• Title/Summary/Keyword: $ZnIn_2Se_4$

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Optical Bistability in Nonlinear Etalons Filled with NOA81 Optical Adhesive (NOA81 Optical Adhesive를 중간층으로 하는 비선형 Etalon에서 나타나는 광쌍안정현상에 대한 연구)

  • Kong, Hong-Jin;Hwang, Wol-Yon;Lee, Sang-Soo
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1987.11a
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    • pp.387-391
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    • 1987
  • We have observed the optical bistabilities at $5145{\AA}$ in nonlinear etalons filled with NOA8l optical adhesive which is cured with UV light under the temperature gradient of $7^{\circ}C/mm$ on the NOA81 layer surface. The critical switch-on irradiance and switch-on time are $17\;KW/cm^2$ and $350{\mu}sec$. respectively. The switching contrast of up to 8 observed in NOA81 etalons is higher than that of ZnS or ZnSe interference filter, and the thermo-optic coefficient (dn/ndT) of NOA81 is measured to be at least $-3.8{\times}10^{-4}/^{\circ}C$ which is larger in magnitude than that of ZnS or ZnSe.

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저가 범용 원소를 이용한 $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ 화합물 박막 태양전지 기술 개발 동향

  • Kim, Jin-Hyeok;Kim, Jin-A;Yun, Jae-Ho;Sin, Seung-Uk
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2010.08a
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    • pp.25-25
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    • 2010
  • Cu(In, Ga)$Se_2$ (CIGS), $CuInS_2$ (CIS) 등의 Se, S계 화합물 박막 소재를 활용한 태양전지는 높은 광흡수 계수, 상대적으로 높은 효율, 화학적 안정성, 도시적인 미관 등으로 인하여 최근 부각되고 있다. 하지만 CIGS, CIS 등의 Se, S계 박막 소재는 상대적으로 매장량이 적은(희유 원소) In, Ga을 사용하고 있는 약점이 있으며 특히 In의 경우는 LCD Display에 사용되는 ITO 필름으로 인해 가격이 상승하고 있다. 따라서 결정질 실리콘 태양전지의 경험에서와 같이 생산량의 급증에서 기인하는 소재 부족 문제를 미연에 방지하고 안정적인 성장을 이루기 위해서는 희유 원소인 In과 Ga을 저가 범용원소로 대체 하는 기술을 추가적으로 개발해야 한다. $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) 박막 태양전지는 Se, S계 태양전지에서 III 족 원소인 In, Ga을 II-IV 원소인 Zn와 Sn으로 대체하는 기술로 기존의 CIGS계 태양전지가 보유하고 있는 장점을 유지하면서 저가 태양전지를 구현할 수 있는 대체 물질로 최근 많은 관심을 받고 있다. CZTS 박막 태양전지 관련 세계 기술동향 조사에 따르면, 최근 2008년에 일본 Nagaoka 대학의 Katagiri 그룹에서 스퍼터를 이용하여 제조한 CZTS 박막 태양전지의 최고 효율이 6.77%가 됨을 보고하였고, 2010년 초에는 IBM에서 스핀코팅법을 이용하여 제조한 CZT(S, Se) 박막 태양전지의 효율을 9.66%까지 올릴 수 있음을 Advanced Materials에 보고하였다. 본 발표에서는 우선 CZTS 박막태양전지 제조 및 특성 분석 관련 개요 및 세계 기술 개발 동향 분석 결과를 설명할 것이다. 또한 본 실험실, 에너지 기술 연구원 및 KIST, 영남대 등 국내에서 진행되고 있는 CZTS 관련 기술 개발 현황에 대하여 설명할 것이다.

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CZTS태양전지 흡수층 제작을 위한 열분해법 나노 파티클 합성

