• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

In order to understand the water mass properties in the southern location of the East Sea in the Korean coasts, the vertical distributions (down to 2,000 m deep) of water temperature, salinity, and dissolved inorganic nutrients were determined in April of 2005. The water mass of the surveyed location showed distinct vertical layers; highly saline surface, surface mixing layer, and thermocline of low temperature and salinity. The water layer below 300 m was characterized by water temperature lower than $1^{\circ}C$ and salinity 34.06, showing a representative water mass of the East Sea. The inorganic nutrients rapidly increased from 200m in the northern and southern parts around Ulleung Basin. A marked environmental difference was found between two layers separated by thermocline. The upper layer of the thermocline was oligotrophic and the vertical distribution of nutrient was very stable. In the water layer between 100 and 200m the nutrients slightly increased but remained still stable. From southern coasts to northeastern Ulleung, the water mass properties were site specific; the thickness of the surface mixed layer and nutricline showed a trend diminishing toward the northern locations probably due to diminished influence of Tsushima water. Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) based on the ratio of chemical composition in organism revealed that nitrogen value continuously decreased to less than 16 with the water depth down to loom from the thermocline. The value in the water layer deeper than 100 to 200 m, thereafter, showed an increasing trend (over 16). This result was further supported by the finding of lower chlrophyll a content in the layer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1285-1293
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• 2012

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of commercial monostrain and multistrain probiotics in diets on growth performance, intestinal morphology and mucin gene (MUC2) expression in broiler chicks. Three hundred seventy-eight 1-d-old male Arian broiler chicks were allocated in 3 experimental groups for 6 wk. The birds were fed on a corn-soybean based diet and depending on the addition were labeled as follows: control-unsupplemented (C), birds supplemented with Bacillus subtilis (BS) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) based probiotics. Each treatment had 6 replicates of 21 broilers each. Treatment effects on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and biomarkers such as intestinal goblet cell density, villus length, villus width, and mucin gene expression were determined. Total feed intake did not differ significantly between control birds and those fed a diet with probiotics (p>0.05). However, significant differences in growth performance were found. Final body weight at 42 d of age was higher in birds fed a diet with probiotics compared to those fed a diet without probiotic (p<0.05). Inclusion of Bacillus subtilis based probiotic in the diets also significantly affected feed conversion rate (FCR) compared with control birds (p<0.05). No differences in growth performance were observed in birds fed different types of probiotic supplemented diets. Inclusion of lactic acid bacteria based probiotic in the diets significantly increased goblet cell number and villus length (p<0.05). Furthermore, diets with Bacillus subtilis based probiotics significantly increased gene expression (p<0.05), with higher intestinal MUC2 mRNA in birds fed diet with probiotics compared to those fed the control diet. In BS and LAB probiotic fed chicks, higher growth performance may be related to higher expression of the MUC2 gene in goblet cells and/or morphological change of small intestinal tract. The higher synthesis of the mucin gene after probiotic administration may positively affect bacterial interactions in the intestinal digestive tract, intestinal mucosal cell proliferation and consequently efficient nutrient absorption.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effectiveness of Korean medical combination treatment for cervical disc herniation. Methods : This is an observational study. 102 patients diagnosed with cervical disc herniation by MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) were investigated from January, 2015 through to December, 2015 at Daejeon Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine. They were sorted according to the distribution of sex, age, causing factor, the period of disease, admission day and pain area. All patients were treated with acupuncture, Chuna treatment, and herbal therapy and physical therapy during the admission period. After treatment, NRS (Numeric Rating Scale), NDI (Neck Disability Index) and EQ-5D were assessed to evaluate the treatment efficacy. Results : There were more females than Males with a ratio of 1 : 1.37, the age of fifty was the most with 35.29 %, reason unknown was the most with 72.55 % and the subacute stage was the most with 38.24 %. According to disc herniation types, patients with protruded disc types were the most with 66.67 % and a lesion of C5/6 was the most with 41.18 %. For patients diagnosed with cervical disc herniation, neck and shoulder pain NRS decreased from $6.43{\pm}1.77$ to $3.96{\pm}1.96$(p<0.001) and radiating pain NRS decreased from $5.64{\pm}1.96$ to $3.57{\pm}1.88$ (p<0.001). NDI decreased from $41.72{\pm}14.04$ to $30.84{\pm}15.34$(p<0.001), and the EQ-5D index increased from $0.68{\pm}0.17$ to $0.79{\pm}0.14$(p<0.001) after treating cervical disc patients. Conclusion : Korean medical combination treatment might be effective in decreasing pain and raising the life quality of patients with cervical disc herniation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.66-76
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• 2010

