• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.216-220
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• 2018

The piezoelectric properties of $0.65Pb(Zr_{1-x}Ti_x)O_3-0.35Pb(Zn_{1/6}Ni_{1/6}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ ($PZT_x-PZNN$) ceramics with $0.530{\leq}x{\leq}0.555$ were investigated for application to piezoelectric energy harvesters. Although a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was found at approximately x = 0.545, the ceramic with the highest figure of merit (FOM) ($d_{33}{\times}g_{33}$) was observed at a composition of x = 0.540. Values of this figure of merit, $d_{33}{\times}g_{33}$, of $19.6pm^2/N$ and $20.2pm^2/N$ were obtained from $PZT_{0.540}-PZNN$ ceramics sintered at $920^{\circ}C$ and $950^{\circ}C$, respectively. A high output power of $937{\mu}W$ and a high power density of $3.3mW/cm^3$ were obtained from unimorph-type piezoelectric energy harvesters fabricated using $PZT_{0.540}-PZNN$ ceramic sintered at $920^{\circ}C$ for 4h.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.28.1-28.1
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• 2010

다양한 반도체 재료 중 ZnO는 3.2 eV의 넓은 밴드 갭을 통한 고효율의 단파장 전기광학 소자 응용 개발에 대한 연구가 진행중에 있으며, 60 meV의 넓은 엑시톤 결합 에너지로 인해 높은 기계적, 열적 안정성을 가진다. 또한 높은 투과성과 굴절율(n=2)을 가지며 이방성 성장을 통한 텍스처 코팅이 가능함으로 PV(photovoltaics)용 유전체 ARC(anti-reflection coating) 재료로 유망하다. 텍스처된 표면은 빛을 차단시키며, 광대역에서 반사를 억제 시킨다. 또한 나노 구조를 통한 나노 다공성 표면은 광대역에서 빛을 모으는 장점이 있으며 태양전지 효율을 극대화 시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 저온 공정이 가능한 hydrothermal 방법으로 다양한 ZnO 나노 구조를 합성하였다. 사용된 합성 재료로 사용되는 zinc nitrate($Zn(NO_3)_2.6H_2O$), hexamethyltetramine(HMT, $C_6H_{12}N_4$)의 농도 및 합성 온도 변화를 통해 다양한 나노구조(나노선, 나노막대, 나노시트 등)의 형태 및 크기를 제어하였다. 이러한 구조적인 변화를 토대로 텍스처된 다공성 나노구조를 형성시키고, 그 형상과 크기 차이에 따른 AR 특성을 평가하였다. ZnO 나노 구조의 결정학적 특성은 XRD(x-ray diffractometer)를 이용하여 분석하였으며, SEM(scanning electron microscope)을 통해 나노 구조의 모양과 크기를 관찰하였다. 또한 UV-Vis spectrophotometer를 통해 나노 구조의 흡수도와 반사도를 측정하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.148.1-148.1
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• 2013

투어멀린는 $XY_3Z_6(Si_6O_{18})(BO_3)_3$ 화학 방정식을 가진 광물로써 조성에 따라 alkali 투어멀린, calcic 투어멀린, X-site vacant 투어멀린 등으로 불린다. 투어멀린 특성과 화학성분에 따라 종을 구분하는데, 주된 종들은 엘바이트, 리디코타이트, 드라바이트, 우바이트, 숄이 있다. 일반적으로 적색 투어멀린의 발색 원인은 Mn, Fe 그리고 Cu의 함량에 따라 색상의 차이를 나타낸다. 본 연구에서 우리는 10MeV 에너지와 $1{\times}10^{17}cm^2$ 조건에서 전자빔을 수행 한 후 투어멀린의 컬러 변화를 관찰하였다. 자외선-가시광선 분광분석결과 모든 시료는 전자빔 조사 후 530 nm의 $Mn^{3+}$부근의 흡수 peak들이 증가하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이는 $Mn^{2+}$에서 $Mn^{3+}$ 이동 때문이여, $Mn^{3+}$는 Y-site에서 O(1)H-O(3)H 축에 따라 Jann-taller 변형으로 안정된 구조를 가지게 된다. 따라서 전자빔 조사 후 적색으로 변하게 되는 것이다. 또한 전자빔 조사 후 컬러가 모두 변했지만 상온에 뒀을 때 변화 된 컬러가 원래의 색으로 되돌아가는 향상을 보였다. 이는 전자빔 조사 후 전자가 튕겨져 나가서 불안정한 상태로 존재하고 있다가 상온의 열에 의한 에너지에 통해 다시 안정된 상태로 되돌아오는 결과로 볼 수 있다. 또한 우리는 WD-XRF를 통해 미량의 Mn 원소함량 차이에 따라 전자빔 조사 시 컬러 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 적외선 분광분석에서는 4,300-4,600 $cm^{-1}$사이에 특징적인 밴드들이 관찰되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.277-277
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• 2011

