• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2019

쏘일네일링 벽체의 설계기법은 허용응력설계법에서 한계상태설계법으로 변화하고 있으며, 현재 대부분의 국가에서는 한계상태설계법을 적용하나 한국과 홍콩 등에서는 아직까지 허용응력설계법을 주로 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 네 가지 대표적인 쏘일네일링 벽체의 설계기법인 미국의 FHWA(2015), 프랑스의 Clouterre(1991), 영국의 CIRIA(2005), 홍콩의 Geoguide 7(2008)과 국내기준인 비탈면 보강공법 설계기준(KDS 11 70 15 : 2016)의 비교를 수행하여, 현재 실무에 적용되고 있는 설계지침의 적정성을 고찰하였다. 각 기준들에 의한 설계결과의 비교를 위해 영국 CIRIA에 제시된 표준단면 및 현장재하시험이 수행된 쏘일네일링 벽체단면을 대상으로 분석을 시행하였으며, 각 설계기법의 보수적인 정도를 알 수 있는 지표인 CDR(Capacity-to-Demand Ratio)을 이용하여 국외 설계기준들과 국내기준의 차이를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, CIRIA 표준단면의 경우 국내기준에 의한 안정성 검토 방법이 가장 보수적(CDR=0.78)이며, 프랑스의 Clouterre(CDR=0.99, 1.09), 홍콩의 Geoguide 7(CDR=1.13, 0.97), 미국의 FHWA(CDR=1.09, 1.07) 및 영국의 CIRIA(CDR=1.40, 1.16)의 순서인 것으로 분석되었다. 한편, 현장재하시험이 시행된 쏘일네일링 벽체에 대한 검토결과는 홍콩의 Geoguide 7(CDR=0.66, 0.72)와 미국의 FHWA(CDR=0.73, 0.72) 순서가 바뀌었을 뿐 나머지는 동일한 결과를 보였다. 또한, 두 가지 case 동일하게 미국의 FHWA, 프랑스의 Clouterre와 홍콩의 Geoguide 7는 차이가 미미하나, 국내기준은 안정측설계의 경향이 크고 영국의 CIRIA는 경우에 따라 불안정측 설계의 경향이 큰 것으로 분석되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.97-119
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• 1991

본 실험은 육계에서 생균제 Streptococcus faecium C-68(SF)과 항생제 colistin (Col)의 단독 또는 혼합 급여가 증체율과 장내 세균총 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 암수 동수의 초생추 252수를 공시하여 Col과 SF를 첨가하지 않은 기초사료구(대조구), 기초사료＋Col 10ppm첨가구, SF 0.04%구, SF 0.04%＋col 10ppm구, SF 0.08%구, SF 0.08%＋col 10ppm구 등 6개 처리구를 두었다. SF 0.04%구와 SF 0.08%구의 Streptococcus faecium 생균수는 사료 g당 각각 7$\times$10난, 1.4$\times$10개가 되도록 하였고, 사료는 옥수수와 대두학을 주원료로 하여 7주간 급여하였다. 사양실험이 진행되는 동안 처리구별로 분내 세균총의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 매주 말 신선한 분을 사료로 무균적으로 채취하여 조사하였고, 장내 세균총의 변화를 조사하기 위해 4주와 7주말에 처리당 9수씩 희생시켜 대장부분의 내용물을 채취하여 세균총의 분포를 조사하였다. 각 처리구 실험사료의 영양소 이용률을 조사하기 위하여 3주와 6주말 전분 채취법에 의하여 대사실험을 실시하였고, 7주말 각 처리구 별로 9수씩 희생시켜 소장의 길이와 무게를 측정하였다. 평균 증체량은 SF 0.08%(2.37kg)와 SF 0.08%＋col (2.34kg)을 첨가한 처리구가 대조구(2.18kg)보다 유의적으로 높았으나 (P＜0.05), 다른 처리구의 증체량은 대조구에 비하여 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 사료요구율은 SF 0.04%구를 제외한 모든 첨가구들이 대조구보다 더 개선되었고(P＜0.05), 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, 총 탄수화물 등과 같은 영양소의 소화율은 전 기간 내내 SF나 Col의 첨가에 의한 변화를 볼 수 없었다. 예상했던 대로 SF첨가구의 분 중 Streptococci는 유의성 있게 증가되었는데 SF 0.04%구와 SF 0.08%구, SF 0.08%＋col구에서는 통계적인 유의성이 인정되었다(P＜0.05). 그러나 colistin의 단독첨가에 의한 Streptococci의 변화는 볼 수 없었고 Col과 SF와의 혼합 첨가구에서도 Col첨가가 Streptococci수의 변화에 미치는 영향은 볼 수 없었다. 분 중의 coliforms수는 SF와 Col의 첨가된 사료의 급여에 의해 현저히 감소되었다(P＜0.05) 그러나 SF와 Col의 혼용효과는 관찰할 수 없었다. 장내 세균총의 분포 변화도 분중의 세인총 변화와 같은 양식을 나타냈다. 소장의 길이는 SF 0.08%구와 SF 0.08%＋col 10ppm구에서 SF를 급여하지 않은 처리구보다 10%정도 유의하게 긴 것으로 나타났다(P＜0.05). 그러나 소장의 무게(empty weight)는 대조구에 비하여 SF 0.08%구와 SF 0.08%＋col구에서 가벼워졌고, Col과 SF를 단독 또는 혼용 급여한 모든 처리구의 단위길이 당 소장무게는 유의성 있게 감소된 것을 볼 수 있었다(P＜0.05). 전체적인 결과를 볼 때 SF가 0.08%첨가된 구에서 육계의 증체량 개선효과가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 10ppm의 colistin첨가는 SF와 혼용했을 때나 10ppm 그 자체만으로는 육계의 증체효과 또는 양내 세란총 변화의 관점에서 볼 때 유익하지 못했고, SF와 Col은 소장의 벽 두께를 않게 변화시키는 효능이 있다고 추측된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제7권
