• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.339-346
• /
• 1986

A study on eutrophication in the downstream of the Nakdong River was conducted from October 1983 to September 1984. Nutrients concentration of the samples in this area was usually high and the nitrogen ratio to the phosphorus was as very high as $63.5{\sim}119.6$. The concentration of nutrients was in the range of $0.22{\sim}173{\mu}g-at/l$ for ammonia nitrogen, $26.7{\sim}187{\mu}g-at/l$ for nitrate nitrogen, $1.07{\sim}8.22{\mu}g-at/l$ for nitrite nitrogen, $58.7{\sim}231{\mu}g-at/l$ for total inorganic nitrogen and $0.44{\sim}4.43{\mu}g-at/l$ for phosphate phosphorus. The concentration of chlorophyll-a was in the range of $1.8{\sim}75.2\;mg/m^3$. Correlationship between concentration of nutrients and chlorophyll-a was not found. The concentrations of total suspended solid were in the range of $10.7{\sim}45.9\;ppm$, and $16.2{\sim}35.2\%$ of the total suspended solid was consisted of volatile suspended solid. According to the state of lacustrine nutrition, the state of the downstream of Nakdong River was equivalent to the eutrophication state in term of chlorophyll-a and inorganic nitrogen, and mid-nutritional state in term of phosphate.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.161-169
• /
• 2003

Seawater and sediment quality analysed was calculated to examinate the present environmental characteristics and pollution load was also calculated to evaluate the effect of farming area on the coastal environment. The measurements for seawater quality demonstrate the coastal environment has relatively eutrophicated with significantly decreased DO (0.2-8.5 mg/l) and elevated COD (9.6-31.2 mg/l) in summer. It was also evident that the water quality in Jindong Bay has been influenced by residues tide from Masan Bay with high metal concentration in August of 2002. Annual total pollution load (land and farm-driven) was estimated at 37,316 ton (SS) /yr: 9,809 ton/yr (26.3%) of land-driven load, 23,576 ton/yr (63.2%) of coastal sedimentation and 3,932 ton/yr (10.5%) of feces of cultural organisms. When all ark shell seedling farms are permitted species conversion to ascidian farm, the pollution load would increase by 196%, which may be another source for accelerating the eutrophication of the environment in Jindong Bay.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.11
• /
• pp.1205-1210
• /
• 2008

Purpose : The development of the corpus callosum occupies the entire period of cerebral formation. The myelination pattern on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very useful to evaluate neurologic development and to predict neurologic outcome in high risk infants. The thickness of the corpus callosum is believed to depend on the myelination process. It is possible to calculate the length and thickness of the corpus callosum on MRI. Thus, we can quantitatively evaluate the development of the corpus callosum. We investigated the clinical significance of measuring various portions of the corpus callosum in neonate with neurologic disorders such as hypoxic brain damage and seizure disorder. Methods : Forty-two neonates were evaluated by brain MRI. We measured the size of the genu, body, transitional zone, splenium, and length of the corpus callosum. Each measurement was divided by the total length of the corpus callosum to obtain its corrected size. The ratio of corpus callosal length and the anteroposterior diameter of the brain was also measured. Results : There was no statistical significance in the sample size of each part of the corpus callosum. However, the corrected size or the ratio of body of the corpus callosum correlated with periventricular leukomalacia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion : The abnormal size of the corpus callosum showed a good correlation with periventricular leukomalacia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates. We can predict clinical neurological problems by estimation of the corpus callosum in the neonatal period.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.56-64
• /
• 2001

Composting of livestock feces is economic and safe process to decrease the possibility of direct leakage of organic pollutants to ecosystem from commercial and environmental point of view. This study was conducted with three different experiments related to composting of livestock feces. The purpose of experiment 1 was to investigate changes of characteristic of compost pile during composting period by low temperature in cold season. To compare composting effect of experimental compost pile and control pile exposed in cold air, experimental compost piles were warmed up by hot air until their temperatures were reached at $35^{\circ}C$. Sawdust, Ricehull and Ricestraw were mixed with livestock feces as bulking agent. The highest temperatures of compost pile during composting period were in sawdust, rice hull, rice straw, and control were $75^{\circ}C$, $76^{\circ}C$, $68^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$ respectively. Moisture content, pH, C/N and volume of compost were decreased during composting period. Experiment 2 was carried out to study utilization effect of compost by plant. A corn was cultivated for 3 years on fertilized land with compost and chemical fertilizer. The amount of harvest and nutrition value of corn were analyzed. In first year of trial, the amount of harvest of corn on land treated with compost was lower by 20% than that of land treated with chemical fertilizer. In second year, there was no difference in yield of com between compost and chemical fertilizer. In third year, the yield of com on land fertilized with compost was much more than that of land fertilized with chemical fertilizer. The purpose of experiment 3 was to estimate the decrease of malodorous gas originating from livestock feces by bio-filter. Four types of bio-filters filled with saw dust, night soil, fermented compost and leaf mold were manufactured and tested. Each bio-filter achieved 87-95% $NH_3$ removal efficiency. This performance was maintained for 10 days. The highest $NH_3$ removal efficiency was achieved by leaf mold on the first day of operation period. It reduced the concentration of $NH_3$ by about 95%. Night soil and fermented compost showed nearly equal performance of 93 to 94% for 10 days from the beginning of operation. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan originating for compost were equal to or less than $3mg/{\ell}$ and $2mg/{\ell}$, respectively. After passing throughout the bio-filter, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were not detected.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 2000

Environmental factors and phytoplankton community have been bimonthly investigated in order to clarify the bioecological characteristics of coral habitats around Moonsom at the southern Cheju Island from September 1995 to July 1996. Annual mean temperature and annual mean salinity were $17.4^{\circ}C$ and 34.06 psu, respectively, showing lower temperature-higher salinity in winter and higher temperature-lower salinity in summer, which means such conditions are inadequate for coral reef formation. Nutrient concentrations represent that total nitrogen ranged from $0.07{\sim}10.08\;{\mu}M$, phosphate from $0.05{\sim}1.70\;{\mu}M$, and silicate from $3.08{\sim}21.86\;{\mu}M$. The N/P ratio showed the range of 9.59-10.60 with decreasing offshore-ward, which means the phytoplankton community could be limited by nitrogen sources. Annual mean euphotic depth was 32.0m (18.9m-48.6m) with difference according to season and reveals the close relationship with the depth of coral distribution. Chlorophyll a concentrations of phytoplankton ranged from $0.12{\sim}1.51\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and standing crops from $1.5{\times}10^3{\sim}7.0{\times}10^5\;cells\;L^{-1}$, showing higher at inshore than at offshore with a blooming in May. A total of 128 species of phytoplankton occurred in all stations, representing 99 spp. of diatoms, 26 spp. of dinoflagellates, 2 spp. of silicoflagellates and 1 sp. of blue-green algae. Diatoms are main taxa in all seasons except for occupying by dinoflagellates in summer. Among dominant species, fParalia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Lewin & Reimann were predominant and are likely to be main food sources for coral community. Annual mean species diversity index (H') was 1.84, showing lower than around the coast line of Cheju Island.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.681-692
• /
• 1996

