• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2000

당뇨쥐에서 운동부하가 골격근과 간의 항산화효소 활성도에 미치는 영향과 산소유리기에 의한 조직손상 여부블 관찰한 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. Strcptozotocin으로 유도한 당뇨군의 혈당농도(mg/dL)는 $344{\pm}14.8$로서 대조군의 $117{\pm}2.7$보다 높았으며(p<0.001) 운동부하에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 혈장 인슐린 농도(${\mu}U/mL$)는 당뇨군에서 $8.5{\pm}0.5$로서 대조군의 $20.6{\pm}1.4$보다 유의하게 낮았으며(p<0.001) 운동부하후에는 운동부하전과 비교하여 차이가 없었다. 당뇨군에서 실제 운동부하의 정도를 평가하기 위해서 측정한 운동부하후 골격 끈파 간의 당원농도(mg/100 g wet wt.)는 각각 $1.0{\pm}0.1$과 $7.7{\pm}0.8$로서 운동부하전과 비교시 모두 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.001, p<0.01). 당뇨군의 골격근과 간의 항산화효소 즉 superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathionc pcroxidase(GPX) 및 catalase(CAT)의 활성도는 운동부하에 의해서 각기 다른 반응을 보였다. 골격근의 SOD 활성도(unit/mg protein)는 대조군에서 $6.3{\pm}0.2$였으며 당뇨군에서는 $5.8{\pm}0.2$로서 대조군과의 사이에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었으나 운동부하후에는 $5.0{\pm}0.1$로서 대조군과 운동부하전 당뇨군보다 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.001, p<0.01). GPX 활성도(nmol/min/mg protein)는 당뇨군에서 운동부하전후에 각각 $2.3{\pm}0.2$와 $1.8{\pm}0.1$로서 대조군의 $1.6{\pm}0.0$보다 다같이 높았으나(p<0.05, p<0.05) 운동부하에 의해서 영향을 받지 않았다. CAT 활성도(pmol/min/mg protein)는 당뇨군에서 $7.6{\pm}0.7$로서 대조군의 $6.3{\pm}0.7$과 비교하여 차이가 없었으나 훈동부하후에는 $4.6{\pm}0.3$으로서 대조군보다 감소하였으며(p<0.05) 당뇨군의 운동부하전보다도 감소하였다(p<0.01). 당뇨군의 MDA 농도는 대조군과 비교하여 차이가 없었으며 당뇨군에서 운동부하에 의한 영향도 받지 않았다. 간의 SOD 활성도는 대조군에서 $11.3{\pm}0.2$였으며 운동부하전 당뇨군에서는 $9.6{\pm}0.3$으로서 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 당뇨군에서 운동부하전후 측정한 SOD 활성모는 대조군과 비교하여 다같이 감소하였으나(p<0.01, p<0.001), 운동부하에 의한 영향은 없었다. 당뇨군외 GPX와 CAT의 활성도는 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이가 없었으며 당뇨군에서 운동 부하에 의한 변화도 없었다. 운동부하전 당뇨군의 MDA 농도(nmol/g wet wt.)는 $38.5{\pm}1.3$으로서 대조군의 $24.8{\pm}0.9$에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였으며(p<0.001) 운동부하에 의해서는 대조군보다는 높았으나(p<0.001) 운동부하전과 비교하여서는 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 당뇨쥐에서 골격근은 운동부하로 인한 산화 스트레스에 대한 적응과정을 통해서 손상이 없었으나, 간 조직은 당뇨병 자체로 인한 산소유리기의 발생으로 손상의 위험이 있었으나 운동부하에 의한 더 이상의 손상은 없었다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.56-68
• /
• 1981

재래종의 수집종 가운데서 선접된 다종다벽계통 (약칭 : MET)의 일반적 대성을 분석하여 청예용 옥수수의 육종을 위한 기초자료를 얻고져 수행한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 주요 특성들의 환경변이와 유전변이를 추정하였던 바 MET계통의 분벽성, 개체당 이삭수(수수)는 환경변이보다도 유전변이가 큰 것으로 추정되었다. 개체당 건물중 및 건엽중 등도 유전변이가 커 MET 계통의 유전적 특성으로 확인되었다. 그러나 건기중, 입중 등은 환경변이가 컸었다. 2. 몇가지 특성의 평균치를 두 품종간에 비교하면 다음과 같다. 가. 분벽기수 및 이삭수 : 수원 19호는 환경변이 (파종기, 재식밀도)에 관계없이 분벽기이 없고 이삭수도 변하지 않았으나 MET계통은 분벽기수 및 이삭수가 크게 달라졌다. 나. 개체당 건물중, 건엽중 및 건기중 : 파종기나 재식밀도에 따라 다르기는 하지만 MET계통의 개체당 건물이 수원 19호보다 비교적 높았으며 건엽중은 월등히 높았고(1.5-2.5)배 개체당 건기중도 비교적 높았다. 다. 개체당 입중 및 입중 대 건기엽중비 : MET계통의 개체당 입중은 수원 19호보다 5～40% 낮았다. 따라서 MET계통의 입중 대 건기엽중비가 평균 35%였고 수원 19호는 41%로서 높았다. 3. MET계통은 파종 2주 후부터 분벽하기 시작하여 3 ～ 5일간격으로 다음 분벽이 되었으며 생육초기에 왕성하여 최고 6~7개에 이르나 2~3개만이 유효기으로 신장되였다. 유효기비율은 소식일수록 높았다. 분벽의 발생은 주기의 최하절읍부터 시작되는 데 하부절위가 짧아 한절위에서 분벽이 여러개 발생하는 것처럼 보였다. 제 1, 2분벽기의 기장은 주기의 것에 비하여 10cm 정도씩 짧았으며 재식밀도에 따라 주기 및 제일, 이분벽기의 기장은 소식(60$\times$60cm)한 경우 밀식(60$\times$20cm)한 경우와 같이 분벽들에 의한 밀식의 효과가 있었고 중간재식밀도(60$\times$40cm)인 경우에는 소ㆍ밀도의 중간되는 기장을 보였다. 4. MET계통은 개체당 이삭수가 많은 것에 반하여 이삭의 크기는 수원 19호의 \frac{1}{3}도 못되었다. 각분벽기에 달리는 이삭수는 소식의 경우 주기에 4개, 제일, 이분벽기에 2～3개씩 달렸다. MET계통의 입은 경입종이며 황색입이 주가되고 백색입이 약간 섞여 있었으며 100입중은 14~15gr. 의 소입종이었다. MET계통은 착수고가 수원 19호보다 훨씬 높았다. 5. 주요 특성간의 상간 : 수원 19호에 비하여 MET 계통은 주요 특성간에 높은 상관계수를 보여 유전상관도 높을 것이라는 것을 간접적으로 나타내주었다. 6. MET계통은 생장속도가 수원 19호보다 훨씬 늦었으며 개화기도 2~3주나 늦었다. 7. 흑조위축병 : 수원 19호와 같이 MET계통도 흑조위축병에 대해 이병성이었다. 이병성은 늦게 파종하거나 밀식할수록 높아지는 경향이 있었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.165-203
• /
• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.