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• pp.105-117
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• 1966

acaricide로 알려진 phthalimidomethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioat (Imidan)을 수도(水稻)에 살포(撒布)했을 때 Imidan과 그 대사물질(代謝物質)이 식물(植物)의 생육(生育)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하기 위하여 본(本) 실험(實驗)을 하였으며 이의 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)해 보면 다음과 같다. (1) Imian의 대사물질(代謝物質)로 예상(豫想)되는 다음의 8가지 화합물(化合物)을 합성(合成) 또는 정제(精製)하여 공시약제(供試藥劑)로 사용(使用)하였다. (a) N-Hydroxy methyl phthalimide (b) Phalimide (c) Phthalamdic acid (d) Phthalic acid (e) Anthranilic acid (f) p-amino benzoic acid (g) p-hydroxu benzoic acid (h) Benzoic acid (2) 상기(上記) 물질중(物質中)에서 (a),(c),(d),(e)와 Imidan의 각(各) 10 ppm과 20 ppm 의 Buffer Solution 을 만들어 밀 종자(種子)를 가지고 coleoptile straight growth test를 해 본 결과(結果) Imidan 은 10 ppm 과 20 ppm에서 모두 control 보다 생장(生長)의 촉진효과(促進?果)를 보였으며 기중(其中) phthalamidic acid 10 ppm 이 가장 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. 이것으로 보아 Imidan 자체(自體)는 생장(生長) 억제(抑制)의 효과(?果)를f 보이나 이것이 일단(一但) 생체내(生體內)에서 가수분해(加水分解)를 비롯한 각종(各種) 대사작용(代謝作用)을 받으면 그 대사산물(代謝産物)이 식물생장(植物生長)을 촉진(促進)하는 효과(?果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 1, Fig. 1 참조(參照)) (3) xylene을 용매(溶媒)로 하여 Imidan 유제(乳劑)를 만들고 이것을 희석(稀釋)하여 20 ppm, 100 ppm 및 200 ppm 의 각(各) 농도(濃度) 유화액(乳化液)을 조제(調製)한 후 이것을 배지(培地)로 하여 수도종자(水稻種子)를 발아(發芽)시킨 후 12 일(日)에 shoot와 root의 길이를 측정(測定)하였다. 이의 결과(結果)를 보면 root는 Imidan 20 ppm에서, shoot 는 Imidan 100 ppm에서 모두 xylene만의 유제구(乳劑區)인 control 보다 좋은 효과(?果)를 보였으며 여기에서 흥미(興味)있는 것은 용매(溶媒)로 사용(使用)된 xylene은 수도종자(水稻種子) 뿌리의 발육(發育)에 심(甚)한 억제효과(抑制效果)를 보이는 것 같다. (Table 2, Table 5 참조(參照)) (4) 벼를 pot에 심고 2회(回)에 걸쳐 control, Imidan, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide, anthranilic acid 및 phthalimide의 10, 25, 50, 100 ppm 농도(濃度)의 각(各) 유제(乳劑)를 살포하고 일정기간후(一定期間後) 생육상(生育相)을 조사(調査)하였더니 Imidan 구(區)와 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide 구(區)가 control 보다 좋은 성적(成績)을 보였다. (5) Imidan 250 ppm 유제(乳劑)를 수도엽면(水稻葉面)에 살포(撒布)하고 3 일(日), 5 일(日), 7 일(日) 및 14일후(日後)에 일정량(一定量)의 엽경(葉莖)을 채취(採取)하여 acetone으로 추출(抽出)k고 acetonitrile을 가지고 prechromatographic piriication 을 거쳐 paper chromatography에 의(依)하여 다음과 같은 대사물질(代謝物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. Imidan $(Rf:\;0.97{\sim}0.98)$, N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide (Rf: 0.87), phthalimide $(Rf:\;0.86{\sim}0.87)$, phthalamidic acid $(Rf:\;0.13{\sim}0.14)$, phthalic acid $(Rf:\;0.02{\sim}0.03)$, benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.42{\sim}0.43)$ 및 p-amino benzoic acid 또는 p-hydroxy benzoic acid $(Rf:\;0.08{\sim}0.09)$와 Rf=0.73, 0.59, 0.33, 0.23, 0.07의 미지물질(未知物質)을 검출(檢出)하였다. 