• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.17.1-17.16
• /
• 2023

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), a latent Ag commonly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected host cells, is a target for adoptive T cell therapy in EBV-associated malignancies. To define whether individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes are used preferentially in EBV-specific T lymphocyte responses, LMP2A-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cell responses in 50 healthy donors were analyzed by ELISPOT assay using artificial Ag-presenting cells expressing a single allotype. CD8⁺ T cell responses were significantly higher than CD4⁺ T cell responses. CD8⁺ T cell responses were ranked from highest to lowest in the order HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci, and CD4⁺ T cell responses were ranked in the order HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ loci. Among the 32 HLA class I and 56 HLA class II allotypes, 6 HLA-A, 7 HLA-B, 5 HLA-C, 10 HLA-DR, 2 HLA-DQ, and 2 HLA-DP allotypes showed T cell responses higher than 50 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/5×105 CD8⁺ or CD4⁺ T cells. Twenty-nine donors (58%) showed a high T cell response to at least one allotype of HLA class I or class II, and 4 donors (8%) had a high response to both HLA class I and class II allotypes. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between the proportion of LMP2A-specific T cell responses and the frequency of HLA class I and II allotypes. These data demonstrate the allele dominance of LMP2A-specific T cell responses among HLA allotypes and their intra-individual dominance in response to only a few allotypes in an individual, which may provide useful information for genetic, pathogenic, and immunotherapeutic approaches to EBV-associated diseases.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.259-264
• /
• 2008

Cytogenetic characteristics of three Hemibarbus species (H. labeo, H. longirostris and H. mylodon) were analyzed based on erythrocyte measurement, flow cytometric estimation of cellular DNA content, and karyological analysis. Average nuclear volumes for H. labeo, H. longirostris and H. mylodon were 22.5, 21.7 and $26.0\;{\mu}m^3$, respectively. The estimated genome sizes of those three species were not significantly different from one another, being recorded as 2.51, 2.33 and 2.35 pg/cell for H. labeo, H. longirostris and H. mylodon, respectively. Modal chromosome numbers of the three species were the same as 2n = 50. However, their karyotypes and fundamental numbers (FN) were different among species; 16M+16SM+18T/A (FN = 82) for H. labeo, 18M+16SM+16T/A (FN = 84) for H. longirostris and 18M+24SM+8T/A (FN = 92) for H. mylodon.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2016

Toxoplasmosis is a serious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, one of the most widespread parasites in the world. Lipid metabolism is important in the intracellular stage of T. gondii. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a key enzyme for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid is predicted to exist in T. gondii. Sterculic acid has been shown to specifically inhibit SCD activity. Here, we examined whether sterculic acid and its methyl ester analogues exhibit anti-T. gondii effects in vitro. T. gondii-infected Vero cells were disintegrated at 36 hr because of the propagation and egress of intracellular tachyzoites. All test compounds inhibited tachyzoite propagation and egress, reducing the number of ruptured Vero cells by the parasites. Sterculic acid and the methyl esters also inhibited replication of intracellular tachyzoites in HFF cells. Among the test compounds, sterculic acid showed the most potent activity against T. gondii, with an $EC_{50}$ value of $36.2{\mu}M$, compared with $EC_{50}$ values of $248-428{\mu}M$ for the methyl esters. Our study demonstrated that sterculic acid and its analogues are effective in inhibition of T. gondii growth in vitro, suggesting that these compounds or analogues targeting SCD could be effective agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.16
• /
• pp.7337-7342
• /
• 2015

The study aimed to investigate the profile of alkaloids in two ethyl acetate soluble fractions, namely fractions A and B from an ethanolic extract of Ficus septica leaves and cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells. Preparation of both fractions involved maceration of leaves with 70% (v/v) ethanol, filtration with $Al_2O_3$, precipitation with 0.1 N HCl, Mayer reagent, and 0.1 N NaOH, and also partition with ethyl acetate. Qualitative thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted to determine the profile of alkaloids in the two fractions, using alkaloid specific reagents such as Dragendorff, sodium nitrite, and Van Urk-Salkowski. Cytotoxic effects of both fractions on T47D cells were evaluated using MTT assay with a concentration series of 1.56; 3.12; 6.25; 12.5; 25 and $50{\mu}g/mL$. The TLC test showed that fractions A and B contained alkaloids with Rx values of 0.74 and 0.80 for fraction A and 0.74, 0.84, 0.92 for fraction B with regard to yohimbine using the mobile phase of n-buthanol:glacial acetic acid:distilled water (3:1:1 v/v/v). Moreover, an indole alkaloid was detected with Rx values of 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Fractions A and B exhibited high cytotoxic effects on T47D cells with IC50 values of 2.57 and $2.73{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In conclusion, overall the results of this study showed that fractions of Ficus septica contain alkaloids including indole alkaloid or its derivatives and possess a cytotoxic effect on T47D cells. This research supports the idea that alkaloids in F. septica have anticancer activity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1997

