• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.28-33
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• 2009

This study examined the mounting status of cigar lighter receptacles for vehicles and analyzed the tracking phenomenon that occurs when foreign material entered a cigar lighter receptacle to obtain data for the analysis of accident investigation. Regardless of the vehicle's output, cigar lighter receptacles are mounted in a vehicle horizontally, vertically, or at tilting or inclined angle. The tilting type cigar lighter receptacle is much easier to use but current leakage resulting from foreign materials (coffee, beverages, water, etc.) falling into the cigar lighter receptacle may cause a fire to start. This study used a vehicle battery (DC 12V) as a power supply for the tracking test and configured its circuit in the same way as that of an electrical device in a vehicle. The tracking phenomenon that occurred in the standby mode of the vehicle exhibited a fine flame and an irregular occurrence of smoke. While this tracking phenomenon was occurring, the leakage current and the reaching distance of the flame were measured to be approximately 930mA and $20{\sim}50cm$, respectively. It is thought that the resultant flame may ignite toluene, dust, cigarettes, etc. It was observed that as the tracking progressed, the internal metal socket melted and a hole was created, the surface of which was also severely carbonized. In addition, the electrical resistance of the carbonized conductive path was measured to be approximately $30{\Omega}$. It is thought that this much resistance may cause local heating when leakage current flows and could ignite any nearby flammable material.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.494-503
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• 2003

The IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus is a versatile, high-performance, and low-cost method of promoting interoperability between all types of A/V and computing devices. IEEE 1394 provides two transfer modes: asynchronous mode for best effort service and isochronous mode for best effort service with bandwidth reservation. This paper shows the bus performance and compared the transfer odes first at the link level and then at the application level. For the application level performance, we analyze the bus systems with fixed and adaptive interfaces, applied between the upper layer and the 1394 layer, using polling systems. Also we verifies the analysis models with simulation studies. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the adaptive interface reduces the bus access time and so increases the bus utilization.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.328-332
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• 2002

Wheat samples showing typical spot blotch symptoms on stems and sheaths were collected from the field after physiological maturity, and were sealed in paper bags and stored in the laboratory at room temperature to study the survival of Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia on wheat straw. The materials were observed at monthly intervals to assess the conidia viability during storage. After 4 months, the frequency of individual conidia already present on wheat straw at the time of sampling was reduced and appeared to be progressively replaced by the formation of round structures consist-ing of conidia aggregates. After 5 months, distinct, individual conidia were no longer detected, and only 'clumps of conidia' were observed. These dark black aggregates or 'clumps of conidia’measured 157-170$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and were grouped into boat-shaped olivacious conidia showing thick wall and measuring 50-82$\times$20-30$\mu\textrm{m}$. The germination was unipolar and below 0.5%, suggesting the occurrence of dormancy, In contrast, individual conidium produced on wheat during the growing season were 96-130$\times$16-20$\mu\textrm{m}$, slightly curved, hyaline to light pale, and euseptate with a bipolar germination reaching 98-100%. Bipolaris sorokiniana conidia produced on PDA were 55-82$\times$20-27$\mu\textrm{m}$, tapered at both ends, dark brown to olivacious, distoseptate, showed up to 1% germination, and were predominantly unipolar. Results of the present study suggest that B. sorokiniana conidia belonged to two different physiological categories corresponding to the pathogen's infection phase and its survival, respectively. The infection phase is characterized by a high germination percentage as opposed to the survival phase harboring apparent dormancy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

