• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2011

To investigate the genetic diversity of six Chinese indigenous pig breeds in Shandong province (Laiwu Black, Dapulian Black, Licha Black, Yantai Black, Yimeng Black and Wulian Black), explain their genetic relationship and assess their integrity and degree of admixture with three Western commercial breeds (Landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc), 303 individuals from these breeds were genotyped for 26 microsatellite markers. In general, high genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.5495 to 0.7746) and large breed differentiation ($F_{ST}$ = 0.188) were observed. The indigenous pig breeds in Shandong exhibited consistently higher levels of genetic diversity than the three Western breeds. However, compared with the Western breeds, which have an $F_{ST}$ value of 0.252, the indigenous breeds in Shandong have smaller $F_{ST}$ value of 0.145. The analysis of breed relationship indicated that the six indigenous breeds are classified into two groups. One includes four breeds, Licha, Yantai, Yimeng and Wulian, which have experienced large gene introgression of the Western breeds through progressive crossbreeding as well as gene flow among themselves. The other includes Laiwu and Dapulian, which are less influenced by the Western breeds and other indigenous breeds in Shandong in the recent past. The results show that some measures must be taken to effectively protect these indigenous pig breeds in Shandong.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.636-642
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• 2011

The effect of different rates of ethanol additive on fermentation quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) and residual water soluble carbohydrate were studied in the experiment. The addition rate of ethanol was 0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% on fresh weight of napiergrass. The laboratory silos were kept in the room, then were opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 days after ensiling and the changes of silage quality were analyzed, respectively. There was a fast and large reduction in pH from the 5th day of ensiling to below 4.2 except for the 4.5% treatment. After five days the pH of silage decreased slowly and the pH of the ethanol additions was lower than the control. Lactic acid content of ethanol treatments increased significantly (p<0.05) from the 5th day of ensiling, reaching the highest value on either the 7th day or 14th day. The ethanol additive inhibited the break down of silage protein and the ammonia nitrogen content of ethanol addition silage was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control after 30 days of ensiling. Within the initial first day of ensiling the water soluble carbohydrate content declined quickly. The efficiency of water soluble carbohydrate usage was higher in silage with ethanol than in the control. The acetic acid of ethanol treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than control on first and 14th day, but there was no significant (p>0.05) difference among the ethanol addition silages. The volatile fatty acids content of silage increased gradually from the first day of ensiling and reached the peak on 14th day or 30th day and the content of ethanol addition treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. The experimental results indicated that adding ethanol inhibited the use of protein and water soluble carbohydrate of aerobic bacteria and reduced the silage losses during the early stage of ensiling and thus supplied more fermentation substrate for lactic acid bacteria and improved the fermentation quality of napiergrass.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2018

논문에서는 도파관의 얇은 횡단면에 변형된 H-형 아이리스를 배치하여 대역 통과 여파기(bandpass filter; BPF)를 구현하는 방법에 대해 연구하였다. 제안된 소형 공진 아이리스(resonant iris; RI)는 전형적인 H-형 RI 중앙의 수평방향 일자형 간극을 U형으로 변형하여 간극의 등가 커패시턴스를 증가시키고 아이리스의 양측 수직방향 일자형 슬롯들을 C형으로 변형하여 등가 인덕턴스를 증가시킨 구조이다. 제안된 RI와 전형적인 H형 RI의 주파수에 따른 특성을 비교하여 소형화에 유리하고 차단특성이 우수함을 관찰하였다. 제안된 아이리스 구조의 등가 인덕턴스, 등가 커패시턴스, Q 값(quality factor) 등을 추출하여 특성을 분석하였다. 제안된 아이리스 구조를 이용하여 9.5 GHz 대역(9.18-9.84 GHz, 삽입손실 0.3 dB, 반사손실 14 dB)에서 동작하는 3차 BPF를 설계하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1124-1134
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• 2017

