• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to collect basis data for to establish standard administrative processes of liquid fertilizer treatment. From this survey we could make out the key point of each step through a case of effective liquid manure treatment system in pig house. It is divided into six step; 1. piggery slurry management step, 2. Solid-liquid separation step, 3. liquid fertilizer treatment (aeration) step, 4. liquid fertilizer treatment (microorganism, recirculation and internal return) step, 5. liquid fertilizer treatment (completion) step, 6. land application step. From now on, standardization process of liquid manure treatment technologies need to be develop based on the six steps process.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways to evaluate the effectiveness of storage sections of the round bale silage of fresh rice straw (RS). This study evaluated, the changes of the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the different sectors of the RS after a certain period; a month later after the bailing, samples of three different RS (bale one, bale two, and bale three) were taken according to the three different sectors (top, center, and the bottom) of the bale. According to the findings of this study there was no significant difference in the RS's chemical composition content among the different sectors (top, center, or the bottom) of the bale. The possible reason for this is believed that on the basis of different sectors of the bale, the moisture (the water soluble nutrient) movement didn't occur and was locked in and couldn't escape, because the dry matter content of the rice straw was as high as $70\%$. After immediately harvesting the paddies, using the fresh rice straw to produce RS at the same time when the dry matter content is in between $26{\sim}40\%$, the chemical composition was found to be of a good quality. Accordingly, it is recommended that when the dry matter content is in between $35{\sim}45\%$, in order to produce RS with the fine chemical composition of 'Yonchon' region, bailing should be done simultaneously with the harvesting of paddies, before the first frost appears.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.66-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to develop a new nursing unit which can meet changing health care needs, enhance patients' satisfaction and nurses' job satisfaction, and finally guarantee quality nursing care with present manpower. For this, one medical unit was selected as a unit for quality care. And one medical unit which is similar in staffing and patients' characteristics was selected as a control unit. To assess present problems and identify the remedies to the problems a hospital-wide survey and a workshop were performed. According to the survey results, educational programs and improvement of the facilities and equipment supply system, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation and intensification of bed-side nursing care were adopted as main principles for operating model unit, This model unit was operated for 3 months from Sep. 1, 1992 to Nov. 30, 1992. To evaluate the effectiveness of the model unit, derect/indirect nursing care hours, patients' satisfaction to nursing care, nurses' job satisfaction, and quality care index were measured. Direct/indirect nursing care hours were compared with that of the control unit, and patients' and nurses' satisfaction and quality care index were measured before and after operating model unit and compared with each other. The results of the study were as follows; 1. In the model unit mean direct nursing care hours per cach shift was 146.88 minutes and indirect nursing care hours was 354.72 minutes. The ratio of the direct nursing care hour to indirect nursing hour was 29.6 ; 70.4 and that of the control unit was 26.9 : 73.1. Direct nursing care hour in model unit was longer than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of direct nursing care, the time spent in mobility and exercise, conservation of body temperature, hygiene, and communication and health education were longer than that of the con" trol unit. 2. Indirect nursing care hour in model unit was shorter than that of the control unit. But, the difference was not significant. In subcategories of indirect nursing care, the time spent in drug management and ward arrangement was shorter than that of the control unit. 3. Patients' satisfaction to nursing care was increased significantly after operating the model unit (T=-3.48, P=-0.002) and satisfaction to subcategories of physical comfort measure, psychological cate, and unit management components were significantly higher than before. 4. In the model unit, nurses' total job satisfaction was increased significantly after operating the model unit(Z=2.1004, P=.0357) and satisfaction to subcategory of satisfaction to administration was significantly higher than before (Z=-2.0732, P=.0382). 5. After operating the model unit, quality care index was increased from 89 to 93. With this results, it can be summarized that all the measures tried for quality care, such as educational programs, managereal support for interdepartmental cooperation, and improvement of the equipment and facility provision resulted in partial increase in direct nursing care hours, nurses satisfaction to their job and patients' satisfaction to nursing care. In can be postulated that managereal support and motivation without proper staff supplementation is not enough for increasing direct nursing care hours. And for the enhancement of the level in clinical nursing, and staff supplement must be considered sincerely and the measures for reducing indirect nursing care hours, such as computerization of nursing care activities, improvement of facilities and equipment and facilities supply system, must be instituted in addition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1741-1749