In vitro somatic mutation induced by ${\gamma}$-radiation and pentachlorophenol(PCP) which is representative of chemical pollutant was measured at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase(hprt) locus in human T- lymphocytes by a cell cloning assay. Mutant cells were selected by their ability to form a clone in the presence of purine analogue 6-thioguanine. The mutant frequencies by ${\gamma}$-irradiation to a dose of 1.0 Gy, 2.0 Gy and 3.0 Gy were 40%, 400% and 750% higher than those in controls. Significant changes were not observed in mutant frequencies in the 0.2 Gy and 0.5 Gy irradiated groups. When the doses of PCP were 15 ppm, 25 ppm and 50 ppm, the mutant frequencies increased by 30%, 90% and 520%, respectively. No changes were observed in the 10 ppm treated group. Similar types of dose-response relationship were shown in the two different mutagens. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction technique(RT/PCR) was needed for the mutation spectrum to discriminate combined exposure to radiation and chemicals.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitrification in the cryopreservation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells could be useful for tooth banking. Methods: In step 1, primary cultured human PDL cells were cryopreserved in 100% conventional cryopreservation media and 100% vitrification media (ESF40 media) in different temperatures for 2 weeks. In step 2, a series of modified vitrification formulae named T1 (75% vitrification media + 25% F-media), T2 (50% vitrification media + 50% F-media) and T3 (25% vitrification media + 75% F-media) were used to store PDL cells for 2 weeks and 4 weeks in liquid nitrogen. MTT assay was performed to examine the viability of PDL cells. Results: Maximum cell viability was achieved in cells stored in 100% conventional cryopreservation media at $-196^{\circ}C$ (positive control group) in step 1. Compared to the positive control group, viability of the cells stored in 100% vitrification media was very low as 10% in all test conditions. In step 2, as the percentage of vitrification media decreased, the cell viability increased in cells stored for 2 weeks. In 4-week storage of cells in step 2, higher cell viability was observed in the T2 group than the other vitrification formulae while the positive control group had the highest viability. There was no statistically significant difference in the cell viability of 2-week and 4-week stored cells in the T2 group. Conclusions: These observations indicate 100% vitrification media is not successful in PDL cell cryopreservation. Conventional cryopreservation media is currently the most appropriate media type for this purpose while T2 media would be interesting to test for long-term storage of PDL cells.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.275-280
• /
• 2017

Background: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) anatomic lung resections are gradually becoming the standard surgical approach in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The technique is being applied in cases of larger tumors depending on the experience of the surgical team. The objective of this study was to compare early surgical and survival outcomes in patients undergoing anatomic pulmonary resections using VATS and thoracotomy techniques for clinical T2 NSCLC during the adaptation period of the surgical team to the VATS approach. Methods: The data of all patients who underwent anatomic pulmonary resection for NSCLC using VATS and open techniques since April 2012 were recorded to create a prospective lung cancer database. Clinical T2 NSCLC patients who underwent VATS anatomic lung resection were identified and compared with cT2 patients who underwent open resection. Results: Between April 2012 and August 2014, 269 anatomical resections for NSCLC were performed (80 VATS and 189 thoracotomy). Thirty-four VATS patients who had clinical T2 disease were identified and stage-matched to thoracotomy patients. The average tumor diameter was comparable ($34.2{\pm}11.1{\times}29.8{\pm}10.1mm$ vs. $32.3{\pm}9.8{\times}32.5{\pm}12.2mm$, p=0.4). Major complications were higher in the thoracotomy group (n=0 vs. n=5, p=0.053). There was no 30-day mortality, and the 2-year survival rate was 91% for VATS and 82% for thoracotomy patients (p=0.4). Conclusion: VATS anatomic resections in clinical T2 NSCLC tumors are safe and have perioperative and pathologic outcomes similar to those of thoracotomy, while remaining within the learning curve.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2005

The purpose of the present study was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ofloxacin tablets, Tarivid (Jeil Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Favid (ILHWA Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four normal male volunteers, $23.67{\pm}3.12$ year in age and $68.50{\pm}7.23$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After four tablets containing 100 mg of ofloxacin were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of ofloxacin in plasma were determined using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log0.94{\sim}log1.04\;and\;log0.90{\sim}log1.07\;for\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). The major parameters, $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$, met the criteria of KDFA for bioequivalence indicating that Favid tablet is bioequivalent to Tarivid tablet.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2008

A monsoon season monitoring data from June to September, 2005 of a small forested watershed located at the upstream of the North Han River system in Korea was conducted to analyze the flow variations, the NPS pollutant concentrations, and the pollution load characteristics with respect to sampling frequencies. During the 4-month period, 1,423 mm or 79.2% of annual rainfall(1,797 mm) were occurred and more than 77%, 54% and 68% of annual T-N, $NO_3$-N and T-P loads discharged. Flow rate was continuously measured with automatic velocity and water level meters and 58 water quality samples were taken and analyzed. It was analyzed that the flow volume by random measurement varied very widely and ranged from 79% to 218% of that of continuous measurement. It was recommended that flow measurement of small forested watersheds should be continuously measured with automated flow meters to precisely measure flow rates. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of T-N, $NO_3$-N and T-P during the period were 2.114 mg/L, 0.836 mg/L, and 0.136 mg/L, respectively. T-N, $NO_3$-N and T-P loads were sensitive to the number of samples. And it was analyzed that in order to measure the pollution load within the error of 10% to the true load, the rate of sampling frequency should be higher than 89.7% of the sample numbers that were required to compute the true pollution load. If it is compared to selected foreign research results, about 10 water samples for each rainfall event were needed to compute the pollution load within 10% error. It is unlikely in Korea and recommended that thorough NPS pollution monitoring studies are required to develop the standard monitoring procedures for reliable NPS pollution quantification.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 2017

Recently, safety-critical aviation system development programs promoted domestically have been terminated in the middle stage or they have not been put to practical use at the final stage. The program failure may be caused by various factors, but this study focused on imperfect test and evaluation(T&E) procedures. In general, T&E process of a safety-critical system must be distributed throughout the entire life-cycle of the system, have a continuity in phases, and can be implemented in a variety of ways depending on the maturity of the system development and acquisition strategy. This paper aims to present a new strategy by analyzing the domestic and overseas T&E processes to reduce the risk of domestic safety-critical CNS/ATM system development program and increase the success rate of program. First, we discuss the verification and validation techniques for safety-critical systems, analyze the T&E procedures of advanced institutes and the domestic situation, and then compare the domestic and overseas T&E processes to complement the imperfect testing procedure.