• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2009

This study aimed to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Korea, a rapidly changing country. Data of 5,132 adults aged 20-85 were used from the 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for T2D. Three models were specified: (i) socioeconomic and demographic factors (model 1: age, gender, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) behavioral risk factors and covariates (model 2: obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary quality, family history of T2D, co-morbidity) and (iii) socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors (model 3). The prevalence of T2D was 7.4%. Less education (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84), age (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.56-3.08 in 40-59 yrs, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.76-5.95 in 60 yrs + comparing to 20-39 yrs) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.79-2.82) were risk factors for T2D even after controlling for other factors simultaneously. There was a significant association of T2D with ever smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.67). The relationship of age with T2D was modified by gender in model 1 and the relationship of smoking with T2D was modified by obesity in model 2. Less educated, older, obese or ever smokers were more likely to have T2D. Gender mediated the relationship of age, and obesity mediated the relationship of smoking, with T2D. Intervention programs for T2D in Korea should take the interactions among risk factors into account.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.29 no.1_2
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• pp.279-292
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• 2011

In this paper, we consider anti-periodic solutions of the following BAM neural networks with multiple delays on time scales: $$\{{x^\Delta_i(t)=-a_i(t)e_i(x_i(t))+{\sum\limits^m_{j=1}}c_{ji}(t)f_j(y_j(t-{\tau}_{ji}))+I_i(t),\atop y^\Delta_j(t)=-b_j(t)h_j(y_j(t))+{\sum\limits^n_{i=1}}d_{ij}(t)g_i(x_i(t-{\delta}_{ij}))+J_j(t),}\$$ where i = 1, 2, ..., n,j = 1, 2, ..., m. Using some analysis skills and Lyapunov method, some sufficient conditions on the existence and exponential stability of the anti-periodic solution to the above system are established.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of spent mushroom substrates on eating time, ruminating and resting time of growing Hanwoo. A total of eighteen growing Hanwoo $(357.0{\pm}2.9kg)$ were allocated into three feeding groups and assigned to three dietary treatments: Control (C : concentrate + rice straw; 5.32 kg + intake of free), T1 (concentrate + spent mushroom substrates + rice straw; 5.32 kg +0.82 kg + intake of free) and T2 (concentrate + spent mushroom substrates + rice straw; 5.32 kg + 1.64 kg + intake of free). Intake of rice straw was the highest at C (2.66 kg), while T2 (2.03 kg) was the lowest. But total intake and NDF intake were highly in order of T2 > T1 > C (p<0.05). Eating time was similar in C and T1 with 289.3 and 290.5 minutes, and that in T1 was the shortest with 236.0 minutes (p<0.05). When spent mushroom substrates were increased by 0 (0.0 kg), 15 (0.82 kg) and 30% (1.64 kg) of concentrate, chewing time was decreased linearly from 451.0 and 402.3 to 359.5 minutes (p<0.05), which was due to the particle size of very small feed. Number of bolus, number of chews, number of chews/bolus and FVI (chewing time/intake of feed 1kg) showed the highest to all in C. But ruminating time per bolus was the longest in T2 (69.4 min.), and number of bolus per minute was the highest at T1 (1.07 no.) Eating rate, ruminating efficiency and chewing efficiency were significantly higher (p<0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C, which was due to increased feed intake and the small particle size of spent mushroom substrates. When fed with concentrate, Hanwoo group did united behavior in the all treatment (C, T1 and T2). But group behavior in ruminating and resting was hardly influenced by feeding levels of roughage. Consequently, spent mushroom substrates could be used up to from 15 to 30% in growing Hanwoo roughage source without any harmful effect on eating behavior.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of liquid fertilizer contained medium of Lactobacillus confusa and Pichia anoala on growth of creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds. CV. Pennlixs). By application method of liquid fertilizer, the experiment plot was designed as following; NF was non-fertilized treatment, control was applied with compound fertilizer and treatment 1(T-1), treatment 2(T-2) and treatment 3(T-3) were applied with compound fertilizer and liquid fertilizer solution diluted 500, 300 and 100 folds, respectively. The every treatments was arranged a randomized complete block with three replications. Compared with NF, leaf color index of control, T-1, T-2 and T-3 in creeping bentgrass was increased 7.4%, 7.5%, 77% and 7.2%, respectively and chlorophyll content of T-1, T-2 and T-3 in creeping bentgrass was increased 45.7%, 45.6%, 52.1% and 49.6%, respectively, and T-2 and T-3 was increased 4.4% and 2.7% more than control. Dry weight of T-1, T-2 and T-3 was increased 2.7%, 13.8% and 13.9% more than control, when compared to control. These results were found that turfgrass qualities and growth was improved in treatment applied to compound fertilizer and solution of liquid fertilizer diluted 300 folds.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.103-120
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• 1971