As the quality of a weld joint is strongly influenced by process parameters the welding process, an intelligent algorithms that can predict the bead geometry and shape to accomplish the desired mechanical properties of the weldment should be developed. In this study, prepared by ${\Phi}1.6mm$ GMA welding of metal wire nose Advice jowelui 350A 600A grade level inverter welder and DAIHEN SCR's were carried out using welding. Welding conditions were 5.5m/min wire feed rate the welding current is rapidly transmit approximately 260A, welding voltage was about 30V. CTWD a 22mm, shielding gas was Ar 20L/min and the welding speed was a 240mm/min. Using data collected during welding equipment welding current and welding voltage waveform was analyzed by measuring the volume of the transition mode. Addition of $CaCO_3$ as a loss of the spread of the weld bead dilution rate decreased, suggesting that, GMA in the overlay welding bead shape control, dilution control and may be used as a welding flux is considered. Stabilizing effect of the arc by the Ca-containing $CaF_2$, $CaCO_3$, $CaMg(CO_3)_2$, respectively, welding flux 0.1wt.% added GMA welding and weld overlay were evaluated with dilution, $CaF_2$, and $CaMg(CO_3)_2$ added to the dilution of Seemed to increase.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between tooth wear and age by quantitatively measuring maxillary first molar wear in children. A total of 150 maxillary dental models were analyzed in 30 subjects (male, 11; female, 19) with an age range of 6-14 years. Maxillary first molar wear were assessed based on area, volume and the shortest distance from the buccal occlusal plane to the central pit point (BCPH). The area and volume of the tooth cusps were measured at four different offset-plane heights (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm). Relationship between age and the amount of wear or BCPH were statistically analyzed. Correlation and regression analyses were also performed, and age estimation was obtained with linear regression analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between age and the amount of wear based on area, volume, and offset-plane height. Except age of 8 and 10, 12 and 14's 0.2-mm offset-plane-measured volume, all area and volume measurement of all ages and offset-plane height showed a significant amount of increase. Wear speeds were calculated using the BCPH. Among age and measurement variables, the correlation coefficient was strongest when the volume was measured from the 0.4-mm offset-plane. As age increases, the amount of wear, as quantified by area and volume measurements, also increases. According to this study, a regression equation that can be used for age estimation is follows: Age $(y)=0.16{\times}0.4V+0.85$ ($R^2=0.490$) using volume.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 2019

Three types of meongge (Halocynthia roretzi) jeotgal (MJ) were prepared with 3 different types of salts (12%, w/v): purified salt (PS), solar salt aged for 3 years (SS), and bamboo salt that had been recrystalized 3 times (BS). One set of MJ was fermented with starters, Bacillus subtilis JS2 and Tetragenococcus halophilus BS1-37 (each 6 log CFU/g), and another set without starters for 42 days at $10^{\circ}C$. The LAB count of the SSMJ (non-starter) was highest at day 28 (2.30 log CFU/g). The pH of the PSMJ and SSMJ was 5.72-5.77 at day 0, and 5.40-5.50 at day 42. BSMJ showed higher pH and lower titratable acidities than other samples. Amino-type nitrogen (ANN) increased continuously, and SSMJ showed higher values than other samples from day 14. Bacterial species of non-starter MJ were examined by culture independent method. Clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed in Escherichia coli from total DNA from non-starter MJ samples at day 0, 14, and 28. Thirty clones per each sample were randomly selected and DNA sequences were analyzed. Variovorax sp., uncultured bacterium, and Acidovorax sp. were the most dominant group at day 0, 14, and 28, respectively. Lactobacillus sakei and Streptococcus sp. were the next dominant group in SSMJ at day 28. A Streptococcus sp. was detected from PSMJ at day 28. Sensory evaluation for MJ samples at day 28 showed that SSMJ got higher overall acceptability scores. These results showed that solar salt can cause desirable changes in the microbial community of fermented foods, thereby positively affecting their overall quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2019

