• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2006

Purpose: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, but in the GIT, the roles of dopamine are a regulator of epithelial cell proliferation, an endogenous protective factor, and a regulator of stomach cancer cell proliferation. By using two different gastric-cancer cell lines, we assessed the effects of dopamine and dopamine receptors on the proliferation of human gastric-cancer cells. Materials and Methods: To assess the effects of dopamine and dopamine receptors on the proliferation of human gastric-cancer cells, we investigated cell proliferation and the expression of D1, D2L, and D2S receptor in two gastric-cancer cell lines, SNU 601 and KCU-C2. The effects of dopamine and dopamine receptors on the level of the cell proliferation were determined by staining with an A/H/E (acridine orange, hoechst and ethidium bromide) mixture. Results: After dopamine treatment, the cell viability was significantly decreased in SNU 601 cells (P<0.05) where the D2L receptor was absent, but not in KCU-C2 cells. After treatment with raclopride, a D2 receptor antagonist, dopamine-dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in SNU 601 cells (P<0.05). After treatment with SCH 23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, dopamine significantly increased ceil proliferation in KCU-C2 cells (P<0.05), but inhibited ceil proliferation in SNU 601 cells (no D2L receptor). Conclusion: The dopamine signal via the D1 or the D2S receptor inhibited proliferation of gastric-cancer cells, but that via the D2L receptor increased proliferation. These results suggest that the regulatory effects of dopamine in the gastric-cancer cell proliferation may be controlled by using dopamine receptors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1051-1058
• /
• 2014

Platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) plays an important role in bacterial infection and inflammation. We examined the effect of the bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA) and Staphylococcus aureus (aLTA) on PAFR expression in THP-1, a monocyte-like cell line. LPS and aLTA, but not pLTA, significantly increased PAFR expression, whereas priming with pLTA inhibited LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAFR expression. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4, and CD14 increased with LPS and aLTA treatments, but was inhibited by pLTA pretreatment. Neutralizing antibodies against TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 showed that these receptors were important in LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAFR expression. PAFR expression is mainly regulated by the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Blocking PAF binding to PAFR using a PAFR inhibitor indicated that LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAF expression affected TNF-${\alpha}$ production. In the mouse small intestine, pLTA inhibited PAFR, TLR2, and TLR4 expression that was induced by heat-labile toxin. Our data suggested that pLTA has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of PAFR that was induced by pathogenic ligands.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.26 no.12
• /
• pp.1074-1078
• /
• 2003

The effects of glycine on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice was examined. A single administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) induced hyperactivity as measured in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited by pretreatment with glycine (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, it was found repeated administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) to mice daily for 6 days caused an increase in motor activity which could be induced by a subsequent morphine dose, an effect known as reverse tolerance or sensitization. Glycine (100, 200 and 400 rng/kg, i.p.) also inhibited morphine-induced reverse tolerance. Mice that had received 7 daily repeated administrations of morphine also developed postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, as shown by enhanced ambulatory activity after administration of apomorphine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). Glycine inhibited the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by repeated administration of morphine. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects of glycine might be mediated by dopaminergic (DAergic) transmission. Accordingly, the inhibition by glycine of the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity suggests that glycine might be useful for the treatment of morphine addiction.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2018

I investigated that ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene polymorphisms were contributed to susceptibility to ICH in Korean population. I recruited 156 ICH patients and 425 healthy controls for this study, respectively. rs1881421, rs1881420, rs3795850, and rs2246745 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. The genotype and allele distributions of tested four SNPs was analyzed using the SNPStats, SPSS 22.0, and the Haploview v.4.2 software. The Odd's ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values were calculated in allele and genotype models. I found that rs1881421, rs1881420, rs3795850, and rs2246745 SNPs of ALK gene (rs1881421, OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.54-2.64, p<0.001; rs1881420, OR=0.53, 95% CI=1.16-2.01, p=0.003; rs3795850, OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.17-2.02, p=0.002; rs2246745, OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.46-2.60, p<0.001 in each allele analysis). And distributions of CC, GT, and GC haplotypes between the ICH group and the control group also showed significant association with ICH (CC haplotype, p<0.001; GT haplotype, p=0.006; GC haplotype, p<0.001). These minor alleles of tested four SNPs in ALK gene were contributed to increased risk of development for ICH. Our findings suggested that the ALK gene may be a risk factor for susceptibility to ICH.The Korea Internet of Things Society.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 1991

