• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 1985

Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.18-25
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the baking properties of sorghum with the addition of xylanase or Pentopan, which is a baking additive containing xylanase. The control bread was made with a 30% substitution for wheat flour and the optimum level of enzyme addition was 0.75 mg/g flour for Pentopan and 5 mg/g flour for xylanase. The water binding capacity of wheat flour increased with the addition of sorghum, but decreased with the addition of either xylanase or Pentopan. The resistance of dough increased while extensibility decreased with the addition of sorghum; however, resistance decreased while extensibility increased with the addition of the enzyme. Specific volume of bread decreased significantly with the addition of sorghum. However, the specific volume was significantly recovered with the addition of enzyme. Crumb firmness was higher in the sorghum-added sample, but crumb firmness of the bread decreased with the addition of the enzyme. The crumb firmness of bread with added xylanase decreased significantly in 24 hours. These results demonstrated that adding sorghum with either xylanase or Pentopan that included xylanase increased specific volume and decreased crumb firmness whereas sorghum decreased the quality of fermented bread when added to wheat flour. The firmness rate of fermented bread particularly decreased with the addition of pure xylanase.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 2015

To improve the color stability of the bioplastic containing sorghum extract, sorghum extract was chelated by a metal ion. The chelating activity was quantitatively evaluated under the various conditions. Chelation of sorghum extract by Cu(II) was determined by reaction with pyrocatechol violet, whereas Fe(II) chelation was investigated by forming complexes with ferrozine. Chelation of sorghum extract was increased rapidly with increasing concentrations of metal salt and sorghum extract. At a 0.1g/L metal salt addition level, the chelating activity of Fe(II) and Cu(II) were 66.7% and 54.2%, respectively. According to the chelation pH conditions, the sorghum extract was chelated almost 100% by Fe(II) above the pH 6.5. It was confirmed that Fe(II) was a strong chelator of sorghum extract than Cu(II). The sorghum extract chelated with metal salt exhibit higher thermal stability. The bioplastic containing chelated sorghum extract showed relatively less color change than the control.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.176-182
• /
• 2006

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench(Sorghum, Su-Su) is a major cereal food crop used in many parts of the world. It is used as a human food resource and folk medicines in Asia and Africa. The stem of sorghum has been used as a digestive aid and an anti-diarrheal agent. Sorghum hybrids contain high levels of diverse phenolic compounds that may provide health benefits. High levels of polyflavanols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other antioxidant compounds have been reported in sorghums, which have also been shown to possess various biological activities such as anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities. In an in vitro experiment, we examined mice splenocyte proliferation and production of three types of cytokine($IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$) by peritoneal macrophages cultured with ethanol and water extracts of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. A single cell suspension of splenocytes was prepared and the cell proliferation of the splenocytes was examined by MTT assay. The splenocyte proliferation was increased when water extracts of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench were used as supplements in all concentrations investigated. The production of cytokine($IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$) by activated peritoneal macrophage was detected by ELISA using the cytokine kit. $IL-1{\beta},\;IL-6,\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ production by activated macrophages were increased by supplementation with Sorghum bicolor L. Moench water extracts. This study suggests that supplementation of with Sorghum bicolor L. Moench water extracts may enhance immune function by regulating the splenocyte proliferation and enhancing the cytokine production by activated macrophages in vitro.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.187-192
• /
• 2001

Amino acid composition of proteins in Italian millet, Common millet and sorghum were invstigated by HCI hydrolysis method. The optimum condition was obtained by hydrolysis at 110$\^{C}$ for 24hr. As major amino acids from protein hydrolyzate, the content of tyosine, arginine and phebylalanine were 7.06%, 6.79% and 6.44%, respectively. The content of glutamic acid in Common millet, Italian millet and Sorghum were 5.73%, 5.64% and 5.46%, respectively. Glycine content was about 2.93% in three samples. Contents of crude protein and pure protein in Italian millet, Common millet and sorghum were determined by micro-kjeldahl method. Crude protein contents were slightly higher than that of pure protein. Protein content of sorghum was higher than those of Italian millet and Common millet. For SDS-PAGE analysis, Italian millet showed more soluble proteins including 50kDa, 30kDa and smaller proteins than other cereals. In particular, Common millet and Sorghum only solubilized proteins less than 15kDa.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 2000

Forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor) was cultivated for knowing the effect of alum sludge application on its root growth in a mountainous site, Kumsan. And the results obtained are as follows: The available P205 content in the soil seemed to decrease with the advance of level of alum sludge application. And plant P content decreased with the advance of sludge application without phosphate fertilizer. With phosphate fertilizer, root number of the forage was greater than that without the fertilizer. The root growth of forage sorghum was the highest with NPK and the least in control and alum application, and it is not recommended to apply NPK and alum together for the growth of the forage root. (Key words : Root, Sorghum, Mineral, Sludge, Kumsan)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 1995

