• Title/Summary/Keyword: $Zn^{2+}$

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Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Characteristics of Orostachys malacophyllus and Fermented Orostachys malacophyllus (와송과 발효 와송 추출물의 이화학적 특징 및 항산화 활성)

  • Ahn, Hee-Young;Choe, Da-Jeong;Cho, Young-Su
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.577-584
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    • 2015
  • Orostachys malacophyllus grow on the old roofing tile or on the rock of mountain and is belong to Crassulaceae family. After air drying for Orostachys malacophyllus (OM), using the mixture of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus) was fermented (FOM). OM and FOM extracted using water (W), ethanol (E) and methanol (M) and were measured extracts yield, pH and Brix. Extracted OM and FOM were tested by in vitro experimental models of α,α´-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Fe/Cu reducing power, linoleic acid peroxidation using ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods and peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. In addition, the bioactive materials (phenolic compounds, flavonoids and minerals) were measured. The highest phenolic compounds and flavonoids were OME 122.2 mg/100 g and OME 84.0 mg/100 g. OM and FOM′s major minerals were K, Ca and Mg. The highest free radical scavenging activity showed in FOMM (93.9%), OMM (93.4%), FOME (92.1%) and OME (91.9%) at 0.5% additional level. Fe reducing powers were strong in FOME and FOMM and Cu reducing powers were strong in OME and FOMM. Antioxidant activities on lipid peroxidation using rat homogenate as measured by TBARS method showed strong in FOME and on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid as measured by ferric TBA method showed strong in OME and FOME and measured by ferric thiocyanate showed strong in FOME and FOMM.

Quantitative Requirements of Copper and Manganese in Formulated Diets and Its Interrelation with Other Minerals in Young Eel (뱀장어용 배합사료의 적정 Cu와 Mn 첨가량에 관한 연구)

  • PARK Chul Won;SHIMIZU Chiaki
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.109-119
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    • 1988
  • Following the previous study on the nutritional quantity of Al, Fe, and their interrelationships with other trace metals, this study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of Cu and Mn to fish meal-diets on the growth of Japanese eel. The feeding experiment to determine Cu requirement was conducted using white fish meal-diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, or 20 $\mu$g/g cupric sulfate, and that to determine Mn requirement was conducted by suppling the diet with 0, 10, 20, or 40 $\mu$g/g manganese sulfate. The results revealed that the fish on diet annexed with 5 $\mu$g/g of Cu were observed to have the best growth among these groups. In case of Mn, 20 $\mu$g/g of supplementary level promoted growth rate and 40 $\mu$g/g of diet resulted in the highest feed efficiency. On the other hand, the highest level of Cu (20 $\mu$g/g), and Mn (40 $\mu$g/g) supplementary diets did not expressed adverse effect on growth. These results indicated that the suitable Cu and Mn supplementary concentrations are 20 $\mu$g/g and 30 $\mu$g/g of formulated the white fish meal-diet respectively. The white fish meal had 1.6 $\mu$g/g of Cu and 6.1 $\mu$g/g of Mn.

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한국산 장뇌산삼의 부위별 유용성분함량 및 추출용매조건의 영향

