• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.443-451
• /
• 2012

We compared the effects of grapefruit seed extract (GFSE), green tea extract (GT) and their microencapsulated extract on anti-inflammatory activities in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages cell line. In order to protect the bioactive compounds in the extracts, they were microencapsulated with maltodextrin and $H_2O$. Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS) were analyzed in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The green tea extract at the range of $100-600{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited NO, PGE2 production and iNOS protein expression without cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Grapefruit seed extract had strong inhibitory effects on NO and PGE production and iNOS protein expression at the range of $5-20{\mu}g/mL$ without cytotoxicity. Microencapsulation of green tea extract had further inhibitory effects on NO and PGE2 production and on iNOS protein expression, whereas microencapsulated GFSE did not show any further inhibitory effects on these parameters. Taken together, our results suggest that GSFE might be a promising candidate for preventing inflammation related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer or diabetes, and the microencapsulation of green tea extract could improve its bioactivity.

• 치위생과학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.213-220
• /
• 2020

Background: The leaves of Perilla frutescens, commonly called perilla and used for food in Korea, contain components with a variety of biological effects and potential therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of 70% ethanol extracted Perilla frutescens (EEPF) and determine its inhibitory effects on oral microbial activity and production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages, consequently, to confirm the possibility of using EEPF as a functional component for improving the oral environment and preventing inflammation. Methods: One kg of P. frutescens leaves was extracted with 70% ethanol and dried at -70℃. EEPF was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, and antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms was revealed using the disk diffusion test. Cell viability was elucidated using a methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, and the effect of EEPF on LPS-induced morphological variation was confirmed through microscopic observation. The effect of EEPF on LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2 was confirmed by the NO assay and PGE2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The main component of EEPF was rosemarinic acid, and EEPF showed weak anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects against microorganisms living in the oral cavity. EEPF did not show toxicity to Raw264.7 macrophages and had inhibitory effects on the morphological variations and production of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: EEPF can be used as a functional material for improving the oral environment through the control of oral microorganisms and for modulating inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.304-309
• /
• 1992

연구배경 : 폐포대식세포에서 아라카돈산 대사산물의 생성을 자극하는 일부 인자에 의해서 지속적인 자극시 이와같은 자극으로 인해 생산된 아라키돈산 대사산물이 만성적인 기관지 수축과 섬유화, 계속되는 독성 산소기의 분비를 통하여 잘환의 진행을 항진시키게 된다고 알려져 있고 또한 폐가 외부 물질에 만성적으로 폭로됨으로 인한 질환은 진폐증이 그 대표적인 예라고 할 수 있다. 그러으로 대식세포나 호중구 또는 섬유모세포에서 생산하는 prostaglandin이나 leukotriene등 대사산물의 측정을 통하여 진폐증의 질환의 진행정도를 파악하려는 노력이 계속되고 있으나 아직 명백한 결론을 얻지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 시험관내에서 폐포대식세포를 유리규산으로 자극시 아라키돈산 대사산물의 측정을 통하여 섬유화 과정에 미치는 prostaglandin $E_2$와 leukotriene $B_4$의 영향을 연구하기 위하여 시행되었다. 방법 : 쥐의 폐포대식세포를 유리규산분진, 자연산 석탄 분진, Lipopolysaccharide, calcium ionophore과 같은 자극제와 같이 배양하고 24, 48시 간후 방사선 동위원소를 이용하여 $PGE_2$와 $LTB_4$를 측정하였다. 결과 : 1) 정상 흰쥐의 폐포대식세포에서 $PGE_2$는 유리규산 자극시 48시간에서 무자극군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였다. 2) 실험규폐증군의 폐포대식세포에서 유리된 $PGE_2$는 유리규산 및 자연산 석탄분진으로 자극시 48시간에서 무자극군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 3) 정상 흰쥐의 폐포대식세포에서 $LTB_4$는 유리규산 자극후 24시간 및 48시간, 그리고 자연산 석탄분진으로 자극시 48시간에서 무자극군에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였다. 4) 실험 규폐증의 폐포대식세포에서 유리된 $LTB_4$는 유리규산 및 자연산 석탄분진 자극시 장시간 및 48시간에서 무자극군에 비하여 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 : 본 실험 결과 시험관에서 유리규산과 자연산 석탄분진에 폐포대식세포가 폭로시 폐에 염증반응을 항진시킬 수 있는 방향으로 아라키돈산 대사가 이루어짐을 알았고 이와갈은 아라키돈산 대사의 변화가 진폐증의 병태생리에 중요한 인자로서 작용할 가능성이 있다고 하겠다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2003