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder which is characterized by a recurrence of entire or partial collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. A given tidal volume must traverse the soft tissue tube structure of the upper airway, so the tendency for airway obstruction is influenced by the geometries of the duct and characteristics of the airflow in respect to fluid dynamics. Methods: Individualized 3D FEA models were reconstructed from pretreatment computerized tomogram images of three patients with obstructive sleep apnea. 3D computational fluid dynamics analysis was used to observe the effect of airway geometry on the flow velocity, negative pressure and pressure drop in the upper airway at an inspiration flow rate of 170, 200, and 230 ml/s per nostril. Results: In all 3 models, large airflow velocity and negative pressure were observed around the section of minimum area (SMA), the region which narrows around the velopharynx and oropharynx. The bigger the Out-A (outlet area)/ SMA-A (SMA area) ratio, the greater was the change in airflow velocity and negative pressure. Conclusions: Pressure drop meaning the difference between highest pressure at nostril and lowest pressure at SMA, is a good indicator for upper airway resistance which increased more as the airflow volume was increased.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate change in influent concentration of domestic wastewater flowed from a newly constructed separate sewer system (SSS) and biological nutrients removal efficiency of a full scale Air-vent sequential batch reactor (SBR, $600m^3/d$). The average concentration of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N and T-P from SSS were 246.5 mg/L, 231.6 mg/L, 42.974 mg/L, 5.360 mg/L, respectively which corresponds to 2.2times, 1.2times, 1.8times and 2.1times higher than those from the conventional combined sewer system (CSS). The removal efficiency of $BOD_5$, SS, T-N, and T-P for the Air-vent SBR operated with influent from SSS averaged 99.1%, 99.0%, 91.2%, and 93.5%, respectively. Especially the respective nitrogen and phosphorus removal was 15% greater than that of the SBR operated with influent from CSS. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was observed in an aerobic reactor(II) as a result of DO concentration gradient developed along the depth by the Air-vent system. In order to achieve T-N removal greater than 90%, the C/N ratio should be over 6.0 and the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and nitrogen loading rate be over 100 kg/day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$). Even with high influent T-P concentration of 5.360 mg/L from SSS (compared with 2.465 mg/L from CSS) T-P removal achieved 93.5% which was 15.5% higher than that of the SBR with influent from CSS. This is probably due to high influent $BOD_5$ concentration from SSS that could provide soluble carbon source to release phosphorus at anaerobic condition. In order to achieve T-P removal greater than 90%, the difference between $BOD_5$ loading and phosphorus loading rate should be over 100 kg /day (0.130 kg $T-N/m^3{\cdot}d$).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.617-622
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• 2010

We have studied methods to save Si source during the fabrication process of crystalline Si solar cells. One way is to use a thin silicon wafer substrate. As the thickness of the wafers is reduced, mechanical fractures of the substrate increase with the mechanical handling of the thin wafers. It is expected that the mechanical fractures lead to a dropping of yield in the solar cell process. In this study, the mechanical properties of 220-micrometer-solar grade Cz p-type monocrystalline Si wafers were investigated by varying saw-damage etching conditions in order to improve the flexural strength of ultra-thin monocrystalline Si solar cells. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution were used as etching solutions. Etching processes were operated with a varying of the ratio of KOH and TMAH solutions in different temperature conditions. After saw-damage etching, wafers were cleaned with a modified RCA cleaning method for ten minutes. Each sample was divided into 42 pieces using an automatic dicing saw machine. The surface morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and 3D optical microscopy. The thickness distribution was measured by micrometer. The strength distribution was measured with a 4-point-bending tester. As a result, TMAH solution at $90^{\circ}C$ showed the best performance for flexural strength.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.630-638
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• 2007