  • Lee, Su-Ho;Kim, Dong-Uk;Lee, Jae-Hyeong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2014.02a
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    • pp.444.1-444.1
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    • 2014
  • 높은 광흡수 계수를 갖는 Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) 화합물 박막 소재는 고효율 태양전지 양산을 위해 가장 전도유망한 재료이나 상대적으로 매장량이 적은 In 및 Ga을 사용한다는 소재적 한계가 있다. Cu2ZnSnSe4(CZTSe) 혹은 Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)와 같은 Cu-Zn-Sn-Se계 화합물 반도체는 CIGS 내 희소원소인 In과 Ga이 범용원소인 Zn 및 Sn으로 대체된 소재로써 미래형 저가 태양전지 개발을 위해 활발히 연구되고 있는데, 그 화합물 조합에 따라 0.8eV부터 1.5eV까지의 에너지 밴드갭을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 열분해법으로 CZTS 나노 입자를 합성하였다. 용매로 Oleylamine을 사용하였는데, $220^{\circ}C{\sim}340^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서 3시간 30분 동안 CZTS 나노입자를 합성하였고, $240^{\circ}C$에서 3시간~5시간까지 합성하였다. 헥산을 이용하여 원심분리기와 초음파세척기로 용매인 Oleylamine을 제거하였고, 진공오븐에서 건조된 CZTS 분말의 FE-SEM(Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), XRD(X-Ray Diffraction), EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) 분석 등을 통해 합성온도에 따른 구조적, 화학적 조성 변화를 조사하였다.

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CZTS 태양전지 제작을 위한 열분해법 나노 파티클 합성

  • Lee, Su-Ho;Seo, Mun-Su;Hong, Byeong-Yu;Park, Yong-Seop;Lee, Jae-Hyeong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.08a
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    • pp.321.1-321.1
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    • 2013
  • 높은 광흡수 계수를 갖는 Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) 화합물 박막 소재는 고효율 태양전지 양산을 위해 가장 전도유망한 재료이나 상대적으로 매장량이 적은 In 및 Ga을 사용한다는 소재적 한계가 있다. Cu2ZnSnSe4(CZTSe) 혹은 Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS)와 같은 Cu-Zn-Sn-Se계 화합물 반도체는 CIGS 내 희소원소인 In과 Ga이 범용원소인 Zn 및 Sn으로 대체된 소재로써 미래형 저가 태양전지 개발을 위해 활발히 연구되고 있는데, 그 화합물 조합에 따라 0.8eV부터 1.5eV까지의 에너지 밴드갭을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 열분해법으로 CZTS 나노 입자를 합성하였다. 용매로 Oleylamine을 사용하였는데, $260{\sim}340^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서 5시간 30분 동안 CZTS 나노입자를 합성하였고, $300^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 30분~9시간까지 합성하였다. 헥산을 이용하여 원심분리기와 초음파세척기로 용매인 Oleylamine을 제거하였고, 진공오븐에서 건조된 CZTS 분말의 FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) 분석 등을 통해 합성온도에 따른 구조적, 화학적 조성 변화를 조사하였다.

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Dietary Intakes, Serum Concentrations, and Urinary Excretions of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr of Korean Young Adult Women (일부 젊은 성인여자의 Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo 및 Cr의 식사섭취, 혈청농도 및 소변배설)

  • Kim, Kyune-Hee;Lim, Hyeon-Sook
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.39 no.8
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    • pp.762-772
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to investigate dietary intakes, serum concentrations, and urinary excretions of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and chromium (Cr) of Korean young adult women. A total of 19 apparently healthy young adult women aged in their twenties or thirties participated voluntarily. One-tenth of all foods they consumed for 3 consecutive days were collected, all urine excreted for the same 3 days was gathered, and fasting venous blood was withdrawn for the trace mineral analyses. Of the food, blood, and urine samples, the contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Mo, and Cr were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and that of Fe by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after wet digestion. The intake of Fe, $6.94{\pm}2.18mg$, did not meet the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Korean women aged 20-29 years old. On the contrary, the intakes of Zn ($9.35{\pm}4.95mg$), Cu ($1.18{\pm}0.26mg$), and Mn ($3.69{\pm}0.69mg$) were sufficient for each respective EAR. However, some of the subjects did not take the EAR for Zn. The Se intake, $41.93{\pm}9.28{\mu}g$, however, was almost similar to the EAR for Se. Although there are no references for Mo and Cr, the intakes of these minerals ($134.0{\pm}49.1\;and\;136.5{\pm}147.9{\mu}g$, respectively) seemed to be excessively sufficient. Serum Fe concentration, $88.7{\pm}36.8{\mu}g/dL$, seemed to be a little bit lower than its reference median but within its normal range. Approximately one-fourth of the subjects were in anemic determined by Hb and Hct and below the deficiency serum level of Fe, $60{\mu}g/dL$. In addition, serum Se concentration, $3.73{\pm}0.60{\mu}g/dL$, was also below its reference median and normal range. However, serum concentrations of Zn ($99.6{\pm}30.6{\mu}g/dL$) and Mo ($0.25{\pm}0.10{\mu}g/dL$) were fairly good compared to each reference median. The status of Cu could be determined as good although its serum concentration ($91.6{\pm}14.6{\mu}g/dL$) was slightly below its reference median. Since there are no decisive reference values, it was not easy to evaluate serum concentrations of Mn ($0.93{\pm}0.85{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($8.60{\pm}7.25{\mu}g/dL$). But Mn and Cr status seemed to be adequate. Urinary Fe excretion, $4.48{\pm}1.98{\mu}g/dL$, was pretty much lower than its reference and that of Se, $2.45{\pm}1.17{\mu}g/dL$, was also lower than its average. On the other hand, those of Zn ($42.95{\pm}20.47{\mu}g/dL$) and Cu ($5.68{\pm}1.50{\mu}g/dL$) were flirty good. In case of Mn, urinary excretion, $0.31{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/dL$, was much greater than its reference. Urinary excretions of Mo ($7.48{\pm}2.95{\mu}g/dL$) and Cr ($1.37{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$) were very higher compared to each reference. The results of this study revealed that Korean young adult women were considerably poor in Fe status, a bit inadequate in Se status, partly inadequate in Zn status, and flirty good in Cu, Mn, Mo and Cr status. However, there was a problem of excessive intakes of Mo and Cr. It, therefore, should be concerned to increase the intakes of Fe, Se and Zn but to decrease Mo and Cr consumption for young adult women.

A Study on the Trace Metal Contents in Food by Neutron Activation Analysis (방사화 분석법에 의한 식품 중 미량금속(Mg, Zn, Mn, Mo and Se)에 관한 연구)

  • 이숙경
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.328-332
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    • 1997
  • In order to investigate the trace metals in Korean foods, the contents of Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, Molybdenum and Selenium are studied in this paper. As show in the Table 1; a total of 250 samples of 25 species were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The overall ranges and mean (mg/100 g) were; Mg, 12.212∼151.346(55.164); Zn, 0.045∼38.180 (2.473); Mn, 0.003∼0.796 (0.225);Mo, ND∼0.035 (0.007); Se, ND∼0.069 (0.016). 2. The levels of all metals except Mo in shell fishes were high and the level of Mo in spices was higher than that in other foods. 3. The levels of Zn and Mo in oyster were higher than another spcies.

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Fabrication Process of Light Emitting Diodes Using CdSe/CdS/ZnS Quantum Dot

  • Cho, Nam Kwang;Kang, Seong Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.02a
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    • pp.428-428
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    • 2013
  • Red color light emitting diodes were fabricated using CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). Patterned indium-tin-oxide (ITO) was used as a transparent anode, and oxygen plasma treatment on a surface of ITO was performed. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was spin coated on the ITO surface as a hole injection layer. Then CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs was spin coated and thermal treatment was performed for the cross-linking of QDs. TiO2 was coated on the QDs as an electron transport layer, and 150 nm of aluminum cathode was formed using thermal evaporator and shadow mask. The device shows a pure red color emission at 606 nm wavelength. Device characteristics will be presented in detail.

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CIGS 박막태양전지용 Cd free형 ZnS(O, OH) 버퍼층 제조 및 특성평가

  • Kim, Hye-Jin;Kim, Jae-Ung;Kim, Gi-Rim;Jeong, Deok-Yeong;Jeong, Chae-Hwan
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2015.08a
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    • pp.257.1-257.1
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    • 2015
  • Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) 박막 태양 전지에서 buffer layer는 CIGS 흡수층과 TCO 사이의 밴드갭 차이에 대한 문제점과 lattice mismatch를 해결하기 위해 필수적이다. 흔히 buffer layer 물질로는 CdS가 가장 많이 사용되고 있으나 Cd의 독성에 관한 문제가 야기되고 있다. 따라서 ZnS(O, OH) buffer layer가 친환경 물질로 기존의 CdS 버퍼 층의 대체 물질로 각광 받고 있으며, 단파장 범위에서 높은 투과율로 인해 wide band gap의 Chalcopyrite 태양 전지에 응용되는 buffer layer로 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 buffer layer를 최적화 하여 carrier lifetime과 양자 효율이 증가시킬 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) 박막에 화학습식공정 (CBD) 방법을 이용하여 최적화된 ZnS(O, OH)의 증착 조건을 찾고, 고품질의 buffer layer를 제조하기 위한 실험에 초점을 맞췄다. 또한, buffer layer의 막질을 개선하고 균일한 막을 제조하기 위해 processing parameters인 시약의 농도, 제조 시간 및 온도 등의 다양한 변화를 통해 실험을 진행하였다. 그 후 최적화된 ZnS(O, OH) buffer layer의 특성 분석을 위해 X-ray diffraction(XRD), photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and GD-OES을 이용하였고, 이를 통해 제조된 CIGS 박막 태양전지는 light induced current-voltage (LIV) and external quantum efficiency (EQE)를 통해 특성 분석을 실시 하였다. 결과적으로, 제조된 ZnS(O, OH) buffer layer의 $ZnSO4{\cdot}7H2O$의 농도는 0.16 M, Thiourea는 0.5 M, NH4OH는 7.5 M, 그리고 반응 온도는 77.5 oC의 조건 하에 CIGS 기판 위에 균일하고 균열이 없는 ZnS(O, OH) 박막을 제조하였으며 이때 제조된 태양전지의 소자 특성은 Voc = 0.478 V, Jsc = 35.79 mA/cm2, FF = 47.77%, ${\eta}=8,18 %$이다.