또한 3일(日), 5일(日) 등(等) 초기(初期)에서는 미분해(未分解)의 Imidan과 최초(最初)의 가수분해(加水分解) 산물(産物)인 N-hydroxy methyl phthalimide등(等)이 비교적(比較的) 다량(多量)으로 검출(檢出)되었으나 7일(日), 14일(日) 등(等) 후기(後期)에는 생체내(生體內)에서 더 많은 분해(分解)를 받아 상기(上記) 이성분(二成分)은 양(量)이 감소(減少)되고 phthalic acid, phthalamidic acid benzoic acid 및 p-hydroxy benzoic acid 또는 p-amino benzoic acid등(等)의 양(量)이 증가(增加)되는 것을 볼 수있었으며 도체상(稻體上)에 살포(撒布)된 Imidan 은 체내(體內)에 흡수(吸收)되어 14일(日)이 경과(經過)되면 대부분(大部分)이 분해(分解)를 받는 것으로 보여진다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 Imidan은 자체(自體)로서는 식물생장(植物生長) 촉진작용(促進作用)이 없으나 식물체내(植物體內)에서 여러 가지 대사작용(代謝作用)(enzyme의 작용(作用))을 맡아서 각종(各種) phthaloyl 영향(影響)을 주는 것으로 생각(生覺)된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.83-108
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• 1984

Out of a total of 58 species of helminthic and protozoan parasitic infections in Korea, so far 38 species were reported as intestinal parasites of man. Quite a few species of the intestinal parasitic infections have long been prevalent throughout the country and this has been a significant public health problem. In this paper, current status and transition of the intestinal parasitic infections in the past years were presented. Chronological reviewing of data show background and prospects of change in the prevalence of infections. In the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections conducted once every five years since 1971, stool examinations were done by both cellophane thick smear and brine flotation techniques. Every egg positive case of Ascaris lumbricoides and Clonorchis sinensis was further examined by Stoll's dilution egg counting technique. In 1981, perianal swab using adhesive cellulose tape was added for Enterobius infection. For protozoan cyst examination conducted by province and city in '81, fecal specimens were fixed in SAF solution and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. High prevalence of parasitic infection in ana before the 1960s can be easily understood from the data given by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in 1967. From a parasite control point of view, the 1960s was the preparatory period particularly for control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Several organizations which have contributed to parasite control were founded in this period and the prevention law of parasitic infections was passed in '66. In the '70s, overall prevalence rates of the common intestinal parasitic infections, which were highly prevalent in the past were turned into reduction phase for the first time. The '80s can be said to be an active control period of parasitic infections. Intestinal helminths According to the reports of the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections, the prevalence of helminthic infections was 84.3%(number of person examined:24,887) in '71, 63.2%(27,178) in '76, and 41.1%(35,018) in '81. By area, the prevalence rate in '81 was 35.1%(20,569) in urban areas and 49.6%(14,447) in rural areas. Intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides The prevalence of Ascaris infection has decreased significantly in recent years. Among students, the prevalence was 55.4%, in '69 and decreased to 4.7% in '83. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence decreased to 13.0% in '81 from 54.9% in '71. By area, the prevalence decreased to 8.5% in '81 from 46.4% in '71 in urban area and 19.4% in '81 from 59.6% in '71 in rural area. By age, the prevalence has become in recent years relatively even in all age groups, although higher prevalence used to be seen in young age groups of around 10 years old, particulary in the highly prevalent rural areas. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Unfertilized egg positive rates among the ascariasis cases increased gradually up to 55.4% on the average in '81. The intensity of the infection was also significantly decreased. Trichuris trichiura Trichuris infection had also decreased to 23.4% in '81 from 65.4% in '71. By area, the decreasing tendency of the prevalence became faster in urban areas than in the rural areas. The prevalence in urban and rural areas in '71 was 69.7%, and 63.1% respectively and decreased to 19.5% and 29.0% respectively in '81. By age, the prevalence reached a peak at the 10-14 age group and showed relatively even distribution throughout all age groups. By sex, the prevalence was close in young age groups, but in the 30s or over age group, especially in rural area, the prevalence was significantly higher in the female than in the male. The prevalence has much fluctuated depending in the area. The prevalence in rural areas surveyed in the '80s shows a range between 20.9% and 73.7% by locality. It is anticipated that the prevalence of Trichuris infection will drop more rapidly, when mass treatment is conducted. Hookworms Hookworm infection by mostly Ancylostoma duodenale and a few by Necator americanus has decreased to a negligible levels in recent years. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 10.7% in '71, 2.2% in '76, and 0.5% in '81. The prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Wide application of multi-specific anthelminthics in the ascariasis control programmes conducted in the past decade appear to have been effective against hookworm infection. Trichostrongylus orientalis As in the case with hookworm infection, the prevalence of Trichostrongylus infection has reached a negligible levels. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 7.7% in '71, 1.0% in '76 and 0.2% in '81. Enterobius vermicularis In the national prevalence survey in '81, the egg positive rate was 12.0%. Higher prevalence is expected when examined repeatedly. The prevalence rate was 10.3% in urban area and 14.6% in rural area. In recent surveys conducted in rural areas among schoolchildren, the prevalence was 32.4% in Gimhae Gun in '82 and 64.1% in Yeongyang Gun in '83. By age, the egg positive rate was higher in young age groups of around 10 and sharply decreased in age groups of around 20 and then somewhat increased again in middle age groups. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloides stercoralis infection has rarely been found in Korea. Three cases were reported in 1914. And 0.1-0.5% were found infected out of 2,642 persons examined at the prisoner-of-war camp on Geojedo in 1956. One case was reported in '54 and '82, respectively. Anisakis spp. No systematic survey has been conducted for anisakiasis In Korea. So far, only several cases have been found 1 case in Seoul in '71, 5 cases in Busan in '81 and 1 case in Busan in '84. Intestinal trematodes Metagonimus yokogawai In the national prevalence survey conducted in 1981, the egg positive rate was 1.24% on the average. High endemic areas are located in the southwestern part of Korea. The prevalence in Hadong Gun was 29.1% on the average in '79. In a survey conducted in 76, the prevalence was 44.0% in Gwangyang, 55.0% in Gogseung and 29.0% in Gurye. The infection is closely correlated with raw sweetfish consumption in these areas. Other intestinal trematodes A human case of Heterophyes heterophyes was reported in 1914. Several species were reported in the '80s : 17 cases of Fibricola seoulensis, 9 cases of Pygidiopsis summa, 8 cases of Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, 1case of Heterophyopsis continua, 2 cases of Stellantchasmus falcatus, 1 case of Stictodora sp., 1 case of Echinostoma hortense, and 4 cases of Echinochasmus japonicus. As the intermediate hosts, snakes and frogs play a role for F.seoulensis and fish for the rest of the species. Intestinal cestodes Taenia saginata and T. solium Egg positive rates in the national prevalence survey were 0.7% in '76 and 1.1% in '81. The prevalence in '81 was 0.6% in urban area and 1.8% in rural area. The proglottid positive rate in Jeju Do was 19.2% on the average. On Udo, Jeju Do in 1983, the egg positive rate among the inhabitants was 2.9%. Hymenolepis nana In the national prevalence survey, egg positive rates were 0.6% in '76 and 0.4% in '81. No difference was seen in the prevalence by area and sex. Hymenolepis diminuta Infected cases were reported : 3 in '64 and I in '66. Egg positive rate in '81 was 0.01% in the national prevalence survey. Diphylobothrium latum So far, about 30 cases have been reported. The cases have been reported more frequently in recent surveys. Mesocestoides sp. A case was reported from a hospitalized patient in Seoul in '67. Spirometra erinacei Two cases were reported in '84 following reidentification of the adult worms collected in '74. Intestinal protozoa Out of a total of 23 species of human protozoan infections in Korea, 13 species were reported as intestinal protozoa : Entamoeba histolytica, E coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba b$\ddot{u}$tschlii, Dientamoeba fragilis, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnilii, Embadomonas sp., Enteromonas hominis, Trichomonas hominis, Isospora