  • 김준한;문혜경;강우원;김종국
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.150.2-151
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    • 2003
  • 한국산 장뇌산삼의 열매, 잎, 줄기 및 뿌리를 -7$0^{\circ}C$ 동결건조 분말화시킨 시료에 대한 추출용매와 농도에 따른 유용성분의 함량을 비교, 분석하였다. 추출액의 당도는 잎과 줄기의 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 22.58%와 22.53%로 가장 높았고, pH는 4.43-7.41 수준이었고, 갈변도는 흡광도가 잎과 뿌리 80% 에탄올추출액이 1.803과 1.085로 가장 높았다. 색도의 경우 L값는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 24.56, 열매 80% 메탄올추출액이 24.35로 가장 높았고, 뿌리와 잎 80% 에탄올추출액이 각각 17.47과 19.59로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. a값은 잎100% 증류수추출액이 0.41로 가장 높았고, 줄기 80%메탄올추출 액이 -0.49로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. b값은 줄기 80% 메탄올추출액이 3.69로 가장 높았고, 열매 100% 증류수추출액 이 0.45로 가장 낮은 값이었다. 주요 유리당은 sucrose, glucose 및 fructose 이었고, 유리당 총함량은 열매와 줄기 100% 증류수추출액이 각각 6733 mg/100g과 6142 mg/100g으로 가장 많은 량을 함유하였고, sucrose는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액 이 3673 mg/100g으로, glucose 및 fructose는 줄기 80% 에탄올추출액과 잎 80% 메탄올추출액에 각각 4283 mg/100g과 1897 mg/100g으로 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. 또한 잎과 줄기에는 xylose가 304-524 mg/100g 수준으로 함유되어 있었고, 뿌리에는 maltose가 소량 함유하고 있었다. 주요 유기산으로는 citric acid, tartaric acid 및 malic acid가 확인되었고, citric acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1849 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, tartaric acid는 잎 80% 메탄올추출액이 3263 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었고, malic acid는 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액이 1856 mg/100g으로 가장 높은 함량이었으며, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 succinic acid, malonic acid 및 oxalic acid 등이 확인되었다. 유리아미노산은 L-Arginine, ${\gamma}$-Amino-n-butyric acid, Ethanolamine, L-Proline, $\beta$-Alanine 및 L-sarcosine 등 총 35종이 확인되었고, L-Arginine은 251-7379 mg/100g 수준으로 특히, 뿌리 80% 메탄올추출액에는 1319 mg/100g으로 총함유량의 79.13%로 매우 높은 함유량을 나타내었다. P, K, Na, Ca 및 Mg 등이 주된 무기질로 확인되었고, 그 중 P는 줄기 100% 증류수추출액에 15563 mg/100g으로 가장 높았고, K은 잎 80% 메탄을 추출액에 4952 mg/100g, Ca과 Na은 잎과 열매 100% 증류수추출액에 각각 3052 mg/100g과 1798 mg/100g, Mg은 잎 100% 증류수추출액에 950 mg/100g으로 매우 높은 함유량을 보였고, 또한 미량원소로는 Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Fe 등이 함유되어 있었다.

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Expression of MEK1 Fusion Protein in Yeast for Developing Cell Based Assay System, a Major Substrate of LeTx (Yeast내에서 MEK1 융합 단백질 발현 및 Lethal Factor 활성 검증)

  • Hwang, Hye-Hyun;Kim, Joung-Mok;Choi, Kyoung-Jae;Park, Hae-Chul;Han, Sung-Hwan;Chung, Hoe-Il;Koo, Bon-Sung;Park, Joon-Shik;Yoon, Moon-Young
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.195-198
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    • 2006
  • Lethal toxin is a critical virulence factor of anthrax. It is composed two protein: protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF). PA binds to specific cell surface receptors and, forms a membrane channel that mediates entry of LF into the cell. LF is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease, which cleaves MKKs [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinases] at peptide bonds very close to their N-termini. In this study, we suggest application of cell-based assays in the early phase of drug discovery, with a particular focus on the use of yeast cells. We constructed MEK1 expression system in yeast to determine LF activity and approached cell-based assay system to screen inhibitors, in which the results covering the construction of LF-substrate in yeast expression vector, expression, and LF-mediated proteolysis of substrate were described. These results could provided the basic steps in design of cell-based assay system with the high efficiency, rapidly and easy way to screening of inhibitors.

Rhodochrostone - A New Sedimentary Rock from the Janggun Mine, Korea (장미암(薔薇岩)-장군광산산(將軍鑛山産) 신종(新種) 퇴적암(堆積岩))

  • Kim, Soo Jin
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.63-71
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    • 1975
  • A new rock name, rhodochrostone is proposed for the sedimentary rock from the Janggun Mine, Korea, which consist mainly of rhodochrosite. Systematic classification of rhodochrositic rocks was made for the rocks of rhodochrosite-calcite-quartz and rhodochrosite-quartz-clay, respectively. According to the writer's new scheme of classification, the manganese carbonate beds of the Janggun Mine, Korea consist mainly of rhodochrostone and siliceous rhodochrostone, with minor clayey siliceous rhodochrostone. The underlying and overlying carbonate rocks consist of high-manganiferous dolostone, moderate-manganiferous dolostone and low-manganiferous dolostone. The same scheme of classification is applicable to the similar manganiferous rocks in other countries. Mineralogical, petrological and chemical studies were made.