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Effects of Housing Systems and the Diet Supplements on the Slaughter Value and Concentration of Mineral Elements in the Loin Muscle of Lambs

  • Gabryszuk, M.;Kuicika, E.;Horbanzuk, K.;Oprzadek, J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.726-732
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    • 2014
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maintenance system as well as the effect of Se, Zn, and vitamin E supplementation of ram-lambs on the slaughter value and concentration of mineral elements in the loin muscle of lambs. The experiment was conducted on 72 Polish Merino ram-lambs divided into three groups: group C, indoor with no supplement, 19 lambs; S, indoor with supplement, 23 lambs; G, outdoor with no supplement, 30 lambs. From birth all the lambs were maintained indoor with their dams and then weaned at the age of 8 weeks. The rams from group C and S were placed in individual straw-bedded pens and fattened individually with concentrate mixture offered ad libitum until the age of 16 weeks. The lambs from group G were grazed every day from May to July (2 months). During the fattening period each lamb from the supplemented group S was administered per os 1 mL 0.1% $Na_2SeO_4$ (Se, 0.42 mg), 3 mL 10% $ZnSO_4$ (Zn, 68 mg), and 1 mL premix protect vitamin E (0.1 g ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, 5 mg lysine, 5 mg methionine) daily. A comparison of half carcasses across the groups has shown no difference between the control group and the one with supplements, while the weight of half carcasses in the grazing group was smaller in comparison with groups C and S (p<0.001). The meat content in the pelvic limb showed no differences across all groups under study. The pelvic limb of grazing lambs contained less fat compared to the control and supplemented groups (p<0.001). The concentrations of Se and Zn in the blood plasma of ram-lambs from the supplemented group were significantly higher than for the control and grazing lambs. Inorganic Se and Zn supplementation with vitamin E to the diet of lambs increased Se and Zn levels in loin muscle (p<0.001) to $0.46{\mu}g/g$ and $32.9{\mu}g/g$ in fresh tissue, respectively.

Improvement in Performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Absorber Layer with Fine Temperature Control in Rapid Thermal Annealing System (Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe) 흡수층의 급속 열처리 공정 온도 미세 조절을 통한 특성 향상)

  • Kim, Dong Myeong;Jang, Jun Sung;Karade, Vijay Chandrakant;Kim, Jin Hyeok
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.31 no.11
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    • pp.619-625
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    • 2021
  • Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) based thin-film solar cells have attracted growing attention because of their earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. However, because of their large open-circuit voltage (Voc)-deficit, CZTSSe solar cells exhibit poor device performance compared to well-established Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) and CdTe based solar cells. One of the main causes of this large Voc-deficit is poor absorber properties for example, high band tailing properties, defects, secondary phases, carrier recombination, etc. In particular, the fabrication of absorbers using physical methods results in poor surface morphology, such as pin-holes and voids. To overcome this problem and form large and homogeneous CZTSSe grains, CZTSSe based absorber layers are prepared by a sputtering technique with different RTA conditions. The temperature is varied from 510 ℃ to 540 ℃ during the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process. Further, CZTSSe thin films are examined with X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, IPCE, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy techniques. The present work shows that Cu-based secondary phase formation can be suppressed in the CZTSSe absorber layer at an optimum RTA condition.