Background and Objectives : Laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is valuable to evaluate the innervation status of the laryngeal muscles and the prognosis of vocal fold paralysis (VFP). However, there is a lack of agreement on quantitative interpretation of LEMG. The aim of this study is to measure the motor unit action potentials (MUAP) quantitatively in order to find cut-off values of amplitude, duration, phase for unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients. Materials and Method : Retrospective chart review was performed for the unilateral VFP patients who underwent LEMG from March 2016 to May 2018. Patient's demography, cause of VFP, vocal cord mobility, and LEMG finding were analyzed. The difference between normal and paralyzed vocal folds and cut-off values of duration, amplitude, and phase in MUAP were evaluated. Results : Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Paralyzed vocal fold had significantly longer duration (p=0.021), lower amplitude (p=0.000), and smaller phase (p=0.012) than the normal. The cut-off values of duration, amplitude, and phase in MUAP for unilateral VFP were 5.15 ms, $68.35{\mu}V$, and 1.85 respectively. Conclusion : An analysis of MUAP successfully provided quantitative differences between normal and paralyzed vocal folds. But, additional research is needed to get more available cut-off value which is helpful to evaluate the status of laryngeal innervations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to compare the structure and composition of ruminal microorganisms in goats with high and low neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. Methods: Nineteen crossbred goats were used as experimental animals and fed the same total mixed rations during the 30-day pre-treatment and 6-day digestion trialperiods. All faeces were collected during the digestion period for measuring the NDF digestibility. Then, high and the low NDF digestibility individuals were chosen for the high NDF digestibility group (HFD) and low NDF digestibility group (LFD), respectively. Rumen contents were collected for total microbial DNA extraction. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using universal primers of bacteria and sequenced using high-throughput sequencer. The sequences were mainly analysed by QIIME 1.8.0. Results: A total of 18,694 operational taxonomic units were obtained, within 81.98% belonged to bacteria, 6.64% belonged to archaea and 11.38% was unassigned microorganisms. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant microbial phyla in both groups. At the genus level, the relative abundance of fifteen microorganisms were significantly higher (p<0.05) and six microorganisms were extremely significantly higher (p<0.01) in LFD than HFD. Overall, 176 core shared genera were identified in the two groups. The relative abundance of 2 phyla, 5 classes, 10 orders, 13 families and 15 genera had a negative correlation with NDF digestibility, but only the relative abundance of Pyramidobacter had a positive correlation with NDF digestibility. Conclusion: There were substantial differences in NDF digestibility among the individual goats, and the NDF digestibility had significant correlation with the relative abundance of some ruminal microorganisms.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2019

Although crack on concrete exists from its early formation, crack requires attention as it affects stiffness of structure and can lead demolition of structure as it grows. Detecting cracks on concrete is needed to take action prior to performance degradation of structure, and deep learning can be utilized for it. In this study, transfer learning, one of the deep learning techniques, was used to detect the crack, as the amount of crack's image data was limited. Pre-trained Inception-v3 was applied as a base model for the transfer learning. Web scrapping was utilized to fetch images of concrete wall with or without crack from web. In the recognition of crack, image post-process including changing size or removing color were applied. In the visualization of crack, source images divided into 30px, 50px or 100px size were used as input data, and different numbers of input data per category were applied for each case. With the results of visualized crack image, false positive and false negative errors were examined. Highest accuracy for the recognizing crack was achieved when the source images were adjusted into 224px size under gray-scale. In visualization, the result using 50 data per category under 100px interval size showed the smallest error. With regard to the false positive error, the best result was obtained using 400 data per category, and regarding to the false negative error, the case using 50 data per category showed the best result.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.19-19
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• 2019

유전체 전장 연관분석 (GWAS)은 단일염기다형성(SNP)의 유전자형과 표현형 간의 통계적인 연관성을 분석함으로써 품종 선발용 SNP Marker 개발에 응용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Tano Red와 Ruby seedless 교배실생 278 계통을 대상으로 여러 과실 특성에 따른 관련 SNP를 동정함으로써 육종 선발에 필요한 DNA marker 개발에 필요한 기초 유전 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 한 계통 당 5~10개의 포도알을 선택하여 과립중, 과육탄성, 과피탄성, 과육경도, 과피경도, 과립당 종자갯수, 과립당 종자무게 및 인장강도를 측정하였다. 각 개체는 Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) 방법으로 Sequencing하여 Reference genome (Vitis vinifera PN40024 12X v2.)과 mapping 하였다. MAF (Minor allele frequency) >5%, Missing Data <30% 의 조건을 가진 SNPs 만 1차 선발하여 TASSEL과 GAPIT 프로그램으로 GWAS 분석을 하였다. Manhattan plot 결과 과립중 형질에서는 33개, 과립당 종자무게 25개와 인장강도에서는 20개의 통계학적으로 유의한 SNPs 가 선발되었고, 특이적으로 이들 모두 18번 염색체에서 발견되었다. 그러나 나머지 형질에서는 유의한 차이를 보이는 SNPs를 선발하지 못하였다. 과실의 인장강도는 수확 후 저장성과 유통과정에 영향을 미치기 때문에 Marker 개발을 통한 품종선별이 중요하다. 향후 이러한 특성과 본 연구를 통해 동정된 SNPs 의 상관관계를 구체적으로 연구하여 Marker 개발에 활용하고자 한다.