We have been studied on brewing sweet starch. We obtained the results as follows ; 1) 5 strains, T-T-2, T-T-4, T-K-2, T-T-18, T-T-1, were the most available in view of fermentative power by capacity of $CO_2$. 2) 5 strains, T-T-4, T-T-2, T-T-1, T-T-3, T-K-2, produced capacity of alcohol more than 5.78%. 3) 6 strains, T-T-2, T-K-2, T-T-4, T-S-2, T-I-3, T-I-1, are available not only taste and flavour, but productive power of alcohol in sweet potato starch. 4) The form of 6 strains are long oval and round and most of them are similar to the other yeast in size. 5) In giant colony the color was cream color and cream buff, and T-K-2 was formed by $15{\times}12mm$ on diameter and by 3.5mm on high. 6) Optimum temperature of most of all strains is 25~ $300^{\circ}C$but T-K-4 is 28-30.deg.C. 7) Optimum pH is 3.4-4.6. 8) T-S-2 was died off at 65.deg.C, the other strains died $60^{\circ}C$. 9( Making Bun-kok with non-heated wheat bran .alpha.-amylase was more increased by 4.5-13.5 mg of glucose in reaction solution and .betha.-amylase more 1.6-3.4ml of N/10-$KMnO_4$ Solution than Bun-kok with heated wheat bran. 10) It seems that mycellium grows better than original in substance containing 0.4 ~ 1.2% of HCl. 11) Making Bun-kok to add 0.8% HCl, .alpha.-amylase was increased 9.93-20.7mg of glucose and .betha.-amylase ws increased 2.6~4.3ml of N/10-$KMnO_4$ solution to reaction solution. 12) 1.2%-HCl, or higher concentration, acts as inhibitor, in the meanwhile the concentration between 0.4~0.8% of HCl acts as activator. 13) We must make Bun-kok for 42 hours, at 28~$30^{\circ}C$) After we made Bun-kok using S-O-II and R-J-I one by one, Bun-kok which mix each other in equal quantity is increased more than original on enzyme acrivity. 15) Oxidation is the best way of refining sweet potato starch in N/10-phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5). 16) When we prepared sweet potato starch, first pH was 3.0.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on in vitro rumen fermentation at various dose levels of 0 (T₁), 100 (T₂), 200 (T₃), and 300 (T₄) ppb in a wheat straw-based buffalo diet. The results show that the truly degradable dry matter, truly degradable organic matter, gas production, microbial biomass production and partitioning factor values in the control group (T₁) were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate values in the control group (T₁) were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The partitioning factor value in the control group (T₁) was higher (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The partitioning factor values of the T₂ and T₃ groups were higher (p < 0.05) than that of the T₄ group. There was no significant variation in the partitioning factor value between the T₂ and T₃ group. The acetate : propionate (A : P) ratio in the control group (T₁) was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the T₂, T₃, and T₄ groups. The A : P ratio in the T₂ group was lower (p < 0.05) than those of the T₃ and T₄ groups. It was concluded that different levels of AFB₁ contamination in feed significantly affect the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Thus, these findings could help to determine the influences of AFB₁ in a wheat straw-based buffalo diet. Additionally, it is necessary to manage AFB₁ contamination in ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2006

