADL according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in pocket money, the presence of disease, perceived health status and in occupation, pocket money, family type, the presence of disease, and perceived health status, respectively. 4. The dagree of selt-care agency according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in gender, education level, economic status, and pocket money. 5. There was a significant positive correlation between activity in daily living and self-care agency. Based on these results, further research is suggested to discover the variables influencing the activity of daily living and self-care agency to develop nursing strategies for improving self-care and activity of daily living among the elderly.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-83
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• 2018

This exploratory research investigated the factors that influence foreign tourists' decision to use dental services in Thailand. The questionnaire was used to collect data from foreign tourists who used dental services in a hospital or dental clinic in Thailand. Data from 233 respondents completed questionnaires were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed that respondents were most likely to be Asian (54.5%) followed by European (33.9%), females (64.8%) aged between 26-35 years (39.1%), business owners (45.9%), and came to Thailand with friends (47.6%). Regarding travel purposes and contact with dental services, most of them travel for pleasure (52.89%) and contact the clinic directly through the Internet(63.95%) The health/medical services used included health check-up (34.48%), dental services (29.22%), and day spa/massage (23.23%). The dental treatment that respondents had completed or planned to do included dental check-up (29.87%), tooth cleaning (26.68%), and tooth whitening (11.41%). Based on the influence of $_7P$ factors towards the respondent's decision to use the dental service, it was found that the average mean score range from 4.33-4.15 which were at the high to the very high level of influence to their decisions. The people factor had the highest average mean score (mean 4.33, SD= 0.604)followed by the price factor (mean 4.32, SD= 0.651), which both had the highest level of influence. The physical evidence factor had the lowest mean score (mean 4.15, SD+0.752) which was at the high level of importance. It should be noted that the factor concerning the modern technology and dental equipment (mean 4.33, SD=0.606) and factor on the quality of service (mean 4.43, SD= 0.598) had the highest mean score followed by the total cost of the trip including services being reasonable (mean 4.37, SD=0.582). Regarding the country factor, it was found that this factor also had highest influence level (mean 4.30, SD=0.67) and affordability had the highest mean score (mean 4.39, SD=0.614).