• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.235-240
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• 2006

We investigated the antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and superoxide radical scavenging capacity of the aqueous EtOH extract and its solvent fractions of Artemisia scoparia. The ethyl acetate fraction showed high antioxidant activity, compared to positive controls such as ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), trolox, and allopurinol in these assay systems. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of A. scoparia on the production of pro-inflammatory factors that the nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 $(PGE_2)$ production activated with LPS $(1{\mu}g/ml)$ in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The amounts of protein levels were determined by immunoblottting. Tn the sequential fractions of hexane and dichloromethane inhibited the NO and $PGE_2$ production and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that A. scoparia may have anti-inflammatory activity through the antioxidant activity and inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.89-101
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Jeondo-San(JDS) on anti-Inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes. Methods : The effects of JDS on anti-Inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes were measured by the cytotoxicity of Raw 264.7 cell, the inhibition for NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $PGE_2$, iNOS and COX-2, the blocking $NF-{\kappa}B$ into nucleus and the sterilizing power for Propionibacterium acnes. Results : 1. All concentrations of JDS has no cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell. 2. All concentrations of JDS inhibited the production of NO in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 3. All concentrations of JDS did not significantly inhibit the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 4. All concentrations of JDS inhibited the production of $PGE_2$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 5. All concentrations of JDS did not inhibit the expression of COX-2 but concentrations of 50\;{\mu}g/ml$, 100\;{\mu}g/ml$ JDS inhibited iNOS expression in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 6. Concentrations of 50\;{\mu}g/ml$, 100\;{\mu}g/ml$ JDS has the effect of blocking $NF-{\kappa}B$ into nucleus in LPS-induced macrophage Raw 264.7 cell. 7. All concentrations of IDS did not have the inhibitory effect of Propionibactrium acnes. Conclusions : The present date suggest that JDS has a effect on the stage of inflammation of acne.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

Objectives : Bilobalide (BIL) is a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent that accounts for a partial portion of the standardized Ginkgonis Folium extract, which has been widely used to treat a variety of neurological disorders involving cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration. In this study, it was tested whether BIL exhibits anti-inflammatory activities on inflammation response, or not. Methods : To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of BIL on pharmacological and biochemical actions in inflammation, we examined the effect of BIL on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The investigation was focused on how BIL affect on inflammation-related mediators including various signals such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), inducible NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Results : We found that BIL inhibited LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ productions as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, BIL suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation for MAPK activation. Conclusions : These results suggest that BIL has inhibitory effects on LPS-induced $PGE_2$, NO, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. It seems that these inhibitory effects occur by blocking the phosphorylation of MAPKs for activation. Then, BIL suppressed the activation of nuclear factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ in nucleus. These observations suggest that BIL has anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 2007

Root extracts of Angelica gigas and A. acutiloba have been used traditionally for the treatment of gynecological diseases, as well as anemia, blood stasis, and inflammatory pain, as blood tonics in Oriental medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of A. gigas and A. acutiloba on inflammatory mediators in mouse macrophages and compared their activities. Many studies suggest that prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) biosynthesis and nitric oxide (NO) production play important roles in the processes of both inflammation and carcinogenesis. Ethanolic extracts from the roots of both species exhibited significant inhibitory effects on $PGE_2$ generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, the extract from A. gigas was more effective than that from A. acutiloba. Although neither inhibited NO generation, the extract from A. acutiloba stimulated NO generation. Our results suggest that the roots of A. gigas might possess more anti-inflammatory and/or cancer chemopreventative activity than that of A. acutiloba due to the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2)-mediated $PGE_2$ production. In addition, A. acutiloba might exert anti-tumor activity through an increase in macrophage-produced NO.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