La substituted perovskite $BiFeO_3$ have been prepared by a sol-gel method. Magnetic and structural properties of the powders were characterized with Mossbauer spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TG-DTA. The crystal structure is found to be a rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure with the lattice constant $\alpha=3.985{\AA}\;and\;\alpha=89.5^{\circ}.\;Bi_{2/3}La_{1/3}FeO_3$ powders that were annealed at and above $600^{\circ}C$ have a single-phase perovskite structure. However, powders annealed at $900^{\circ}C$ have a typical perovskite structure with small amount of $Bi_2O_3$ phase. The Neel temperature of $Bi_{2/3}La_{1/3}FeO_3$ is found to be $680\pm3K$. The isomer shift value at room temperature is found to be 0.27 mm/s relative to the Fe metal, which is consistent with high-spin $Fe^{3+}$ charge states. Debye temperature far$Bi_{2/3}La_{1/3}FeO_3$ is found to be $305\pm5K$. The average hyperfine field $H_{hf}(T)$ of the $Bi_{2/3}La_{1/3}FeO_3$, shows a temperature dependence of $[H_{hf}(T)-H_{hf}(0)]/H_{hf}(0)=-0.42(T/T_N)^{3/2}-0.13(T/T_N)^{5/2}$ for $T/T_N<0.7$ indicative of spin-wave excitation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary oriental medicine refuse(OMR) and mugwort powder on physico-chemical characteristics of Korean Native Pork(KNP). KNP were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments : 1) control (commercial feed) 2) T1 (commercial fed supplemented with 10% OMR powder) 3) T2 (commercial feed with 10% mugwort powder). 15 heads(♂) were feed one of the experimental diets for 5 months and slaughtered. In the proximate composition, moisture content showed slightly high in the T1, however, fat content were tended to be high in the control. The heating loss, shear value, WHC (water holding capacity) were not significantly between control and the treatments group. The T1 showed the lowest pH among treatments (P<0.05). In sensory evaluation, juiciness and tenderness of T1 and T2 were higher compared with that of control. Hunter a* did not show any difference among the treatments group. But Hunter L*, b* in treatment group(T1, T2) were higher than that of the control. Oleic acid, linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acid contents of T1 and T2 were higher than the control. The total amino acid of the control, T1 and T2 were 18.290, 18.177 and 18.942mg%, respectively.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-47
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• 2007

본 연구는 미국 노인의 두 조사 시점에 걸친 결혼 상태(지속적 유배우, 배우자 상실, 지속적 무배우) 및 은퇴 상태(지속적 은퇴, 은퇴 전이 지속적 취업)가 다양한 측면의 정신건강(우울감, 행복감, 자긍심, 통제감)에 미치는 영향 및 이에 대한 성별의 중재효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 미국 전국규모 종단자료인 National Survey Of Families and Households (T1-T2: 1987-1993)의 50세 이상 응답자 1,798명의 자료가 분석에 포함되었다. 그 결과 T1-T2 간 배우자 상실은 우울감 증가 및 행복감 감소와 연관되는 것으로 나타났다. T1-T2 지속적 무배우 상태는 통제감의 증가와 관련되며, T1-T2지속적 무배우 상태인 남성의 경우는 지속적 무배우 상태의 굴성과 틀리 현저하게 행복감이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. T1-T2 지속적 은퇴 상태는 우울감 증가, 자긍심 저하, 통제감 저하와 관련되었다. T1-T2 간 은퇴전이는 자긍심 저하와 연관되었다. 은퇴와 정신건강 저하간의 관련성을 일관적으로 제시하는 이상의 결과들은, 은퇴가 노년기 정신건강에 미치는 부정적 영향을 경감시킬 수 있는 보호적 중재요인의 규명에 대한 후속 연구의 필요성을 강력히 시사한다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

Acoustic noise during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the main source for patient discomfort. we report our preliminary experience with this technique in neuroimaging with regard to subjective and objective noise levels and image quality. 60 patients(29 males, 31 females, average age of 60.1) underwent routine brain MRI with 3.0 Tesla (MAGNETOM Tim Trio; Siemens, Germany) system and 12-channel head coil. Q-$T_2$ and $T_2$ sequence were performed. Measurement of sound pressure levels (SPL) and heart rate on Q-$T_2$ and $T_2$ was performed respectively. Quantitative analysis was carried out by measuring the SNR, CNR, and SIR values of Q-$T_2$, $T_2$ and a statistical analysis was performed using independent sample T-test. Qualitative analysis was evaluated by the eyes for the overall quality image of Q-$T_2$ and $T_2$. A 5-point evaluation scale was used, including excellent(5), good(4), fair(3), poor(2), and unacceptable(1). The average noise and peak noise decreased by $15dB_A$ and $10dB_A$ on $T_2$ and Q-$T_2$ test. Also, the average value of heartbeat rate was lower in Q-$T_2$ for 120 seconds in each test, but there was no statistical significance. The quantitative analysis showed that there was no significant difference between CNR and SIR, and there was a significant difference (p<0.05) as SNR had a lower average value on Q-$T_2$. According to the qualitative analysis, the overall quality image of 59 case $T_2$ and Q-$T_2$ was evaluated as excellent at 5 points, and 1 case was evaluated as good at 4 points due to a motion artifact. Q-$T_2$ is a promising technique for acoustic noise reduction and improved patient comfort.