Objective: This study explored the physico-chemical properties of late-incubation egg amniotic fluid and a potential in ovo feed (IOF) supplement. Methods: Amniotic fluid was collected from broiler breeders (Ross 308, 51 weeks and Cobb 500, 35 weeks) on day 17 after incubation. A mixture of high-quality soy protein supplement - Hamlet Protein AviStart (HPA) was serially diluted in MilliQ water to obtain solutions ranging from 150 to 9.375 mg/mL. The mixtures were heat-treated (0, 30, 60 minutes) in a waterbath ($80^{\circ}C$) and then centrifuged to obtain supernatants. The amniotic fluid and HPA supernatants were analysed for their physico-chemical properties. Results: Only viscosity and $K^+$ were significantly (p<0.05) different in both strains. Of all essential amino acids, leucine and lysine were in the highest concentration in both strains. The osmolality, viscosity and $pCO_2$ of the supernatants decreased (p<0.05) with decreasing HPA concentration. Heat treatment significantly (p<0.05) affected osmolality, pH, and $pCO_2$, of the supernatants. The interactions between HPA concentration and heat treatment were significant with regards to osmolality (p<0.01), pH (p<0.01), $pCO_2$ (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05), lactate (p<0.01) and acid-base status (p<0.01) of HPA solutions. The $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, glucose, and lactate increased with increasing concentration of HPA solution. The protein content of HPA solutions decreased (p<0.05) with reduced HPA solution concentrations. The supernatant from 150 mg/mL HPA solution was richest in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine and lysine. Amino acids concentrations were reduced (p<0.05) with each serial dilution but increased with longer heating. Conclusion: The values obtained in the primary solution (highest concentration) are close to the profiles of high-protein ingredients. This supplement, as a solution, hence, may be suitable for use as an IOF supplement and should be tested for this potential.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2010

콘크리트 내부의 철근부식은 구조물의 안전성에 큰 영향을 주므로, 목표 내구수명동안 구 조물의 성능을 확보하려는 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이 연구는 대도시나 지하구조물에서 중요하게 평가되는 탄산화에 대하여, 유전자 알고리즘을 적용한 콘크리트 배합기법에 대한 연구이다. 이를 위해, 배합인자에 따른 이산화탄소 확산계수를 문헌조사를 통하여 분석하였으며, 습도를 고려한 최적 함수식을 회귀분석을 통하여 도출하였다. 최적 함수식은 12개의 실험자료에 대하여, 물-시멘트비, 단위 시멘트량, 잔골재율, 단위 굵은골재량, 그리고 상대습도를 포함하도록 고려하였으며, 유전자 알고리즘을 통하여, 주어진 이산화탄소 확산계수에 대한 콘크리트 배합을 도출하였다. 3개의 배합에 대하여 검증한 결과, 10% 미만의 상대오차를 보이며 주어진 배합을 잘 추정하였다. 최종적으로 서로 다른 환경과 설계 제원을 가지는 콘크리트 구조물을 가정하여, 목표 확산계수와 단위 시멘트량을 계산하였으며, 이를 이용하여 배합을 추정하였다. 제안된 기법은 주어진 확산계수와 배합을 잘 추정하였으며, 다양한 배합인자 및 혼화재료가 고려된 실험 자료를 이용한다면 더욱 합리적인 배합 기법으로 발전할 것이다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2008

We evaluated the response to salt stress of two different ginseng lines, STG3134 and STG3159, which are sensitive and tolerant, respectively, to salt treatment. Plants were exposed to a 5 dS/m salt solution, and chlorophyll fluorescence was measured. STG3134 ginseng was more sensitive than STG3159 to salt stress. To characterize the cellular response to salt stress in the two different lines, changes in protein expression were investigated using a proteomic approach. Total protein was extracted from detached salt-treated leaves of STG3134 and STG3159 ginseng, and then separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2-DE). Approximately 468 protein spots were detected by 2-DE and Coommassie brilliant blue staining. Twenty-two proteins were found to be reproducibly up- or down-regulated in response to salt stress. Among these proteins, twelve were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-Q-TOF and classified into several functional groups: photosynthesis-related proteins(oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins 1 and 2, rubisco and rubisco activase), detoxification proteins(polyphenol oxidase) and defense proteins($\beta$-1,3-glucanase, ribonuclease-like storage protein, and isoflavone reductase-like protein). The protein levels of ribonuclease-like storage protein, which was highly induced in STG3159 ginseng as compared to STG3134, correlated tightly with mRNA transcript levels, as assessed by reverse-transcription(RT)-PCR. Our results indicate that salinity induces changes in the expression levels of specific proteins in the leaves of ginseng plants. These changes may, in turn, playa role in plant adaptation to saline conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권spc1호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2006

본 연구는 벼종자 미량 단백질의 프로테오믹스 연구를 위하여 벼종자에 고 함량으로 존재하는 벼종자 글루테린 저장 단백질을 제거하는 방법에 관한 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는, (A) 벼종자에 액체 질소를 가하고 분쇄하여 벼종자 가루를 만드는 분쇄단계; (B) 상기 분쇄된 벼종자 가루를 물에 현탁하여 현탁액을 만드는 현탁단계; (C)상기 현탁액 중 미용해 물질을 제거하는 분리단계를 포함하는, 벼종자 미량 단백질의 프로테오믹스 연구를 위한 벼종자 글루테린 저장 단백질의 제거방법에 관하여 검토하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 단순하고 신속하며 저렴하고 효율적인 방법으로 미량 비글루테린 단백질들을 용이하게 동정할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2018