This study was performed to examine the combined effects of L-carnitine and isoflavone supplementation on weight reduction and body fat distribution in overweight women. Overweight/obese women (body mass index > $23kg/m^2$) who were not diagnosed any type of diseases were included in this study and sixty subjects ($41.1{\pm}1.5$ years, $25.9{\pm}0.3kg/m^2)$ were randomly assigned to a placebo (n=30) or a supplement group (n=30, L-carnitine 300 mg+isoflavone 40 mg/day). We measured anthropometric parameters, abdominal fat distribution by computerizd tomography and blood components before and after the 12 week intervention period. After the 12 weeks of supplementation, subjects in L-carnitine and isoflavone supplement group showed a significant reduction of body weight (p < 0.001), body fat % (p < 0.05), and waist to hip ratio (p < 0.01) whereas placebo group did not show any changes. In a CT-scanned results, total fat area at L4 level was significantly reduced by 8.1% (p < 0.01) with the reduction of visceral fat area (-11.1%, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat area (-7.0%, p < 0.05) in the supplement group. The supplementation of L-carnitine and isoflavone showed the significant improvement of HDL-C (p < 0.01) and apoB (p < 0.05) concentrations, however, change values in those markers were not significant compared with those of the placebo group. In addition, a significant increase of adiponectin level (p<0.001) was observed in the supplement group after the intervention. The result of present study demonstrated that supplementation of 300 mg L-carnitine and 40 mg isoflavone per day fur 12 weeks can give beneficial effects on weight reduction and visceral fat accumulation. These potential antiobesity supplement can produce more favorable effects when combined with lifestyle modification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1197-1205
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of feeding DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and DL-methionine (DLM) supplemented corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets on growth performance, carcass composition, and muscle color of broilers. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial experiment, including two methionine (Met) sources (HMTBA and DLM), three equimolar graded levels of Met supplementation (i.e., 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24% in the starter diet and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively), and two sexes (male and female). Additionally, one basal diet for each sex was formulated to be limiting in Met to test the dosage response of increasing supplemental Met levels. Four hundred and twenty 10-d-old broilers were randomly allotted to 14 treatments (seven each for males and females), with five replicate pens per treatment and six chicks per pen. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two Met sources in growth performance and muscle deposition of broilers throughout the whole experimental period (d 10 to 49). With the increasing Met supplementation levels, average daily gain was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter, grower, and overall phases, average daily feed intake was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter phase, and feed:gain ratio was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) during the grower and overall phases. At the end of finisher phase, Met supplementation increased breast muscle content (quadratic; p<0.01) and thigh muscle content (linear; p<0.05), and decreased abdominal fat content (quadratic; p<0.02). Compared to the broiler fed DLM, broilers fed HMTBA had superior breast and thigh muscle coloration (p<0.01). Male broilers had higher weight gain and feed intake and better feed conversion than female broilers (p<0.01). The fat content of thigh muscle in female broilers was higher than that of male broilers (p<0.03). The best fit comparison of HMTBA vs. DLM was determined by Schwarz Bayesian Criteria index, which indicated that the average relative bioefficacy of HMTBA vs. DLM was 120% with 95% confidence limit 67 to 172%. These results indicated that Met supplementation improved growth performance and carcass quality of broilers fed corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets irrespective of Met sources. Compared to DLM, HMTBA has the same molar bioefficacy on improving the growth performance and carcass quality of broilers; however, HMTBA fed birds had superior meat color to DLM fed birds.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.170-175
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• 2004

Purpose : We experienced 7 patients with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease(KFD) who had presented a prolonged fever and lymphadenopathy. The clinical and the laboratory aspects of the patients were analyzed. Methods : The medical records of the 7 KFD patients, who were confirmed by excisional lymph node biopsy from January 1996 through December 2003, were retrospectively analyzed. Results : The mean age of the children was $11.4{\pm}2.8$ years(ranging from 8 to 15 years). The male to female ratio was 1.3 : 1. The median duration of the fever prior to admission and the total duration of the fever were 12 days(ranging from 5 to 65 days) and 27 days(ranging 9 to 75 days), respectively. One patient had supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, 5 had cercical involvement, and 1 had axillary lymphadenopathy. All the histologic findings of the lymph nodes biopsies showed the characteristic findings consistent with KFD such as paracortical necrosis with karyorrhexis and an increase in the number of phagocytic histiocytes and atypical lymphocytes. As for the laboratory findings, leukopenia($3,800{\pm}700/mm^3$), anemia(hemoglobin, $11.0{\pm}1.2g/dL$), an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate($42{\pm}17mm/hr$), and a relatively low C-reactive protein level($1.3{\pm}0.9mg/dL$) were noted. Four patients received conservative therapy with antipyretics, and 3 patients were treated with prednisolone. Conclusion : KFD is a rare disease, yet should be considered in the differential diagnosis for older children with prolonged fever and lymphadenopathy.