Epidermal growth facter(EGF)는 내열성이 강하고 분자량이 6045 dalton인 단쇄상의 polypeptide로써, Cohen에 의해 생쥐의 악하선에서 처음 발견된 이래, 여러학자들에 의해 많은 연구가 되어왔다. 인체의 EGF는 urogastrone이라고도 불리우며, 인체의 소변에서 처음 검출되었고 분자구조 및 생리작용이 생쥐의 EGF와 매우 유사한 것으로 판명되었다. EGF의 자세한 작용기전은 확실히 규명되어있지는 않지만 세포의 증식과 분화를 촉진시키며 위산의 분비를 억제시킨다고 알려져 있다. 또한 EGF receptor는 분자량이 170,000${\sim}$180,000dalton인 세포표면의 polypeptide로써 인체, 쥐, 닭, 소 등의 세포막조직에 특이하게 결합되어 있다. 최근 수년동안 몇몇 학자들에 의해 EGF가 배아와 태아 및 태반의 성장을 촉진시키고 chorionic gonadotrophin과 placental lactogen의 분비를 증진하는데 기여할 것이라고 가정되어 왔다. 그러나 아직까지 배아착상에 대한 EGF의 작용여부에 관해서는 발표된 문헌이 없어 저자는 radioreceptor assay를 이용하여 EGF receptor binding과 토끼의 배아착상과의 관계를 규명하고자 임신경과에 따른 착상부위와 비착상부위의 자궁 및 태아측 태반과 모체측 태반을 분리취득하고 receptor binding assay를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 전임신군과 비임신군의 자궁조직의 membrane fraction으로부터 specific한 EGF receptor binding이 관찰되었다. 2. 착상전 임신 3일에 자궁조직의 EGF receptor수는 4.72 +0.16($10\;mol/{\mu}g$)로 비임신시보다 의의있게 증가되어 있었고(p<0.01), 착상시기인 임신 7일에는 착상된 부위에서 20.33+6.58로 훨씬 더 높은 측정치를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3. 착상이후 가장 먼저 취득된 임신 14일의 태아측 태반은 모체측 태반의 1.39+0.49에 비해 훨씬 높은 11.94+1.97의 EGF receptor 측정치를 보였다 (p<0.01). 4. 이상의 소견들로 보아 EGF가 토끼의 배아착상에 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 추측되며, 이러한 착상전후의 EGF의 작용은 태아측으로부터 일 것으로 예상된다.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 2011

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes acute enteritis with lethal watery diarrhea resulting in a high mortality rate in piglets. As with the other members of group 1 coronaviruses, PEDV also utilizes the host aminopeptidase N (APN) as the major cellular receptor for entry into target cells. The coronavirus spike (S) protein is known to interact with the cellular surface for viral attachment and the S1 domain of all characterized coronaviruses contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that mediates a specific high-affinity interaction with their respective cellular receptors. Although the RBDs of several coronaviruses have been mapped, the location of the PEDV RBD has to date not been defined. As a first step toward the identification of the region of the S protein of the PEDV that is critical for recognition with the cellular receptor, we generated a series of S1-truncated variants and examined their abilities to bind to the porcine APN (pAPN) receptor. Our data indicate that the N-terminus of the S1 domain is required for pAPN association. The results from the present study may assist in our understanding of the molecular interactions between the PEDV S protein and the pAPN receptor.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.202-207
• /
• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effect of tetrahydroisoxazolopyridine (THIP), a $GABA_A$ agonist, on the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. A single administration of morphine induced hyperactivity in mice. However, the morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited dose-dependently by the administration of THIP (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.). In contrast, daily administration of morphine resulted in a reverse tolerance to the hyperactivity caused by morphine (10 mg/kg ,s.c.). THIP inhibited the development of reverse tolerance in the mice that had received the repeated same morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.) doses. The postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, which was evidenced by the enhanced ambulatory activity its after the administration of apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.), also developed in the reverse tolerant mice. THIP also inhibited the development of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity indulged by the chronic morphine administration. These results suggest that the hyperactivity, reverse toterance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by morphine can be inhibited activating the $GABA_A$ receptors.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2000

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors by carbachol (CCh) in the circular smooth muscle of the guinea pig gastric antrum causes muscle contraction. In the present study, muscarinic receptor subtype controlling the muscle contraction in response to CCh was studied using putative muscarinic receptor antagonists. Isometric force of the isolated circular muscle strips was measured in an organ bath. CCh contracted the muscle in a dose-dependent way, and each of the three muscarinic receptor antagonists, 4-diphenylacetoxy- N-methylpeperdine methiodide (4-DAMP), methoctramine and pirenzepine shifted the concentration- response curves to the right without significantly reducing the maximum force. The affinities of the muscarinic antagonists $(pA_2\;values)$ obtained from Schild plot analysis were 10.15, 7.05 and 6.84 for 4-DAMP, methoctramine and pirenzepine, respectively. These results suggest that the $M_3-subtype$ mainly mediate the muscle contraction in response to CCh in guinea pig gastric antrum.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.27 no.10
• /
• pp.1065-1072
• /
• 2004

Depression is associated with a dysfunctional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently, several lines of evidence suggest that an important factor in the development of depression may be a deficit in the function and expression of $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors. The present study assessed if Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) had an anti-depression effect through reversing a decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in rats with depression-like symptoms induced by chronic mild stress. Using a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor binding assay, with a specific $5-HT_{1A}$receptor agonist, 8- OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), the mechanism of the anti-depression effect of N. s. on rats was investigated, and the effects compared with two well-known antidepressants, Hyperium Perforatum (St. Johns Wort) and fluoxetine (Prozac). Animals were divided into five groups: the normal (N) group without chronic mild stress (CMS), the control (C) group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Hyperium Perforatum (H. p.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks and finally, the fluoxetine (F) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks. Each treatment was administered to rats during the last 4 weeks of the 8-week CMS. A sucrose intake test was performed to test the anti-depression effect of N. s. The N. s. treatment significantly reversed the decreased sucrose intake under CMS (P<0.05 compared to control group under CMS). In the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, both N. s. and H. p. reversed the CMS-induced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. In the I to II regions of the frontal cortex, N. s. and H. p. also reversed the CMS-induced decrease in$5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding, and even showed a significant increase in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding compared to the F treatment group (N. s. vs. P, p<0.05, H. p. vs. P, p<0.05). However, in the hypothalamus, all treatments reversed the CMSinduced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. This reversal effect of N. s. on the decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of rat brains was very similar to that of H. p, but different from that of F. It is concluded that N. s. presents an anti-depression effect through enhancing $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding.