• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in ground reaction force (GRF) components among different speeds of running. Method: Twenty men ($age=22.4{\pm}1.6years$, $mass=73.4{\pm}8.4kg$, $height=176.2{\pm}5.6cm$) and twenty women ($age=20.7{\pm}1.2years$, $mass=55.0{\pm}8.2kg$, $height=163.9{\pm}5.3cm$) participated in this study. All participants were asked to run on an instrumented dual belt treadmill (Bertec, USA) at 8, 12, and 16 km/h for 3 min, after warming up. GRF data were collected from 30 strides while they were running. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA, and level of significance was set at p-value <.05. Results: The time to passive peaks was significantly earlier in women than in men at three different running speeds (p<.05). Further, the impact loading rates were significantly greater in women than in men at three different running speeds (p<.05). Moreover, the propulsive peak at 8 km/h, which is the slowest running speed, was significantly greater in women than in men (p<.05), and the vertical impulse at 16 km/h, which is the fastest running speed, was significantly greater in men than in women (p<.05). The absolute anteroposterior impulse at 8 km/h was significantly greater in women than in men (p<.05). In addition, as the running speed increased, impact peak, active peak, impact loading rate, breaking peak, propulsive peak, and anteroposterior impulse were significantly increased, but vertical impulse was significantly decreased (p<.05). Conclusion: The impact loading rate is greater in women than in men regardless of different running speeds. Therefore, female runners might be exposed to the risk of potential injuries related to the bone and ligament. Moreover, increased running speeds could lead to higher possibility of running injuries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2016

This study was to evaluate the change in characteristics of concentration of ozone after exposure to high energy radiation in linac room. Background ozone concentration of linac room was measured and compared to ozone concentration around linac room. Background ozone concentration of linac room was mean $17.4{\pm}7.9ppb$. It was 50% of the ozone concentration($36.8{\pm}22.3ppb$) around linac room(p<0.05). The concentration of ozone after exposure to high energy radiation in linac room was elevated to double of background ozone level, intensity after exposure. with exposure time concentration of ozone increased proportionally. It showed maximum level at 130~180seconds and slowed a tendency to saturate. It required more than 10 minutes for ozone concentration in linac room to drop to ozone concentration around linac room. The concentration of ozone after exposure to high energy radiation is high enough to cause specific physical symptoms, such as acute dyspnea or chest pain due to dry cough. Exposure to high concentration of ozone in sealed linac room can aggravate pulmonary disease, so special attention is needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3597-3609
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to develop the multidimensional scale of addictive behavior for adolescents. Methods: The process involved construction of a conceptual framework, initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, and extraction of final items. The participants were 636 adolescents in six middle schools and four high schools. Results: Seventy items were selected for the final scale, and categorized 8 factors explaining 56.5% of total variance. The factors were labeled as game addictive behavior, shopping addictive behavior, mobile phone addictive behavior, nicotine addictive behavior, television addictive behavior, gambling addictive behavior, alcohol addictive behavior, and internet addictive behavior. The scores for the scale were significantly correlated with addictive personality and self-control. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 70 items was .94. Scale scores identified adolescents as addictive behavior group, risk group, and average group. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that the multidimensional scale of addictive behavior for adolescents has good validity and reliability when used with adolescents. More importantly, it provides the first step toward developing a addiction prevention program. Additionally the scales provide an education or guideline, and proper physical and mental health management of youth in research and practice for the promotion of education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.660-668
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• 2017

In this study, we conducted an assessment of the risks posed by the noxious chemicals often handled at the analysis centers of organizations involved in Work Environment Measurement (WEM) using the Chemical Hazard Risk Management (CHARM) system. For this purpose, six organizations involved in WEM located in Seoul and Gyeonggi, which conducted the risk assessment, were selected and, as a result, 29 materials were selected as chemical substances presenting a risk of exposure. In terms of their physical properties, there were 16 liquid and 10 solid materials, and for the special management materials (CMR), the findings were as follows: 'Carcinogenic' 1A - 11 and 1B - 1 (2 - 8); 'Mutagenic' 1A - 4 and 1B - 3 (2 - 8); and 'Repro-toxic' 1A - 0 and 1B - 1 (2 - 6). In the risk estimation, 30.4%, 66.1% and 3.6% of the materials presented 'low', 'average' and 'high' risks, respectively. In addition, two of these six institutions had materials presenting a 'high' risk. This study is significant in that the risk assessment was conducted using CHARM, a chemical substance assessment tool. It is expected that the results will be utilized as the basic data for safety assessment, the establishment of a plan for emergency measures and drawing up a safety management manual, and the institutional and legal management of accidents and risks in the analysis centers of organizations involved in WEM and the management of chemicals by drawing attention to the risks involved.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

Jangjahwa(張子和) was influenced by "Hwangjenaegyeong(黃帝內經)" and Yuhagan(劉河間)'s theory, and other classics. Also, his clinical experience was helpful to theorize his thought. Thus, he improved medical theory by combining previous medical theory and his own experience. The essence of his thought is the importance of pathogenic Gi[邪氣] as the cause of disease and is Sambeop(三法) of Hantoha(汗吐下) as the methodology for removing pathogenic Gi[邪氣] away. He regarded pathogenic Gi as the cause of disease, and eliminated pathogenic Gi for the remedy. Namely, Sambeop(三法) of Hantoha(汗吐下) was selected as the best efficient method for driving pathogenic Gi away. Sambeop of Jangjahwa(張子和) have different meaning from previous one. Traditionally, Diaphoretic Therapy[汗法] was regarded as therapy for exogenous disease[外感病], and its effect was regarded as Balhanhaepyo(發汗解表). Emetic therapy[吐法] was throwing up Dameumsuksik(痰飮宿食) of stomach and above diaphragm. Purgation therapy[下法] means Tongbyeon(通便), Hajeok(下積), Sasil(瀉實), Chuksu(逐水) were regarded as therapy for Yangmyeongsiljeung(陽明實證) of Sanghan(傷寒). He submitted a new extensive concept of Sambeop adding traditional one, and expanded the application range of Sambeop. All methods, can cause circulation of Gihyeol(氣血) by opening the 'Hyeonbu(玄府)', like Moxibution therapy[灸薰], Steaming[蒸], Washing[洗],Heat therapy[慰], Cauterization[烙], Acupuncture therapy[鍼刺], Stone needling, Physical and breathing exercise[導引], Massage[按摩] were regarded as Diaphoretic Therapy[汗法]. Especially, he thought that Diaphoretic Therapy and venesection[瀉血] have same medical implication. If we examine the process of pushing out pathogenic Gi[邪氣] by means of Sambeop(三法), we can find the intermediation, that is circulation of Gihyeol(氣血). Its meaning is implied in the word of 'opening Hyeonbu(玄府)'. He thought that the circulation of Gihyeol(氣血) is the key to control health. Gihyeol(氣血) was circulated well under the physiological balance, but it was not circulated well under the invasion of pathogenic Gi[邪氣]. In other words, pathogenic Gi is the immediate cause of bad circulation of Gihyeol(氣血) and disease. Naturally, the doctor must remove pathogenic Gi that cause bad circulation for healing by means of Sambeop(三法). In my opinion, because the ultimate goal of Jangjahwa(張子和) was circulation of Gihyeol(氣血) by removing pathogenic Gi[邪氣], the concept of Sarnbeop(三法) could be expanded.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.716-722
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• 2018

Objective : Lateral interbody fusion (LIF) is attractive as a less invasive technique to address anterior spinal pathology in the treatment of adult spinal deformity. Its own uses and benefits in treatment of adult degenerative scoliosis are undefined. To investigate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of LIF, and staged LIF and posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for the treatment of adult degenerative scoliosis patients, we analyzed radiographic and clinical outcomes of adult degenerative scoliosis patients who underwent LIF and posterior spinal fusion. Methods : Forty consecutive adult degenerative scoliosis patients who underwent LIF followed by staged PSF at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Long-standing 36" anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs were taken preoperatively, at inter-stage, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery were reviewed. Outcomes were assessed through the visual analogue scale (VAS), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Results : Forty patients with a mean age of 66.3 (range, 49-79) met inclusion criteria. A mean of 3.8 levels (range, 2-5) were fused using LIF, while a mean of 9.0 levels (range, 3-16) were fused during the posterior approach. The mean time between stages was 1.4 days (range, 1-6). The mean follow-up was 19.6 months. Lumbar lordosis was significantly restored from $36.4^{\circ}$ preoperatively up to $48.9^{\circ}$ (71.4% of total correction) after LIF and $53.9^{\circ}$ after PSF. Lumbar coronal Cobb was prominently improved from $38.6^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $24.1^{\circ}$ (55.8% of total correction) after LIF, $12.6^{\circ}$ after PSF respectively. The mean pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch was markedly improved from $22.2^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $8.1^{\circ}$ (86.5% of total correction) after LIF, $5.9^{\circ}$ after PSF. Correction of coronal imbalance and sagittal vertebral axis did not reach significance. The rate of perioperative complication was 37.5%. Five patients underwent revision surgery due to wound infection. No major perioperative medical complications occurred. At last follow-up, there were significant improvements in VAS, SF-36 Physical Component Summary and ODI scores. Conclusion : LIF provides significant corrections in the coronal and sagittal plane in the patients with adult degenerative scoliosis. However, LIF combined with staged PSF provides more excellent radiographic and clinical outcomes, with reduced perioperative risk in the treatment of adult degenerative scoliosis.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2008