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Expression of Anthrax Lethal Factor, a Major Virulence Factor of Anthrax, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast내에서 탄저병 원인균인 Bacillus anthracis의 치사독소인 Lethal Factor 단백질 발현)

  • Hwang Hyehyun;Kim Joungmok;Choi Kyoung-Jae;Chung Hoeil;Han Sung-Hwan;Koo Bon-Sung;Yoon Moon-Young
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.275-280
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    • 2005
  • Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax toxin is a tripartite toxin comprising of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF). PA is the receptor-binding component, which facilitates the entry of LF or EF onto the cytosol. LF is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease, which is a critical virulence factor in cytotoxicity of infected animals. Therefore, it is of interest to develop its potent inhibitors for the neutralization of anthrax toxin. The first step to identify the inhibitors is the development of a rapid, sensitive, and simple assay method with a high-throughput ability. Much efforts have been concentrated on the preparation of powerful assays and on the screening of inhibitors using these system. In the present study, we have tried to construct anthrax lethal factor in yeast expression system to prepare cell-based high-throughput assay system. Here, we have shown the results covering the construction of a new vector system, subcloning of LF gene, and the expression of target gene. Our results are first trial to express LF gene in eukaryote and provide the basic steps in design of cell-based assay system.

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities in Infrared Dried Peach Processed by Different Pretreatment (전처리조건에 따른 적외선건조 복숭아의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화효과)

  • Kim, Jae-Won;Youn, Kwang-Sup
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.849-857
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to determine the effects of the pretreatment and infrared drying methods on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of dried peaches. The pretreatment methods were the 30 min treatment of NaCl, vitamin C, and soluble Ca (1:5 w/v immersion ratio), and leaving them untreated before infrared drying at $55^{\circ}C$ for 20 hr. The moisture content was lower in the pre-treated group and was significantly lowest in the 0.3% NaCl. The titratable acidity and soluble solid content and acid ratio (SS/TA) were high for the vitamin C and soluble Ca groups. The browning degree and cutting strength of the dried peach were lower in the pre-treated group. The total sugar content in the 0.3% NaCl group was significantly higher than those in the vitamin C and soluble Ca groups. The Ca contents were more effective in the soluble Ca treated group and increased with higher Ca concentration. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the organoleptic scores for the overall preference were higher in the 0.1% vitamin C treated group. The phenolic compounds and ABTS radical scavenging ability were high for the 0.1% vitamin C and 0.1% soluble Ca treated groups. These results suggest that pretreatment affected the qualities of the dried peaches, showing that infrared drying can be applied to the production of high quality dried peach products.

Effects of the Solid Solution Treatment Conditions and Casting Methods on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu Based Alloys (Al-Si-Cu계 합금의 주조법과 용체화처리 조건이 기계적 특성변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Moon, Min-Kook;Kim, Young-Chan;Kim, Yu-Mi;Choi, Se-Weon;Kang, Chang-Seog;Hong, Sung-Kil
    • Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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    • v.38 no.6
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    • pp.111-120
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    • 2018
  • In this study, the effects of two different casting methods (gravity casting and, diecasting) and various solid-solution conditions on the mechanical properties of ASC (Al-10.5wt%Si-1.75wt%Cu) and ALDC12 (Al-10.3wt%Si-1.72wt%Cu-0.76wt%Fe-0.28wt% Mn-0.32wt%Mg-0.9wt%Zn) alloys were investigated. A thermodynamic solidification analysis program (PANDAT) was used to predict the liquidus, solidus, and phases of the used alloys. In the results of an XRD analysis, ${\beta}$-AlFeSi peaks were observed only in the ALDC12 alloy regardless of the casting method or SST (solid-solution treatment) conditions. However, according to the results of a FE-SEM observation, both ${\theta}(Al_2Cu)$ and ${\beta}$-AlFeSi were found to exist besides ${\alpha}$-Al and eutectic Si in the gravity-casted ASC alloy at $500^{\circ}C$ after a SST of 120min. The ${\alpha}$-AlFeSi and ${\beta}$-AlFeSi phases including the eutectic phases were also found to exist in the ALDC12 alloy. The results of a microstructural observation and analyses by XRD, FE-SEM and EDS were in good agreement with the PANDAT results. The gravity-casted ALDC12 and ASC specimens showed the highest Y.S. and UTS values after aging for three hours at $180^{\circ}C$ after a SST at $500^{\circ}C$ for 30min. At longer solid-solution treatment times at $500^{\circ}C$ in the gravity-casted ALDC12 and ASC specimens, the elongations of the ASC alloys increased, whereas they decreased slightly in the ALDC12 alloys.