보리는 높은 비율로 식이섬유를 함유하고 있어, 일반적으로 영양학적으로는 전곡 형태로의 섭취가 추천되고 있지만, 조직감과 소화율을 고려하여 발효물 형태의 소비가 바람직한 것으로 판단되고 있다. 본 연구는 효소당화 후, 효모 및 유산균 발효를 거쳐 조제한 보리발효물로부터 조다당 BF-CP를 분리하고, 대식세포에 대한 면역증강 효과 및 세포 내 신호전달을 규명하여 기능성 소재로의 이용방안을 모색하기 위해 계획되었다. BF-CP 획분의 일반화학적 특성을 분석한 결과 70.7% 글루코스 11.4% 자일로스 및 9.0% 아라비노스를 포함하여 91.1%의 중성당으로 이루어진 중성다당이었다. BF-CP는 RAW 264.7 대식세포주에서 농도의존적으로 IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$와 같은 사이토카인 및 NO의 생산능을 유도하는 등 높은 대식세포 활성능을 나타냈다. 또한 qPCR 분석을 통해, BF-CP 획분을 대식세포주에 처리하였을 때, 처리 농도에 비례하여 IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 iNOS의 mRNA 유전자 발현을 증가시킴을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 Western blot을 활용한 신호전달 단백질 추적실험에서 BF-CP 획분을 대식세포주에 처리하였을 때, JNK, ERK 및 p38과 같은 MAPK 경로와 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 경로의 관련 단백질을 인산화시킴이 확인되었으며 그 활성은 BF-CP 농도에 의존적이었다. 이상의 결과로부터 보리발효물 유래 다당 BF-CP는 MAPK와 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 경로를 통해 대식세포를 활성화시키며, 이를 통하여 NO, IL-6 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 같은 면역활성화 관련 물질의 생산을 높은 비율로 유도시킨다는 것을 최종 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1073-1079
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• 2010

Forty-eight ((Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace) pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $48.47{\pm}1.13\;kg$ were used in a 12-week growth trial to investigate the influence of Anion (silicate) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted into three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design according to sex and initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of four replications with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) HCI (basal diet+3 g/kg Anion), iii) HCII (basal diet+6 g/kg Anion). No significant difference (p>0.05) was detected for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed ratio (G/F) throughout the experiment, although dietary supplementation of Anion numerically increased these characteristics compared with CON. The dietary HCI group significantly (p<0.05) increased the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy compared with the CON group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in meat quality except that meat firmness was linearly (p<0.05) increased by the Anion supplementation, while an increased tendency in meat color and a decreased tendency in 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was also observed (p<0.10). Anion supplementation linearly (p<0.05) decreased the fecal $NH_3$ compared with the CON group. However, dietary Anion supplementation at 3 g/kg decreased the $H_2S$ concentration compared with CON, while no significant difference was detected in the HCII group, although the $H_2S$ emission was numerically decreased compared with CON. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with 3 g/kg Anion was found to exert a beneficial effect on nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs, and concomitantly decreased the noxious gas emission without negative effect on growth performance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.8.1-8.8
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• 2015

Background: The demand for healthy, lean and consistent meat products containing low saturated fatty acid content and high quality polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) omega-3 PUFA, has increased in recent times. Fat deposition is altered by both the genetic background and dietary supplements, and this study aimed to assess the effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation levels on the mRNA expression patterns of genes controlling lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and Longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of Australian crossbred sheep. Methods: Twenty-four weaned lambs belonging to four breeds under the same management conditions were maintained on ryegrass pasture and fed three levels of Spirulina supplement (control, low and high). In terms of nutrient composition, Spirulina is a nutrient-rich supplement that contains all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It also is a rich source of carotenoids and fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) that infer health benefits. After slaughter, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and ld samples were subjected to mRNA extraction and reverse transcription using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the mRNA expression levels of the Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), Adrenergic beta-3 receptor (ADRB3), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and Fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes, which are associated with lipid metabolism. Results: Both low and high Spirulina supplementation levels strongly up-regulated the transcription of all the selected genes in both SAT and ld tissues (mostly in the subcutaneous adipose), but sheep breed and sex did not influence the gene expression patterns in these tissues. Conclusions: The evidence indicates that high Spirulina supplementation level resulted in a decrease in intramuscular fat content in Australian purebred and crossbred sheep due to the enhanced production of melatonin in sheep muscle tissues and strong up-regulation of mRNA expression of BTG2 in SAT which negatively affected fat deposition. In contrast, low Spirulina supplementation level strongly up-regulated the ADRB3 and FASN genes responsible for fat production. These findings are consistent with the observed phenotypic data suggesting that low Spirulina supplementation level can increase lamb production, with higher long-chain PUFA content.