Purpose : This study is descriptive correlation research to provide basic materials for developing program which can give practical assistance in preventing and managing obesity through more comprehensive approaches of influential factors on obesity found in existing literatures. Methods : Data were collected from the 4th, 5th and 6th graders at 2 elementary schools in Gwangju Metropolitan City and 4 elementary schools in Jeollanamdo province using questionnaire and students' physical examination results from June 15 to July 27, 2006 and data obtained from 1,866 students were used for analysis. Data collected were analyzed with technical statistics and correlation analysis using SPSS/PC(version 12.0). Results : 1. Obesity level of elementary school students was examined as follows; 33.2% had low weight, 44.3% normal, 10.8% overweight and 11.7% obese. 14.8% of boys and 8.6% of girls, 13.5% of the 4th graders, 12.1% of the 5th graders and 9.2% of the 6th graders, and 13.7% of urban students and 9.6% of rural students were obese. 2. According to general characteristics and obesity of the subjects, there were significant differences by sex(${\chi}^2=29.55$, p= .000), grade(${\chi}^2=12.84$, p= .046), region(${\chi}^2=41.96$, p= .000) and pocket money(${\chi}^2=33.43$, p= .001). 3. As genetic factors, all variables including sibling's obesity r= .128(p= .000), mother's obesity r= .098(p= .000) and father's obesity r= .081(p= .001) had influence on children's obesity. 4. Concerning environmental factors, there was positive correlation between eating habits r=- .052(p= .02) and school record r=- .048(p= .04) and there was negative correlation between internet using time r= .050(p= .03) and conflict with parents r= .048(p= .04). 5. Self-respect as psychological factor had negative correlation as r=- .048(p= .04). Conclusion : Consequently, the influential factors on obesity of elementary school students were as follows. Obesity was higher in boys than in girls, in urban areas than in rural areas, in lower grade than in higher grade, in children with obese siblings, obese father and mother, irregular and wrong eating habits, frequent internet uses, parents in conflict and lower school record and self-respect. Therefore, since it was found that these variables were more exact causes to increase children's obesity, development of various obesity mediation programs considering these variables at home, school and society is urgently required.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2017

This study was conducted to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a 3-week family medicine clerkship program based on the results of an online survey taken by the students (N=127) and a structured interview with a focus group (n=10), aimed to improve the quality of the clerkship program. The online survey contained questions pertaining to goals, schedule, contents, arrangement, atmosphere, environment, evaluation, and satisfaction regarding the clerkship. The focus group interview addressed the schedule and achievements of the program. Scores were reported on a 5-point Likert scale. Most students were highly satisfied with the overall quality of the clerkship. The structured interview results showed that 97.6% of the clerkship program was executed according to the schedule. The focus group reported a perfect score of 5 points on several measures including: accomplishment of the educational goals of the family medicine clerkship, providing many chances to obtain medical histories and perform physical examinations on real patients, experience with various symptoms and diseases, positive attitudes of faculty members when teaching, notification of the guidelines for evaluation beforehand, well-constructed and effective clerkship schedule, and reflection of student feedback. However, the focus group gave low scores on: support for health accidents of students, access to patient information, enough opportunities to practice clinical skills, appropriate rest facilities for students, and fairness of clerkship evaluation process. In conclusion, the structured evaluation performed after the 3-week clerkship program motivated students and helped them ensure an efficient clerkship. This structured evaluation also suggested basic data to make the professor who is subject of the assessment. This study shows that structured assessment is an effective method which can be used to improve the quality of clerkships.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.57-83
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• 2013

There has neither been enough research on how to approach the concept of active aging through an integrated view nor an examination to verify the relationship between preparation for old age and active aging in later life. Therefore, this research aims to verify that the elderly, who have prepared for their later life, affected their active aged life. In addition, by setting up self-efficacy and social support as mediator in the research model, this paper looks into the psycho-social resource mechanism of the relationship in depth. In order to verify the correlation of two variables, the Seoul welfare panel data, a mediating model structured by psycho-social resources created by Seoul welfare foundation in 2010, was used. The total sample size was a group of 1,492 elders aged over 65. When it came to our research methods, structured equation analysis was applied to verify the mediating effect and theoretical background. The results revealed that physical preparation, financial preparation, social preparation and leisure preparation directly affected their active aging level positively, thus, psycho-social resources showed a partial mediating effect between preparation for old age of the past and active aging level. The research implications are as follows. First, this research makes an effort to approach the concept of preparation for old age with an integrated perspective through making a construct by entire preparation types. Second, it will attempt to verify the relationship between preparation for old age in the past and active aging in terms of multi-dimension is meaningful. Third, this research reveals the function of psycho-social resource, self-efficacy and social support within the relationship. As far as the partial mediating effect is concerned, preparation for old age education for the middle-aged class should be modified as a decent field to enhance of the elderly.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.373-379
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• 2019

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a self-polymerizing resin for removable orthodontic devices, has been used as a dental orthodontic device for many years because of its advantages such as color stability, volume stability, and tissue compatibility. However, such a removable orthodontic device has a disadvantage that the longer the use in the oral cavity due to the low strength of the PMMA fracture of the orthodontic device resin in use. In this study, zinc nanoparticles (ZNP) were mixed with orthodontic PMMA to introduce strength effect. Rectangular samples ($1.4{\times}3.0{\times}19.0mm$) of orthodontic PMMA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0%) containing ZNP were prepared. The finished specimen was tested for three-point bending strength at a speed of 1 mm / min, and the Vickers hardness was measured three times using a hardness tester. The surface roughness was measured with a surface roughness. As a result, the 3-point bending strength did not change significantly (p>0.05). Surface energy increased significantly. As a result, we successfully synthesized ZNP in this study and prepared the dispersed resin specimen for calibration. It will be possible to develop high-density dental orthodontic resins.