Mo-Cu 합금은 고강도이고 우수한 열전도성 및 전기전도성를 가지는 특성이 있어 현재 방열소재, 반도체 부품, 자동차 부품 등 여러 응용분야에서 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서로 고용성이 없는 Mo-Cu 합금을 제조하기 위해서 Mo, Cu 분말을 PBM (Planetary Ball Milling) 방법을 이용하여 제조 하였으며, 제조된 분말은 SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) 공정을 이용하여 소결체를 제조하였다. Mo-Cu의 조성 변화는 Cu의 함유량을 각각 5at%Cu, 10at%Cu, 20at%Cu로 조절하여 수행하였으며, PBM 의 공정 변수로 회전수(RPM), 볼과 분말의 비율, 분산제의 양, 볼밀 시간, 분위기 변화를 주어 최적조건을 얻기 위한 실험을 진행하였다. PBM 방법을 이용하여 제조한 분말은 PSA (Particle Size Analysis)에 의해 분말의 크기를 측정하고 EDS(Energy Disperse X-ray Spectrometer) 분석에 의해 조성을 확인하였으며, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) 분석에 의해 Cu peak이 사라지는 조건을 PBM의 최적조건으로 잡고 실험을 진행하였다. 소결체를 고밀도화하기 위해 소결공정을 SPS 방식으로 하였으며 소결체의 경도, 내마모성, 마찰계수 일함수 등을 분석하기 위해 소결체의 크기를 직경 30 mm 및 두께 5 mm로 설계하였고, 소결 공정 변수로 소결온도를 각각 $900^{\circ}C$, $1000^{\circ}C$, $1100^{\circ}C$, 소결압력을 50MPa, 60MPa, 70MPa, 유지시간을 0분, 10분, 20분으로 차이를 주어, 소결체의 밀도차이와 물성차이를 분석하였다. 그 결과 PBM의 최적조건으로는 5at%Cu 에서는 10h, 10at%Cu, 20at%Cu 에서는 20h의 최적의 밀링 시간을 확인하였고, 다른 공정 변수의 최적조건으로는 회전수 300RPM, 10:1의 볼과 분말 비, 분산제 4wt%, Ar 분위기라는 조건을 얻을 수 있었다. 각각의 공정변수 변화에 따른 소결체 최적밀도 달성조건, 소결체 물성 및 전기적 특성 등의 상관관계에 관하여 보고한다.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.553-557
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• 2020

It is possible that hydrogen could replace coal and petroleum as the predominant energy source in the near future, but several challenges including cost, efficiency, and stability. Mg and Mg alloys are attractive hydrogen storage materials because of their lightweight and high absorption capacity. Their range of applications could be further extended if their hydrogenation properties could be improved. The main emphasis of this study was to investigate their hydrogenation properties for Synthesis of 10wt.% CaF2 in Mg2NiHx systems. The effect of BCR (66:1) and MA time (96 hours) on the hydrogenation properties of the composite was investigated. also, Mg2NiHx-10wt% CaF2 composites prepared by Mechanical Alloying are used in this work to illustrate the effect of catalysts on activation energy and kinetics of Magnesium hydride.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.186-186
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• 2013

Nitrogen doped Ge-Sb-Te (N-GST) thin films for phase change random access memory (PRAM) applications were investigated by synchrotron-radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. Nitrogen doping in GST resulted in more favorable N atoms' bonding with Ge atoms rather than with Sb and Te atoms [1,2], which explains the higher phase change transition temperature than that of undoped Ge-Sb-Te thin film. Surprisingly, it was noticed that N atoms also existed in the form of molecular nitrogen, $N_2$, which is detrimental to the stability of the GST performance [3]. N-doped GST experimental features were also supported by ab-initio molecular dynamic calculations [2]. References [1] M.-C. Jung, Y. M. Lee, H.-D. Kim, M. G. Kim, and H. J. Shin, K. H. Kim, S. A. Song, H. S. Jeong, C. H. Ko, and M. Han, "Ge nitride formation in N-doped amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5", Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 083514 (2007). [2] Zhimei Sun, Jian Zhou, Hyun-Joon Shin, Andreas Blomqvist, and Rajeev Ahuja, "Stable nitride complex and molecular nitrogen in N doped amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5", Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 241908 (2008). [3] Kihong Kim, Ju-Chul Park, Jae-Gwan Chung, and Se Ahn Song, Min-Cherl Jung, Young Mi Lee, Hyun-Joon Shin, Bongjin Kuh, Yongho Ha, Jin-Seo Noh, "Observation of molecular nitrogen in N-doped Ge2Sb2Te5", Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 243520 (2006).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2012.07a
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• pp.87-88
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• 2012