Objectives : Chrysanthemum boreale flower is widely distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and Eastern countries. C. boreale flower is also one of the herbs used for the treatment of various inflammatory disease in Korean Medicine. So, this research was designed to study anti-inflammatory effect of C. boreale flower and its mechanism. Methods : We investigated nitro oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production by ELISA. And expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ P50/65 (NF-${\kappa}B$ P50, NF-${\kappa}B$ P65) were measured in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells induced by LPS. Results : MeOH ex., EtOAc fr., $CHCl_3$ fr. and Water fr. of C. boreale flower showed anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of NO and PGE expression respectively. Among them, EtOAc fr. and $CHCl_3$ fr. inhibited production of NO and $PGE_2$ through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression. And MeOH ex., EtOAc fr. and $CHCl_3$ fr. inhibited translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ P65, NF-${\kappa}B$ P50 by inhibiting phosphrylation of $I{\kappa}B$. Conclusions : MeOH ex. EtOAc fr, $CHCl_3$ fr., and Water fr. of the C. boreale flower have anti-inflammatory activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.428-436
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from Sonchus brachyotus and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we isolated three flavonoids from a 70% EtOH extract by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and prep-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of these flavonoids, their in vitro inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) secretion were determined. We successfully identified three flavonoids, namely luteolin (1), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (3) by spectral analyses. Luteolin (1) at 20 ㎍/mL inhibited ROS generation, NO production, and PGE₂ secretion by 48.6%, 61.28% and 12.10%, respectively, and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) inhibited NO and PGE₂ generation by 67.03% and 20.82%, respectively. Luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) showed similar anti-inflammatory activities; however, luteolin (1) was observed to be a stronger antioxidant. Besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, S. brachyotus extract containing luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) is considered to possess diverse biological activities. The results indicate that S. brachyotus is an edible medicinal plant, which is believed to be significant resource of functional foods.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Tanghwajitongsan(THJTS) through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK. Methods : We evaluated cell survival rate by MTT assay, NO production by nitrite content in the culture medium. We quantified TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE₂ of the cultured supernatant by ELISA. And we evaluated the effect of THJTS on protein expression of NF-κB, MAPK, iNOS and COX-2 by Western blot analysis. THJTS ameliorates LPS-activated alterations in protein expression of NF-κB, p-38, iNOS and COX-2 and production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE₂. Also, THJTS ameliorates LOX, PGN and FLA-activated alterations in protein expression of NO, iNOS. THJTS ameliorates only PGN-activated alterations in protein expression of COX-2. Results : THJTS ameliorates LPS-activated alterations in protein expression of NF-κB, p-38, iNOS and COX-2 and production of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE₂. Also, THJTS ameliorates LOX, PGN and FLA-activated alterations in protein expression of NO, iNOS. THJTS ameliorates only PGN-activated alterations in protein expression of COX-2. Conclusions : This study can provide scientific evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of THJTS.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract derived from fruiting body of Phellinus gilvus (PGE) using male and female SD rats. Groups consisted of five male and female rats were treated with a single dose of the test substance intragastrically at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 mg/kgaj, respectively. Clinical signs, body weight change, and food and water consumption change were observed for 14 days after administration. No mortality or abnormal clinical signs in animals were shown during the observation period at the dose used in this study. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, water and food consumption or gross pathological findings at terminal sacrifice among the groups of rat treated with different doses of the test substance. The results suggested that acute oral toxicity of PGE in rats is very low at the conditions employed in this study and $LD_{50}$ of PGE was estimated to be over 5,000 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ in both sexes of rats.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1984

In order to investigate the effect of neurotransmitter on myoblast differentiation in vitro, the effects of dopamine and epinephrine on myoblast fusion and on the intracellular cAMP level in cultured myoblasts were examined. Dopamine $(3\\times10^{-5}M)$ and epinephrine $(3\\times10^{-5}M)$, when added at 34 hr after cell plating, markedly inhibited myoblast fusion, and dopamine was more potent than epinephrine. Both dopamine and epinephrine had no effect on intracellular cAMP level. At the same time, exogeneous dbcAMP, $PGE_1$, and aspirin were used to examine whether cAMP is involved in myoblast differentiation. dbcAMP $(1\\times10^{-4}M)$ inhibited myoblast fusion, whereas $PGE_1 (3\\times10^{-6}M)$ had no inhibitory effect, rather enhancing myoblast fusion. Aspirin, an inhibitor of PG synthetase, was shown to inhibit myoblast fusion. Possible mechanism by which dopamine or epinephrine at a specific concentration used inhibits myoblast fusion is discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.101-103
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• 2006

Oral prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a medicine that is clinically applied during a treatment of patients suffering with vascular disease with chronic arterial obstruction because it has vasodilation and anti-platelet effects. The mechanisms of lumbosacral symptoms associated with spinal stenosis probably include vascular insufficiency with hypoxic injury to the cauda equina and the nerve roots. Thus, increasing the blood supply would be beneficial to improve the pathophysiologic condition. Several studies on the improvement of clinical symptoms of spinal stenosis by PGE1 treatment have been reported on. In this case, 47-year old female underwent posterior compression and posterolateral fusion with a cage at L2-4 due to L3 compression fracture, and she did not show improvement of the radiating pain of her right leg after the operation. Therefore, she received repetitive epidural catheterization and adhesiolysis, epidural block and physical therapy, but her symptoms deteriorated after temporary improvement. Finally, she was given PGE1 and the radiculopathy was completely improved, although some muscle weakness still remained.