Assessment of Pollution Characteristics of Surface Sediments from Lake Andong(II): Studies on the Nutrient and Heavy Metal Release Characteristics from Sediments in Andong Dam (안동댐 퇴적물의 오염도 평가(II): 안동댐 퇴적물에 대한 영양염류 및 중금속 용출 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Young Hun;Park, Jae Chung;Shin, Tae Cheon;Kim, Jeong Jin
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.391-405
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    • 2020
  • Leaching chracteristics of Andong-dam sediment was conducted for heavy metal and nutrients. Five mixed sediment samples were prepared and leaching was conducted under aerobic and anaerobic condition for 60 days. Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg, As, Fe, Mn, phosphorus, and nitrogen were analyzed at each sampling time. The leaching rate of phosphorus was higher in anaerobic condition comparing with that of under aerobic condition. Some samples showed higher than the water-quality level IV. In case of As and Cd which showed highest contamination level in the sediment, leached concentration were 0.028 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L in maximum, respectively. The leached concentration is below than the lake water quality standard of Korea. Other heavy metals including Cu, Pb, and Cr also showed similar trend. Five step sequential extraction showed that easily extractable 1-2 step portion such as ion-exchangeable and adsorbed one was less than 10% and the most of the portion was residual. For As and Cd, the residual portion were 80% and 95% respectively indicating the risk by the heavy metal leaching into the lake for a short period was not high in comparing with the contamination levels.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Exo-β-1,3-Galactanase from Penicillium oxalicum sp. 68

  • Zhou, Tong;Hu, Yanbo;Yan, Xuecui;Cui, Jing;Wang, Yibing;Luo, Feng;Yuan, Ye;Yu, Zhenxiang;Zhou, Yifa
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.32 no.8
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    • pp.1064-1071
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    • 2022
  • Arabinogalactans have diverse biological properties and can be used as pharmaceutical agents. Most arabinogalactans are composed of β-(1→3)-galactan, so it is particularly important to identify β-1,3-galactanases that can selectively degrade them. In this study, a novel exo-β-1,3-galactanase, named PoGal3, was screened from Penicillium oxalicum sp. 68, and hetero-expressed in P. pastoris GS115 as a soluble protein. PoGal3 belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH43) and has a 1,356-bp gene length that encodes 451 amino acids residues. To study the enzymatic properties and substrate selectivity of PoGal3, β-1,3-galactan (AG-P-I) from larch wood arabinogalactan (LWAG) was prepared and characterized by HPLC and NMR. Using AG-P-I as substrate, purified PoGal3 exhibited an optimal pH of 5.0 and temperature of 40℃. We also discovered that Zn2+ had the strongest promoting effect on enzyme activity, increasing it by 28.6%. Substrate specificity suggests that PoGal3 functions as an exo-β-1,3-galactanase, with its greatest catalytic activity observed on AG-P-I. Hydrolytic products of AG-P-I are mainly composed of galactose and β-1,6-galactobiose. In addition, PoGal3 can catalyze hydrolysis of LWAG to produce galacto-oligomers. PoGal3 is the first enzyme identified as an exo-β-1,3-galactanase that can be used in building glycan blocks of crucial glycoconjugates to assess their biological functions.