• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-83
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic effects of FTAs using the concept of value-added exports. So far, the economic effects of FTAs have been dependent on decrease in import prices due to tariff cuts in importing countries, but the actual tariff reduction need to consider the value added of the exporting countries. Design/methodology - Value-added export refers to the added value created in the exporting country out of total exports. Among value-added exports, direct value-added export is interpreted as the Regional Value Contents (RVC), from which the economic effect of the FTA can be analyzed. A modified GTAP-VA model takes into account RVC in order to estimate accurate effects of FTAs. Findings - By the re-evaluation of the FTA based on the RVC, this paper makes it clear that the economic effects of the existing FTA methodology have the possibility of overestimation. In addition, as a new FTA with a strengthened Rules of Origin (ROO) is being initiated, a negative impact on international trade and GVC utilization may occur. Originality/value - This study introduces the concept of value-added export in analyzing the effects of FTAs. The new analysis methodology of this paper emphasizes the importance of value-added exports. Re-organization of GVCs would change regional trade agreements and empower ROO by weakening existing GVCs and transforming the value chain from global into regional scope.

• Broadcasting and Media Magazine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.38-46
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• 2006

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.50-56
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.249-255
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• 2001

무인자율항체는 자동차, 선박, 잠수함과 같이 인간에 의해 직접 조종되는 유인항체에 인간의 역할을 대신할 수 있는 지능시스템을 배치하여 전체적 혹은 부분적으로 무인화한 이동체를 말한다. 무인자율항체에서 사용되는 소프트웨어는 인식, 사고, 행위와 같은 인간의 지적능력을 내포한 인공지능시스템이어야 한다. 자율무인잠수정, 자율운항선박과 같은 저속무인자율항체는 무인항공기나 무인차량과 같이 빠른 판단과 제어가 요구되는 지능제어시스템과는 다른 특성을 가진다. 저속무인자율항체에서 가장 주목되는 특성은 주위 환경 변화속도와 운항속도에 따른 긴박감의 차이이다. 고속자율항체에서는 제어시스템의 처리속도에, 저속자율항체에서는 제어시스템의 신뢰성에 비중을 둔다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 저속무인자율항체의 특성과 기능별 독립성 보장, 반응형 및 인식형 인공지능 기법의 융화 극대화에 촛점을 맞춘 RVC(Reactive Layer - Virtual World - Considerative Layer) 지능시스템 모델을 소개한다.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare visual analogue scale (VAS), pain threshold (PT), $%RMS_{RVC}$, and EMG gaps before and after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the upper trapezius muscle at the patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). The subjects were 4 men and 10 women composed of both the inpatients and outpatients who were diagnosed as MPS at Wonju Medical Center. VAS and PT measurements were performed to assess the subjective pain level. The reference voluntary contraction (RVC) test was performed for 15 seconds for normalization on the bilateral trapezius muscle using surface electromyography (sEMG). After 3-minute resting time, the EMG signal was recorded while performing a typing activity for 2 minutes and then TENS was applicated with a comfortable intensity for 10 minutes. The EMG activity of the upper trapezius muscle was recorded during typing for 2 minutes. The results of study were as follows: 1) VAS score was significantly decreased on the more painful side after treatment, however, it was not significantly different on the less painful side. 2) PT was increased after treatment on both sides, however, it was not significantly different between before and after the TENS application. 3) The EMG activity during typing was significantly decreased after treatment, and 4) The EMG gaps were significantly increased after TENS treatment compared to before it. Consequently, the study showed that TENS was effective in decreasing VAS, $%RMS_{RVC}$, and in increasing EMG gaps. The EMG gap analysis could be a useful method to measure pain in patients with MPS in the upper trapezius.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of device considering Mckenzie type for the subjects with forward head posture (FHP). METHODS: The subjects were 35 patients with FHP (mean age was $23.7{\pm}2.8$ years; mean height; $172.1{\pm}11.7$, mean weight; $65.8{\pm}13.9$, mean NDI(Neck Disability Index; $3.7{\pm}3.2$, mean FHP; $6.7{\pm}2.2$). We measured the posture with the Body style S-8.0(LU Commerce, South Korea) to evaluate the FHP. We collected the surface EMG(Myosystem 1400, Noraxon, USA) data to quantify changes in normalized activation levels of muscles in SternoCleidoMastoid muscle(SCM), Scalenus Anterior(SA), Trapezius upper fiber(TU) and Splenius Cervicis(SC), during the subjects were instructed to glide their head into a "chin-in" position for a retraction without and with device. RESULTS: The condition with device significantly decreased the %RVC of SA($90.84{\pm}40.54$), SCM($74.98{\pm}43.65$) and TU($67.60{\pm}47.83$) compared to the condition without device(SA;$100.39{\pm}56.32$, SCM;$119.03{\pm}109.26$, Trapezius;$80.55{\pm}39.27$). But the %RVC of capitis($65.87{\pm}47.83$) with device was increased($70.82{\pm}52.78$). There was significant difference in the %RVC between SCM and Trapezius muscle in two conditions. CONCLUSION: New device for FHP reduces the EMG activities of the TU, SCM and SA muscle. We have to develop the function of feedback to facilitate the motion in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.581-589
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• 2008