Because intra prediction modes in H.264 are determined by the brightness continuity between neighboring blocks, they can be used as a method for extracting edge information in the compression domain. However, if we just consider 9 intra prediction modes in H.264 as 9 different edge directions, we have the following two problems. First, intra prediction modes tend to yield too many edge blocks, generating unnecessary edge information. Second, we may not need all 9 directional edges (including the DC type) in H.264 intra prediction modes. For example, the EHD (edge histogram descriptor) in MPEG-7 defines only 4 directional edge types, namely horizontal, vertical, diagonal (HVD) edges with $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $135^{\circ}$. Here, semi-diagonal (SD) edge types with $112.5^{\circ}$, $157.5^{\circ}$, $22.5^{\circ}$, and $67.5^{\circ}$ in the intra prediction modes in H.264 are not used. In this paper. we prepose a method that removes unnecessary edges from the intra prediction modes by utilizing the total average coefficient of 4x4 blocks in each slice and assign SD edges to HVD (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$) edges by the contextual information of the neighboring blocks. Experimental results show that the edges determined by the proposed method in the compression domain are comparable to those of the previous edge detection methods in the spatial domain.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.182-187
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• 2008

Carbon was known to be one of effective additives which can improve the flux pinning of $MgB_2$ at high magnetic fields. In this study, glycerin $(C_3H_8O_3)$ was selected as a chemical carbon source for the improvement of critical current density of $MgB_2$. In order to replace some of boron atoms by carbon atoms, the boron powder was heat-treated with liquid glycerin. The glycerin-treated boron powder was mixed with an appropriate amount of magnesium powder to $MgB_2$ composition and the powder pallets were heat treated at $650^{\circ}C\;and\;900^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in a flowing argon gas. It was found that the superconducting transition temperature $(T_c)$ of $Mg(B_{1-x}C_x)_2$ prepared using glycerin-treated boron powder was 36.6 K, which is slightly smaller than $T_c$(37.1 K) of undoped $MgB_2$. The critical current density $(J_c)$ of $Mg(B_{1-x}C_x)_2$ was higher than that of undoped $MgB_2$ and the $T_c$ improvement effect was more remarkable at higher magnetic fields. The $T_c$, decrease and $J_c$ increase associated with the glycerin treatment for boron powder was explained in terms of the carbon substitution to boron site.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.41-52
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• 2014

In this study, to estimate the biodegradability of sewage discharged intermittently, field scale sampling and analysis was conducted and the results were obtained as follows. According to results of the biodegradability of sewage discharged intermittently, average concentration of TCODcr is 325.5mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 100%. Also, average concentration of SCODcr resulted 135.9mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 41.8%. Average concentration of Ss showed 74.1mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 22.8%. Average concentration of $S_I$ was analyzed to be 61.8mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction was calculated to 19.0%. Xs which is particulate matter was analyzed to show 27.8mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction also showed 8.5%. Average concentration of $X_H$ is 103.4mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 31.8%. Inert particulate matter showed that average concentration of $X_I$ is 58.5mg/L and ratio of TCOD fraction resulted 18.0%. Accordingly, dissolved biodegradable organic matter showed the ratio of 41.8%, and readily biodegradable matter among this showed 22.8%. Thus intermittent inflow is expected to have less effect with regards equalization by organic loading rate of influent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2012

We investigated the atomic and electronic properties of graphene grown by Pd silicidation and intercalation using LEED, STM, and ARPES. Pd was deposited on the 6H-SiC(0001) surface at RT. The formation of Pd silicide gives rise to breaking of Si-C bonds of the SiC crystal, which enables to release C atoms at low temperature. The C atoms are transformed into graphene from $860^{\circ}C$ according to the LEED patterns as a function of annealing temperature. Even though the graphene spots were observed in the LEED pattern and the Fourier transformed STM images after annealing at $870^{\circ}C$, the topography images showed various superstructures so that graphene is covered with Pd silicide residue. After annealing at $950^{\circ}C$, monolayer graphene was revealed at the surface. The growth of graphene is not limited by surface obstacles such as steps and defects. In addition, we observed that six protrusions consisting of the honeycomb network of graphene has same intensity meaning non-broken AB-symmetry of graphene. The ARPES results in the vicinity of K point showed the non-doped linear ${\pi}$ band structure indicating monolayer graphene decoupled from the SiC substrate electronically. Note that the charge neutrality of graphene grown by Pd silicidation and intercalation was sustained regardless of annealing temperature in contrast with quasi-free- standing graphene induced by H and Au intercalation. Further annealing above $1,000^{\circ}C$ accelerates sublimation of the Pd silicide layer underneath graphene. This results in appearance of the $(6r3x6r3)R30^{\circ}$ structure and dissolution of the ${\pi}$ bands for quasi-free-standing graphene.