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the grazing performance of dairy cattle for winter rye, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and oat including of rape in Hwa seong-gun, Kyeonggido, from 1993 to 1994. Each crops were utilized from the stage of 8-leaves to late blooming for sorghum-sudangrass, and from final leaves to soft dough for winter rye and oat plant. Under three different cropping system of winter rye-sorghum x sudangrass, spring oat-sorghum X sudangrass-autumn oat, and silage corn-autumn oat, a succeshl hehage production was available for grazing performance from April 26 to December 15, continuously. Annual dry matter yields for grazing allowance were 26.1 tontha in average of all cropping system. Autumn oat rnixtured with rape showed the highest herbage utilization with 91.6% grazing intensity and the lowest in sorghum-sudangrass with a value of 60.6- 69.1 %. Labor investment for herbage production were 805 hour in the cutting management and 339 hour per hectar in the grazing utilization.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.215-228
• /
• 2011

To establish the organic cultivation of pepper using green manure crops, this work studied the growth characteristics and yield of green manure crops, mineral composition of green manure crops, mineral uptake in shoots of green manure crops, chemical composition in soil of green manure crops, and the growth characteristics and yield of pepper in vinyl house. Shoot dry weight of green manure crops was higher level in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Also, the roots were spread deeply into soil in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. Density of root-knot nematodes in rhizosphere of green manure crops was significantly more decrease in Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum than in Glycine max and Sorghum bicolor. Total nitrogen and CaO content of green manure crops was significantly higher in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum. $K_2O$ content was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. MgO content was not significant difference at all green manure crops. Cations content ratio of $K_2O$ : CaO : MgO was 3.4 : 1.4 : 1. Total nitrogen uptake in shoots of green manure crops was high level in Glycine max, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum compared with in Crotalaria juncea. $K_2O$ and MgO uptake was significantly higher in Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum than in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max. Value of pH in soil of green manure crops was more increase in Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max than in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum and control, but after cultivation of pepper pH in soil was recovered with initial soil pH before seeding of green manure crops. EC value in control, green manure crops, and pepper cultivation decreased by 44%, 15~18%, and 38~61% level, respectively, compared with initial soil of green manure crops treatment. K content in soil of control, Crotalaria juncea and Glycine max cultivation was increased by 14%, but the K content in soil of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum decreased by 24~38%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil of Crotalaria juncea and Sorghum bicolor decreased by 11%, but CEC in soil of Glycine max, Sorghum and control increased by 11%. Harvest fruit yield was higher in Crotalaria juncea, Glycine max, and Sorghum bicolor cultivation than in control and Sorghum.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.47-58
• /
• 2008

To select agronomically useful transgenic plants, a large number of transgenic events are initially produced, gene transfer confirmed, and advanced to obtain homozygous lines for testing in field trials. Direct in planta assays for identifying the transgene carriers in the segregating progeny are based on the activity of selectable marker gene and are easy, simple and inexpensive. For this purpose, expression of bar gene as measured by tolerance to damage by glufosinate ammonium, the active ingredient in the herbicide BASTA, was investigated. Dose damage curves were generated by leaf paint tests with BASTA on four genotypes of sorghum. Transgenic plants were characterized in terms of sensitivity to the concentration of glufosinate ammonium. In transgenics, symptoms of BASTA swab tests at different growth stages and PCR analysis for cry1B were carried out and correlated. Germination tests could not be employed for large scale evaluation of transgenic progeny because of mortality of tolerant seedlings after transplantation to soil. Based on the above findings, a simple, inexpensive, time-saving, two-step scheme for effective evaluation of transgenics and their progeny containing bar gene as selection marker using BASTA swab tests is described.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 1997

Six medium-framed steers, fitted with ruminal cannulas, were utilized in a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design with a $3{\times}2$ arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of sorghum hybrid and grain supplementation on nutrient digestibilities and passage rates and ruminal metabolism of silage-based diets fed to growing steers. The diets consisted of three wholes-plant silages (a high grain-containing, grain sorghum and middle-season, moderate grain-containing, and late-season, low grain-containing forage sorghums), each fed with or without 25% rolled grain sorghum. No significant interactions occurred between sorghum hybrid and grain supplementation for the digestion or passage rate criteria measured. Ruminal butyrate concentration was the only fermentation characteristic affected by a hybrid ${\times}$ grain supplementation interaction. The grain sorghum silage diets had the highest DM, OM, and ADF digestibilities; the late-season silage diets, the lowest. Digestibility of NDF tended to be highest (p < 0.10) for the grain sorghum silage, whereas starch digestibility was not affected by sorghum hybrid. Ruminal ammonia, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total VFA concentrations were highest for the grain sorghum silage diets. Grain supplementation increased DM and OM digestibilities, but had no effect on digestibilities of NDF, ADF, and starch. Ruminal pH was decreased, but total VFA concentration and acetate : propionate ratio were not affected by grain supplementation.