The goal of a simulator is to provide for the testing of new technologies and to facilitate the eventual transfer of these technologies to the applications. In the Development Step, Simulation can provide a cost effective alternative to expensive and hazardous field testing. In this paper, a 3D simulator is developed to test UUV navigation system bated on RVC model. The simulation system consists of a environment manager, objects and a 3D viewer. Objects are modeling all physical elements such as map, obstacle and UUV which reside in a underwater environment. Those objects are created and initialized by environment manager. The environment manager plays the role of intermediator which allows created objects to interact with each other, and transmits information on the objects to 3D viewer. The 3D viewer analyzes the received information and visualizes 3D graphic by using OpenGL primitives.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

Studies of attentional focus effects, have shown that the performer's attentional focus plays an important role in the performance and learning of motor tasks. We examined the influence of attentional focus on the performance of dual tasks (a postural task and a suprapostural task) and used electromyography (EMG) to examine whether the differences between external and internal focus were also manifest at the neuromuscular level. The subjects (n=40) stood on a balance board (postural task) and held a bar horizontally (suprapostural task). All of the subjects performed under different attentional focus conditions: external (balancer on balance board) or internal (feet) focus on the postural task, and external (balancer on bar) or internal (hand) focus on the suprapostural task. The mean displacement velocity of the bar and the percent reference voluntary contraction (%RVC) of the biceps brachii were reduced when the subjects adopted an external focus on the suprapostural task (p<.05). In addition, the mean displacement velocity of the balance board and %RVC of the tibialis anterior were reduced when the subjects adopted an external focus on the postural task (p<.05). When the subjects adopted an external focus on the suprapostural task, the mean displacement velocity of the balance board and %RVC of the tibialis anterior were also reduced (p<.05). When the subjects' attentional focus was on the postural task, there were no differences in the mean displacement and %RVC of the biceps brachii between attentional focuses. The performance of each task was enhanced when subjects focused on the respective task. The suprapostural task goals had a stronger influence on postural control than vice versa. These results reflect the propensity of the motor system to optimize control processes based on the environmental outcome, or movement effect, that the performer wants to achieve.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.97-103
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle activity of cervical erector spinae & upper trapezius while using a smartphone according to anterior pelvic tilt & posterior pelvic tilt in sitting position. & we also want to obtain basic data necessary for development of IoT devices. Fifteen healthy men & women aged 20-30 were enolled, After anterior pelvic tilt & posterior pelvic tilt in sitting position were adjusted, they used a smartphone for 5 minutes & EMG signal was measured simultaneously. We used median 3 minutes of measured EMG signal. The results of this study were as follows: In the sitting position, the use of smartphone in anterior pelvic tilt had significantly lower %RVC values in both cervical erector spinae (p <.001), left upper trapezius (p <.001) & right upper trapezius (p <.002) in comparison with posterior pelvic tilt. This means that anterior pelvic tilt make vertebrae maintain normal curvature & prevent forward head posture occurred while using a smartphone. It reduces loads around neck & shoulders, so that %RVC value is significantly lowered. In the future, new posture corrected IoT devices with an aspect of pelvic tilt should be developed.