The present study was conducted to isolate Babesia gibsoni by culture method of the microaerophilous stationary phase(MASP) and analyse the antigenic properties of the parasite by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The protozoan parasite Babesia gibsoni multiplied in canine erythrocytes in RPMI 1640 medium(pH7.0) containing 20 40% normal canine serum under the MASP condition of 5% CO2 and 95% air at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator. The levels of parasitaemia in the erythrocytes were shown more higher by exchanging the medium at 24 hours interval. Under the above condition of MASP, the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes(PPE) after incubation for 8 days increased about 14 times more than that in the initiation of the 1% infected canine erythrocyte culture. The parasites were purely isolated from the MASP culture of red blood cells collected from dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni naturally or artificially. Among the total of 36 canine(Pit-bullterier) blood samples the parasites were isolated from 17 cases(47.2%) in the MASP culture while the parasites were detected from 20 cases(56%) and 12 cases(33.3%), respectively, by indirect fluorescent antibody(IFA) test and direct light microscopy(DLM). On the other hand, Babesia gibsoni was isolated by MASP culture from 15 cases(75%) and 11 cases(92%) of positive cases of IFA and DLM, respectively. In the analysis of the erythrocytic merozoite(AEOM) antigen derived from infected dog approximately 11 antigenic bands in molecular weight of 130, 120, 97.4, 92, 80, 52, 50, 42, 36, 30 and 29 KDa were observed on SDS-PAGE. Antigenic bands in the endoerythrocytic merozoite(CEOM) antigen derived from infected erythrocyte (sediment) in MASP culture were much similar to those of AEOM bands. In the exoerythrocytic merozoite(CEEM) antigen derived from supernatant of the infected erythrocyte culture approximately 20 antigenic bands were observed and the molecular weight of the major bands among these were 140, 120, 114, 105, 96, 93, 92, 80, 60, 52, 50, 38, 36, 30, 24, 18.5 and 16 KDa. In the protein patterns of AEOM and CEOM antigen by immunoblot 15 bands were observed and these patterns were much similar between each other. The molecular weight of the major bands in the both antigens were 130, 120, 80, 60, 52, 50, 42, 30, 29, 18.5 and 16 KDa. Approximately 21 bands were observed in CEEM antigen and the molecular weight of the major bands were 140, 120, 96, 92, 85, 80, 76, 60, 52, 50, 37, 30, 24, 16 and 15 KDa. The specific antigenic bands in the artificially infected dogs were firstly observed at 3 weeks afrer inoculation of infected blood and these antigenic bands were maintained up to 18 months after inoculation. In the immunoblot of the sera of the splenectomized dogs the specific antigenic bands with the molecular weight of 93 KDa and 52 KDa, respectively, were observed weakly comparing to those of non-splenectomized dog. In immunoblot of the sera collected from the naturally infected dogs the antigenic bands were observed as same as those of artificially infected dogs while antigenic band of 29 KDa in some individual dog showed strongly. In comparison of immunoblot of the sera collected from dogs non-treated and treated with diminazene aceturate(7mg/kg, IM) after artificial infection no differences of antigenic bands were observed. In analysis of antigenic bands by digoxigenin glycan/protein double labeling, antigenic bands in the molecular weight of 106, 60 58, 36, 30 and 29 KDa were determined as glycoproteins.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2012

This study investigates the effect of ${\beta}$-glucans on the growth of Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparison was made among lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ${\beta}$-glucans extracted from Phellinus baumii, in the presence of peptidoglycans which is available as the major carbon source from OP50, a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. When the three sources of carbohydrate were added singularly or in mixture to the culture media, a significant level of variation was observed with respect to fecundity. Addition of ${\beta}$-glucans appeared to increase the fecundity. When ${\beta}$-glucans was reinforced in the culture media, the fecundity increased at least 20 percent compared to the OP50-only media which exclusively contains peptidoglycans. In terms of life span, C. elegans showed a modest reduction when treated especially with ${\beta}$-glucans. C. elegans accumulated less fat in the ${\beta}$-glucans containing media different from the OP50 media. Based on the Sudan black staining, fat deposition significantly decreased corresponding to the ${\beta}$-glucans content in the media. On LPS-supplemented media, no difference was observed in fat deposition compared to the normal OP50 media. At the level of motility, ${\beta}$-glucans-treated worms moved more distance as well as LPS-treated worm. They also showed a comparable degree of motility under similar treatment with each source of carbohydrate. In conclusion, LPS and ${\beta}$-glucans, extracted from P. baumii, may not entirely replace the food required for C. elegans; however, it might be utilized as valuable alternative food source which C. elegans use as forms of carbohydrates in stead of peptidoglycan of OP50.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2004

Classification of esophageal motility disorders not yet finalized and is still ongoing as the new disorders are reported, and the existing classification is changed or removed. In terms of radiology, the primary peristalsis does not exist, and the lower end of the esophagus show the smooth, tapered, beak-like appearance. The esophageal motility disorder, which mostly occurs in the smooth muscle area, show the symptoms of reduction or loss (hypomotility) or abnormal increase (hypermotility) of peristalsis of the esophagus. It is important to understand the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus for the appropriate radiological method and diagnosis. Furthermore, the symptom of the patient and the manometry finding must be closely referred for the radiological diagnosis. The lower esophageal sphincter can be normally functioning and open completely as the food moves lower. Sperandio M et al. argues that the name diffuse esophageal spasm must be changed to distal esophageal spasm (DES) as most of the spasm occurs in the distal esophagus, composed of the smooth muscle. According to Ott et al., usefulness of barium method for diagnosing the esophageal motility disorder is Achalasia 95%, DES 71% and NEMD 46%, with the overall sensitivity of 56%. However, excluding the nutcracker esophagus or nonspecific disorder which cannot be diagnosed with the radiological methods, the sensitivity increases to 89%. Using videofluoroscopy and 5 time swallows, the average sensitivity was over 90%. In conclusion, the barium method is a simple primary testing method for esophageal motility test. Using not only the image but also the videofluoroscopy with good knowledge of the anatomy and physiology, it is believed that the method will yield the accurate diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 1982

This study was conducted to determine the interrelationship between the weight of various visceral organs and the live weight of Korean native cattle with particular regard to female ones. One hundred and eighty-five of 2 to 6 years and one hundred and fifty-six Korean native cow of over 7 years of age were examined at the Busan slaughter house during the lest quarter of 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average live weight of 72 years old cows examined was 297.09kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4301.09, 2165.22, 1355.43, 346.74, 350 and 991.30g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 49.0, 12.92 and 2.95cm, respectively. 2. The average live weight of 3 years old cows examined was 306.56kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4099.07, 2144.44, 1383.33, 326.85, 325.93 and 964.82g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 43.3, 12.37 and 2.80cm, respectively. 3. The average live weight of 4 years old cows examined was 314.67kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4186.67, 2292.50, 1392.50, 346.67, 343.33 and 932.50g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 47.01, 12.55 and 3.08cm, respectively. 4. The average live weight of 5 years old cows examined was 328.90kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, hearts left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4465.32, 2394.35, 1493.55, 370.16, 335.97 and 997.58g, respectively, The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 49.17, 12.76 and 3.16cm, respectively. 5. The average live weight of 6 years old cows examined was 334.97kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4585.29, 2552.79, 1555.89, 364.70, 373.24 and 985.29g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 48.27, 12.66 and 2.78cm, respectively. 6. The average live weight of 156 cows (over 7 years of age) examined was 344.91kg, while these weight of visceral organs such as liver, lung, heart, left kidney, right kidney and spleen being 4730.77, 2651.44, 1554.39, 407.37, 409.42 and 1101.06g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 51.04, 13.21 and 3.08cm, respectively. 7. Total average live weight of 341 cows (from 2 to 6 and over 7 years of age) examined was 332.44kg, while these weight of visceral organs being 4550.95, 2497.13, 1500.76, 380.18, 382.27 and 1047.98g, respectively. The length, width and thickness of the spleen were 52.01, 12.96 and 3.02cm, respectively. 8. The correlation coefficients between the live weight of 341 cows and their visceral organs were found to be highly significant (P<0.01), except fort for the length of spleen

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.152-164
• /
• 1994

In Nai-Gyung(內經), it is said that In-Yeong(人迎) means In- Yeong Maek(人迎脈), Gi-Gu m- eans Tson-Gu(寸口) or Maek- Gu(脈口), In-yeong, artery in the side of neck, is located before Yeong-Geun(瓔筋), called as Jok-Yang-Myung-Maek(足陽明脈),so the part of In-Yeong-Maek means In-Yeong-Hyul(人迎穴) of Jok-Yang-Myung- Wi-Gyung(足陽明胃經) showing the artery in the side of neck. The part of Tson-Gu-Maek is that of artery in Yo-Gol(橈骨), beating source of Soo-Tae-Eum-Maek (手太陰脈) Of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, In-Yeong-Maek mainly consists of Yang(陽), Gi-Gu-Maek of Eum(陰), so In-Yeung means physical disease, short of extra Eum component. They said that if In-Yeong-Maek was more than Gi-Gu-Maek, it meant physical injury, while Gi-Gu-Maek was more than In- Yeo-ng-Maek, it meant internal injury. In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek is the one to distinguish the external and internal, the inside and outside, Eum and Yang, but there is no definite classification method to distinguish it, also it is difficult to grasp the comparison of 1sung(1盛), 2sung(2盛), 3sung(3盛), interrelation with 12-Gyung-Rak(l2經絡), change of maek phases, so necessary to set up the clear definition for In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek. For the two theories as to In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek according to Nai-Gyung, the one is to diagnose the maek by comparing the In-Yeong-Hyul with Tson-Gu of Soo-Tae-Eum-Maek as Gi-Gu in the both sides of neck part, he other is to divide the left and right of Gi-Gu-Maek in to In-Yeong and Gi-Gu afterwards, but today it is difficult to compare and explain the medical theory afterwards owing to insufficient consideration of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek at Nai-Gyung. The diagnosis of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek at Nai-Gyung to distinguish the surplus and shortage of Eum and Yang up to now since Nai-Gyung has so important and diagnostic value as to grasp the exact meaning. Herewith, this researcher com-pared Nai-Gyung and medical theory afterwards, reported it to consider the fixed position and changing process of viscera and entrails arrangement of literatures introducing In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, examining the change of maek phases for normal maek and a-bnormal maek of In-Yeong-Gi-Gu-Maek, considering the 1 sung, 2 sung, 3 sung maek phases in In-Yeong-Gi- Gu-Maek. According to the above results, the conclusion was reached as follows. 1. In-Yeong as the outside indicates external disease(外感), showing the surplus and shortage of Yang symptom by having Boo-Maek(浮脈) as Py-ung-Maek(平脈), Gi-Gu as the inside indicates internal disease(內傷), showing the surplus and shortage of Eum symptom by having Chim-Maek(沈脈) as P-yung-Maek(平脈). 2. In Pyung-Maek of In- Yeong-Maek as Boo-Maek, g-radual sinking of more floated changing maek because of disease means the improvement of di-sease, in Pyung-Maek of Gi- Gu-Maek as Chim- Maek, gradual floating of more sunken changing maek because of disease means the improvement of disease. 3. They said that disease of Jok-Gyung-Rak(足經絡) is cha-nged to that of Soo-Kyung-Rak(手經絡) when Jo-Maek(躁脈) appears whether In-Yeong-Maek or Gi-Gu-Maek 4. With the exemples of 1 sung 2 sung 3 sung it was porned with the relation of Pyo-Ri-Soo-Jok(表裏手足). Therfore I can guess that this fact is a moment explained the Bu-You-Sa-Kyung(部有四經) mentioned in Nan-Gyung-18-Nan(難經 第18難). 5. I think that In-Yeong and Gi-Gu, as a diagnosis method which distinguish between the inside indicates internal disease and the outside indicates external disease, is required to study further researches.