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate parents' perception and satisfaction of school food materials and supplier performance in Mokpo. To achieve these research objectives, a questionnaire was distributed to parents at 66 schools, and a total of 589 were used in the final analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, satisfaction of school foodservice, showed the following scores: overall was 3.75, quality of food materials was 3.84, reliability of food suppliers was 3.80, education was 3.53, and information was 3.50. Second, 38.5% of parents participated in receiving school materials. Exactly 80.6% of parents showed intentions to participate. The most difficult thing for receiving materials was comparing quality of food materials (46.3%). Third, the most important factor cited for school food supplier was quality (62.3%) and sanitation and safety (24.1%). Forth, most parents were positive about the possibility of replacing foods used at school with environment friendly products. Local foods were cited for use in school foodservice (92.2%). The reasons were good quality (39.9%) and contribution to the local community (28.5%). In conclusion, parent's perception of school foodservice should increase to improve food material quality of school foodservice. Institutions for certifying are needed to offer high quality food materials at school foodservice and improved communication and education tool between the school and parents.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.165-183
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• 2016

Over the past decade, there has been a rapid diffusion of technological devices and a rising number of various devices, resulting in an escalation of virtual reality technology. Technological market has rapidly been changed from smartphone to wearable devices based on virtual reality. Virtual reality can make users feel real situation through sensing interaction, voice, motion capture and so on. Facebook.com, Google, Samsung, LG, Sony and so on have investigated developing platform of virtual reality. the pricing of virtual reality devices also had decreased into 30% from their launched period. Thus market infrastructure in virtual reality have rapidly been developed to crease marketplace. However, most consumers recognize that virtual reality is not ease to purchase or use. That could not lead consumers to positive attitude for devices and purchase the related devices in the early market. Through previous studies related to virtual reality, there are few studies focusing on why the devices for virtual reality stayed in early stage in adoption & diffusion context in the market. Almost previous studies considered the reasons of hard adoption for innovative products in the viewpoints of Typology of Innovation Resistance, MIR(Management of Innovation Resistant), UTAUT & UTAUT2. However, product-based antecedents also important to increase user intention to purchase and use products in the technological market. In this study, we focus on user acceptance and resistance for increasing purchase and usage promotions of wearable devices related to virtual reality based on headgear products like Galaxy Gear. Especially, we added a variables like attitude confidence as a dimension for user resistance. The research questions of this study are follows. First, how attitude confidence and innovativeness resistance affect user intention to use? Second, What factors related to content and brand contexts can affect user intention to use? This research collected data from the participants who have experiences using virtual rality headgears aged between 20s to 50s located in South Korea. In order to collect data, this study used a pilot test and through making face-to-face interviews on three specialists, face validity and content validity were evaluated for the questionnaire validity. Cleansing the data, we dropped some outliers and data of irrelevant papers. Totally, 156 responses were used for testing the suggested hypotheses. Through collecting data, demographics and the relationships among variables were analyzed through conducting structural equation modeling by PLS. The data showed that the sex of respondents who have experience using social commerce sites (male=86(55.1%), female=70(44.9%). The ages of respondents are mostly from 20s (74.4%) to 30s (16.7%). 126 respondents (80.8%) have used virtual reality devices. The results of our model estimation are as follows. With the exception of Hypothesis 1 and 7, which deals with the two relationships between brand awareness to attitude confidence, and quality of content to perceived enjoyment, all of our hypotheses were supported. In compliance with our hypotheses, perceived ease of use (H2) and use innovativeness (H3) were supported with its positively influence for the attitude confidence. This finding indicates that the more ease of use and innovativeness for devices increased, the more users' attitude confidence increased. Perceived price (H4), enjoyment (H5), Quantity of contents (H6) significantly increase user resistance. However, perceived price positively affect user innovativeness resistance meanwhile perceived enjoyment and quantity of contents negatively affect user innovativeness resistance. In addition, aesthetic exterior (H6) was also positively associated with perceived price (p<0.01). Also projection quality (H8) can increase perceived enjoyment (p<0.05). Finally, attitude confidence (H10) increased user intention to use virtual reality devices. however user resistance (H11) negatively affect user intention to use virtual reality devices. The findings of this study show that attitude confidence and user innovativeness resistance differently influence customer intention for using virtual reality devices. There are two distinct characteristic of attitude confidence: perceived ease of use and user innovativeness. This study identified the antecedents of different roles of perceived price (aesthetic exterior) and perceived enjoyment (quality of contents & projection quality). The findings indicated that brand awareness and quality of contents for virtual reality is not formed within virtual reality market yet. Therefore, firms should developed brand awareness for their product in the virtual market to increase market share.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.573-581