belli, I. Hominis(Sarcocystis hominis), and Balantidium coli. Since the first report on intestinal protozoan infections in 1925, there have been quite a few survey data on the prevalence of the infection. It was found reviewing the data chronologically that up to the early '70s the infection was prevalent around a 30-50%. After that, the protozoan cyst positive rate has shown the tendency of gradual decrease throughout the country. Protozoan cyst survey conducted in Seoul and several provinces in 1981 revealed infection rates of 8.9%(1,310) in Gangweondo, 10.7%(1,703) in Gyenggi Do, 11.7%(1,032) in Jeonra Buk Do, 9.1%(4,116) in Jeonra Nam Do, and 1.4%(5,275) in Seoul. Entamoeba histolytica In the survey conducted by province in '81, the cyst positive rate was 0.8% in Gangweon-do, 0.3% in Gyeonggi Do, 1.4% in both Jeonra Buk Do and Jeonra Nam Do, and 0.2% in Seoul. Giardia lamblia In the survey by province in '81, cyst positive rates were 2.2% in both Gyeonggi Do and Jeonra Buk Do, 1.9% in Jeonra Nam Do, 0.5% in Gangweon Do, and 0.9% in Seoul. Balantidium coli Two cases were reported. One in 1930 and the other in '74. Isospora belli and I. Hominis(Sarcocystis hominis) Isospora belli was reported : 1 case in '56 and 3 cases in '66. I. Hominis, recently identified to be synonymous with Sarcocystis hominis, was reported : 3 cases in '66. Other intestinal protozoa The protozoan parasites other than the above mentioned are generally treated as commensal, although some of them are considered to be pathogenic. The data of '81 show that about 10% of the inhabitants are still infected with protozoa.

• 심성연구
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.184-254
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• 2022

본 논문을 통해 한국 민담 '주인집을 망하게 한 하인'의 심리학적 의미를 고찰하였다. 민담 속 주인과 하인의 대립은 보편적인 인간 정신의 문제로, 경화된 기존의 집단적 의식과 이를 보상하고 갱신하려는 새로운 의식의 대립으로 볼 수 있다. 다른 각도에서 설명해보자면 인간의 정신적인 측면과 본능적인 측면 사이의 혹은 의식과 무의식 사이의 대립이며, 자아와 그림자 사이의 대립이라고도 할 수 있다. 민담 속 주인은 애먹이는 막내 하인을 없애버리려 여러 차례 시도하지만, 하인은 꾀와 속임수를 써서 주인으로부터 음식과 말(馬), 막내 누이, 전 재산, 마침내 목숨까지 빼앗아 버리고, 이야기는 막내 하인과 막내 누이의 혼인 생활로 끝을 맺는다. 주인이 죽고 하인이 새로운 주인이 되는 대극반전(enantiodromia)은 낡은 집단적 의식이 파괴되고 집단적 무의식으로부터 올라온 새로운 의식이 지배적 위치에 서게 되는 것으로, 개인의 심리적 상황에서는 기존의 자아의 태도가 해소되고 새로운 태도로 변환되는 것으로 이해해볼 수 있다. 이야기의 중간 과정에서 하인은 그를 죽이려고 주인이 써준 등편지를 순박한 사람들을 이용해 새롭게 바꿔 써서 막내 누이와 혼인한다. 이 모습은 집단적 의식의 도덕관념에서는 부정적으로 이해될 수 있으나, 아낙네, 꿀장수, 배고픈 중으로 상징되는 조선 시대 집단적 의식에서 무시되어오던 정신요소를 통합하는 과정으로 볼 수 있다. 하인으로 대변되는 새로운 의식성은 기존의 틀에 구속받지 않는 트릭스터적 특성을 갖기에 집단적 의식에서 무시되어온 정신적 내용을 통합하여 조선 후기 집단적 의식에 대한 보상과 대안으로서 제시하는 요소라고 할 수 있다. 주인은 다시 하인을 죽이려고 하인을 가죽 부대에 넣어 나무에 매다는데, 가죽 부대 속에 들어가 매달렸더니 눈을 떴다는 하인의 속임수에 넘어간 소경이 대신 매달려 죽고 하인은 달아나게 된다. 주인과 하인의 대극 문제가 마침내 나무로 상징되는 전체 정신(Self)에 맡겨지자 소경이 제거되는 것은 트릭스터에 포함되어있는 맹목성, 어리석음, 탐욕적 요소를 구분하고 정화하려는 자기(Self)의 의도로 이해해볼 수 있다. 이런 과정들을 거쳐 집단적 의식의 새로운 변화 혹은 새로운 자아의 태도를 상징하는 하인은 기존의 문제들을 해결하고 주인의 자리에 서게 된다. 그러나 꾀 많은 하인의 활약상을 들으며 청중들은 유쾌함과 해방감을 느끼는 한편, 소경이 대신 죽고 주인집 식구가 몰살되고 하인이 주인이 되는 부분에서는 하인의 위험성과 통제 불가능에 대한 우려와 두려움의 감정을 경험하기도 한다. 해외 유화들에 등장하는 트릭스터들 역시 철저히 이기적이고 오직 욕구를 채우고 위험에서 빠져나가기 위해 무고한 존재들을 속이거나 죽게 만드는데, 이들 트릭스터를 처단하거나 교화하려는 노력은 허사로 돌아가고 그들은 달아나버린다. 그러므로 본 민담 역시 이런 원형적 그림자가 매우 위험하다는 것, 그리고 의식이 통제하거나 의식에 동화될 수 없다는 것을 알게 해주고, 그것을 외경하고 관조하도록 하는 목적 의미도 있다고 볼 수 있다. 트릭스터는 기존의 구조와 질서가 경화되었을 때 보상작용으로서 무의식으로부터 올라오는 재생시키는(revivifying) 자연 에너지의 비합리적 발현 양상이다. 그 현상은 기존의 집단적 정신의 입장에서는 파괴적이고 비도덕적일 수 있으나, 도덕적으로 규정할 수 없는 보다 근원적 정신인 집단적 무의식의 기능이라고 보아야 한다. 트릭스터 원형상으로 볼 수 있는 하인은 변환을 가져오는 존재로 파괴성과 창조성이라는 양면성과 모순성을 지니고 있다. 본 민담의 유화들의 결말은 여러 갈래인데 이는 트릭스터의 양면성으로 인해 청중의 마음 반응이 그만큼 다양하다는 것을 반영하며, 트릭스터 문제에 대한 무의식의 다양한 반응을 제시하는 것이기도 하다. 또한 트릭스터란 그만큼 결론이 안 나고 논란을 일으키는 모순덩어리 존재로 의식적 합리적 태도로 통제할 수 없다는 것, 우리 안의 트릭스터 원형에 대해 진지하게 관조할 수 있을 뿐이라는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2011

영상장치를 이용한 검사 시 영상의 질은 검사결과와 밀접하게 연관되어 있으며, 이는 영상획득 조건들과 이에 대한 평가방법으로 인해 달라 질 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 영상획득 시 사전설정법(Pre-set method)차이에 따른 영상의 질을 평가하였다. 장비는 PET/CT Discovery STe16(GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA)을 사용하였으며, Chest PET Phantom (실험 1)과 94 NEMA Phantom (실험 2)을 이용하였다. 실험 1의 경우 3.5, 6.0, 8.6 kBq/mL, 실험 2의 경우는 3.3, 5.5, 7.7, 9.9, 12.1, 16.5 kBq/mL의 $^{18}F$-FDG를 채웠고, 열소와 배후방사능과의 방사능 농도는 4:1의 비율을 유지하였다. 각 실험은 CT 투과촬영 후 3D로 2분 30초/프레임으로 시간설정법(Time-set method)과 1억 계수의 계수설정법 (Count-set method)을 적용하여 방출촬영 하였다. 영상의 질에 대한 평가는 잡음 등가 계수율 (Noise Equivalent Count Rate, NECR)과 신호 대 잡음비 (Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR)를 이용하였다. 실험 1에서 NECR과 SNR은 방사능 농도의 증가에 따라 시간설정법에서 53.7, 66.9, 91.4 과 7.9, 10.0, 11.7로 평가 모두에서 증가함을 보였으나, 계수설정법은 53.8, 69.1, 97.8과 14.1, 14.7, 14.4로 SNR은 NECR과 다르게 증감현상을 보이지 않았다. 또 다른 모형실험인 실험 2에서도 NECR과 SNR은 방사능 농도가 증가에 따라 시간설정법에서 45.1, 70.6, 95.3 115.6 134.6 162.2 과 7.1, 8.8, 10.6, 11.5, 12.7, 14.0으로 증가함을 보였으나, 계수설정법에서는 42.1 67.3 92.1 112.2 130.7 158.7 과 15.2, 15.9, 15.6, 15.4, 15.5, 14.9로 실험 1에서와 마찬가지로 SNR에서는 증감현상을 보이지 않았다. 사전설정법 변화와 관계없이 단위 질량당 방사능량 증가는 영상의 질도 비례하여 향상된다. 그러나 동일한 단위 질량당 방사능량에서는 영상획득의 시간을 늘려 총계수값을 증가시켜도 NECR에 영향을 주지는 않는다. 이는 NECR을 이용한 영상 질 평가는 영상획득 시 얻은 총 계수 값보다는 단위 시간당의 계수율이 영향을 준다는 것을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 실험 모두에서 계수설정법으로 얻은 경우에는 단위 질량당 방사능량의 증가에도 불구하고 거의 비슷한 SNR값을 보이게 된다. 따라서 좋은 질의 영상을 얻기 위해서는 총 계수값의 증가보다는 단위질량당 방사능량을 높여야 하며, SNR만을 이용한 영상의 질에 대한 평가는 적절하지 않을 수 있다는 점을 고려하여야 한다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-108
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• 2017

최근 알파고의 등장으로 딥러닝 기술에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 딥러닝은 향후 미래의 핵심 기술이 되어 일상생활의 많은 부분을 개선할 것이라는 기대를 받고 있지만, 주요한 성과들이 이미지 인식과 자연어처리 등에 국한되어 있고 전통적인 비즈니스 애널리틱스 문제에의 활용은 미비한 실정이다. 실제로 딥러닝 기술은 Convolutional Neural Network(CNN), Recurrent Neural Network(RNN), Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM) 등 알고리즘들의 선택, Dropout 기법의 활용여부, 활성 함수의 선정 등 다양한 네트워크 설계 이슈들을 가지고 있다. 