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the professionalism of dental hygienists in dental institutions and the influential factors for their professionalism in an attempt to seek ways of enhancing the professionalism of dental hygienists. The subjects in this study were 172 dental hygienists who worked in dental institutions in Busan and Gimhae. A self-administered survey was conducted to gather data, and an experimental analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, concerning professionalism, self-regulation belief(3.70) ranked highest(3.42), followed by service belief(3.65), autonomy belief(3.31), a sense of vocational calling(3.30) and utilization of the professional organization as a standard(3.12). Second, the professionalism of the dental hygienists was significantly better when their title was higher, when they were older, when they got a larger monthly pay and when they intended to work for a longer time. Third, as for the influential factors for their professionalism, age, marital status, the estimated term of working at the workplace and opinion on reemployment were also identified as the significant variables that were up to the standard level of significance(p=0.05). The findings of the study suggest that in order to boost the professionalism of dental hygienists, it's required to take institutional measures to give them more responsibility, autonomy and authority, and how to improve personnel administration by providing strong motivation for them to look at their workplaces more favorably and keep on working for a long time should discreetly be considered.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2008

Effects of the various dietary additives on growth and tolerance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai to the stresses were determined in the 16-week feeding trial. Seventy juvenile (an initial body weight of 4.2 g) abalone per container were randomly distributed into 21, 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. The six kinds of experimental diets were prepared: control (CON) with no additive, by-product of green tea (BPG), extract of figs (EF), extract of green tea (EG), commercially available product of Hearok (PH), and Haematococcus (HC). In addition, dry sea tangle (ST) was prepared to compare the efficiency of the experimental diets. Fishmeal, soybean meal and shrimp head meal were used as the protein source, and dextrin, sea tangle powder and wheat flour, and soybean oil and fish oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively in the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16-week feeding trial, abalone was exposed to the different types of stresses (air exposure, and sudden changes of rearing temperature and salinity). Survival of abalone fed the sea tangle was highest. However, weight gain of abalone fed the EF, EG and PH diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the BPG diet or dry sea tangle. Shell length of abalone fed the all experimental diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the dry sea tangle. Accumulated mortality of abalone fed the sea tangle was low when exposed to the different types of stresses. Also, relatively low mortality was achieved in abalone fed the HC and EF diets. In considering these results, it can be concluded that the various sources of additives is effective to improve production of abalone, and Haematococcus and extract of figs can be considered as dietary additives to improve resistance of abalone against the different types of stresses.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of planting density on thegrowth and yield of Rehmannia glutinosa. A local variety was planted on the 100cm row, with different planting density of 20, 30 and 40 plants per $m^2$. Nitrogen, phosporus and potassium fertilizers were applied as 12, 12, and 16 kg /10a, respectively with compost of 1,000kg /10a. Plant height became shorter with increase in the planting density from 20 to 40 $plants\;/\;m^2$. But emergence date, leaf length and width were not significantly changed with planting density. As the planting density was increased, tuber diameter got slender and tuber number was decreased, but tuber length was not affected. The tuber yield was 793kg /10a at the planting density of 20 $plants\;/\;m^2$ and it increased 40% at 30 $plants\;/\;m^2$ and 45% at 40 $plants\;/\;m^2$ Regarding on the farmer's income, optimum planting density was estimated 30 $plants\;/\;m^2$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.282-290
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to discover the best method for weed management in environment-friendly rice paddy fields through the study on the effect of weed control and injury levels of rice plants as affected by size, input time, and input amount of golden apple snail (GAS). The efficacy of weed control as affected by GAS when applied at 5, 10, and 15 days after transplanting (DAT) was 98, 89, and 58%, respectively. The efficacy of weed control had declined as late the input time of GAS. On the other hand, the efficacy of weed control as affected by rice bran followed by GAS treatment was higher than by GAS treatment alone. Weed species such as Persicaria hydropiper, Echinochloa crus-galli, Scirpus juncoides, and Monochoria vaginalis were not completely controlled by GAS when applied late. Input amount and time of adult GAS (70 days after hatching) for effective weed control were 3 kg $10a^{-1}$ at 5 DAT, 6-7 kg $10a^{-1}$ at 10 DAT, and 7 kg $10a^{-1}$ at 15 DAT. Input time and amount of young GAS (35 days after hatching) for effective weed control were 0 day after harrow (DAH) and 1 kg $10a^{-1}$, respectively. The young GAS when applied 0 DAH at 1 kg $10a^{-1}$ provided 100% control of P. hydropiper, E. crus-galli, S. juncoides, M. vaginalis, Ludwigia prostrata, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Sagittaria trifolia and Cyperus difformis. The rice foliar injury caused by adult (3 kg $10a^{-1}$) and young (1 kg $10a^{-1}$) GAS were 5-7% and 1% respectively. There was no significant difference in rice injury by size and input amount of GAS on plant height and number of tiller. These data indicate that the young GAS when applied 1 kg $10a^{-1}$ at 0 day after harrow was the best method for weed management in environment-friendly rice paddy fields.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2000

A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).