따라서 비즈니스 문제에서의 딥러닝 알고리즘 활용은 아직 탐구가 필요한 영역으로 남아있으며, 특히 딥러닝을 현실에 적용했을 때 발생할 수 있는 여러 가지 문제들은 미지수이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 다이렉트 마케팅 응답모델, 고객이탈분석, 대출 위험 분석 등의 주요한 분류 문제인 이진분류에 딥러닝을 적용할 수 있을 것인지 그 가능성을 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 실험에는 어느 포르투갈 은행의 텔레마케팅 응답여부에 대한 데이터 집합을 사용하였으며, 전통적인 인공신경망인 Multi-Layer Perceptron, 딥러닝 알고리즘인 CNN과 RNN을 변형한 Long Short-Term Memory, 딥러닝 모형에 많이 활용되는 Dropout 기법 등을 이진 분류 문제에 활용했을 때의 성능을 비교하였다. 실험을 수행한 결과 CNN 알고리즘은 비즈니스 데이터의 이진분류 문제에서도 MLP 모형에 비해 향상된 성능을 보였다. 또한 MLP와 CNN 모두 Dropout을 적용한 모형이 적용하지 않은 모형보다 더 좋은 분류 성능을 보여줌에 따라, Dropout을 적용한 CNN 알고리즘이 이진분류 문제에도 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2010

PET/CT 기기의 설치가 증가함에 따라 PET/CT 검사 시감쇄 보정을 위한 CT 검사 역시 증가하여 검사 과정에서 피폭 선량이 증가 되고 있어 의료 피폭의 저감 대책을 포함한 방사선 안전 관리의 체계적인 구축이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 PET/CT 검사에서의 환자 선량 데이터베이스를 구축하여 환자 선량 저감을 위한 초석을 세우기 위해 CT 선량 측정 프로그램을 사용하여 CT를 사용한 투과 스캔 시 환자가 받는 CT의 예측 유효 선량을 비교 분석하였다. BIO40, BIO16, DSTe8 에서 $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT 검사를 시행한 180명을 대상으로 하였다. 각 기기 별로 남, 여 30명씩 선량의 평균을 분석하였다. 자동 노출 제어 시스템으로 선량 조절 시 가장 큰 영향을 줄 수 있는 환자의 체중 별로 50 kg미만, 50-60 kg 미만, 60 kg 이상 세 집단으로 나누어 선량의 평균을 분석하였다. CT-Expo v1.7과 ImPACT v1.0을 사용하여 선량 측정을 한 값을 비교 분석하고 체중과 유효 선량의 상관관계를 분석하였다. BIO40에서 검사한 환자의 유효 선량을 CT-Expo v1.7과 ImPACT v1.0을 사용하여 예측하였을 때, 남자 환자 30명은 각각 $6.46{\pm}1.18$ mSv, $6.54{\pm}1.21$ mSv, 여자 환자 30명은 각각 $6.29{\pm}0.97$ mSv, $5.87{\pm}1.09$ mSv 이었다. BIO16 에서 검사한 환자의 유효 선량은 남자 환자 30명은 각각 $9.36{\pm}1.96$ mSv, $8.36{\pm}1.69$ mSv 여자 환자 30명은 각각 $10.02{\pm}2.42$ mSv, $8.43{\pm}1.89$ mSv 이었다. DSTe8에서 검사한 환자의 유효 선량은 남자 환자 30명은 각각 $9.36{\pm}1.96$ mSv, $9.74{\pm}2.55$ mSv, 여자 환자 30명은 각각 $9.05{\pm}2.27$ mSv, $9.19{\pm}2.29$ mSv 이었다. 각 기기에서 검사를 시행한 환자의 체중에 따른 환자의 선량을 비교하기 위해, BIO40에서 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하여 50 kg 미만, 50~60 kg 미만, 60 kg 이상으로 체중별로 세 개의 집단으로 나누어 환자 선량을 측정하였다. CT-expo v1.7로 측정을 하였을 때 각각 $6.05{\pm}1.77$ mSv, $6.18{\pm}1.05$ mSv, $6.80{\pm}1.06$ mSv이었고 ImPACT v1.0으로 측정했을 때 각각 $5.06{\pm}1.46$ mSv, $5.72{\pm}0.86$ mSv, $6.42{\pm}0.96$ mSv이었다. BIO16에서 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하여 50 kg 미만, 50-60 kg 미만, 60 kg 이상으로 체중 별로 나누어 환자 선량을 측정하였다. CT-Expo v1.7로 측정을 하였을 때 각각 $7.74{\pm}0.66$ mSv, $8.58{\pm}0.93$ mSv, $10.88{\pm}1.32$ mSv이었고 ImPACT v1.0으로 측정했을 때 각각 $6.60{\pm}0.54$ mSv, $7.45{\pm}0.69$ mSv, $9.43{\pm}1.11$ mSv이었다. DSTe8에서 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하여 50 kg 미만, 50-60 kg 미만, 60kg 이상으로 체중 별로 나누어 환자 선량을 예측하였다. CT-Expo v1.7로 측정했을 때 각각 $5.03{\pm}0.95$ mSv, $8.25{\pm}1.66$ mSv, $10.33{\pm}1.68$ mSv 이었고 ImPACT v1.0으로 측정했을 때 각각 $5.20{\pm}1.01$ mSv, $8.51{\pm}1.53$ mSv, $10.9{\pm}1.87$ mSv이었다. 체중과 유효 선량의 상관관계를 분석하였을 때 CT-Expo v1.7과 ImPACT v1.0에서 Pearson 정률 상관계수가 각각 0.743, 0.692으로 매우 강한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 피폭 선량의 예측이 필요할 경우 이와 같은 상용화된 선량 평가 프로그램을 사용하면 Phantom 연구를 시행하지 않더라도 유효 선량의 예측 및 평가가 가능하고, CT 선량 관리를 위한 기초 자료를 수집하는데 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.