Background: Celecoxib, a COX-2 specific inhibitor, has recently been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of celecoxib against RA inflammation remain to be defined. To elucidate the action mechanism of celecoxib on inflammatory cells, we investigated the effect of celecoxib on the production of two important mediators of inflammation, nitric oxide and PGE2 Methods: RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were preincubated with various concentrations of celecoxib (from $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-5}$ M) and $10{\mu}M$ hydrocortisone, respectively. The production of NO and PGE2, the end products of iNOS and COX-2 genes, were estimated in culture supernatants by Greiss method and EIA, respectively. The expression of iNOS gene, COX-2 gene, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and $I-{\kappa}B$ were determined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results: Celecoxib and hydrocortisone inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in dose dependent manner, when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS. The expression of iNOS was also down-regulated by celecoxib and hydrocortisone. Interestingly, COX-2 gene differentially expressed according to the dose of celecoxib, a decrease with lower dose ($10^{-8}$ M) but an increase with higher dose ($10^{-5}$ M). $NF-{\kappa}B$ binding activity was decreased by lower dose of celecoxib, whereas was not affected by higher dose of it. The expression of $I-{\kappa}B$ was suppressed by higher dose of celecoxib. Conclusion: The celecoxib strongly suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The decrease of NO seems to be linked to the inhibition of iNOS by celecoxib. The lower and higher dose of celecoxib differentially regulated the COX-2 expression and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는 홍화자 추출물이 항염증에 대한 실험연구가 이루어져 있지 않은 것에 착안하여 LPS에 의해 활성화된 대식세포로부터 유도되는 염증반응에 대한 억제효과를 조사하였다. 홍화자 추출물을 이용하여 피부 염증에 대하여 연구를 하였다. 산화질소와 cytokine의 생산은 면역세포의 대표적인 염증인자이다. 세포는 LPS 처리 후 한 시간 뒤에 홍화자 추출물을 처리를 하였다. 세포 독성이 나타나지 않는 농도인 5, 10, 25 및 50 ${\mu}g/ml$를 사용하였다. 홍화자의 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2의 생성을 저해 시켰다. $PGE_2$는 50 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 60%에 가까운 저해율을 나타내었다. iNOS와 COX-2 역시 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 각각 54%, 65%가 저해가 되었다. 게다가 홍화자 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 염증성 사이토카인인 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성을 감소 시켰다. 이러한 결과로 홍화자 추출물은 염증 예방과 치료에 효과적임을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.505-510
• /
• 2004

이물질 침입에 대한 인식의 결과 NO, PGE$_2$, TNF-, IL-6와 같은 여러 신호전달물질의 분비가 개시되며 이들을 억제하는 물질을 항염증제라고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 회향(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) 열매 추출물이 mouse macrophages RAW264.7 세포에서 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)로 유도한 NO(iNOS 산물), PGE$_2$(COX-2 산물) 및 cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6) 생성 억제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 회향 열매의 methanol 추출물 및 분획물(chloroform, butanol, and aqueous fractions)은 4～100$\mu$g/mL 농도에서 LPS가 활성화된 대식 세포에서 NO 생성을 억제하였으며 독성을 나타내지 않았다. LPS가 유도한 PGE$_2$ 생성은 butanol 분획(100 $\mu$g/mL)에 의해서만 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 회향 열매 추출물 및 분획물은 TNF-$\alpha$의 생성을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며 IL-6의 생성은 methanol extract(4～100 $\mu$g/mL), chloroform fraction(4 $\mu$g/mL), butanol fraction(4 and 100$\mu$g/mL) 및 aqueous fraction(4～100 $\mu$g/mL)에 의해 감소되었다(P<0.05). 이는 회향 열매 추출물은 염증 상태에서 유용할 것이며 COX-2와 iNOS를 억제하는 butanol 분획은 새로운 항염증제 개발에 사용될 수 있음을 시사하여 주었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.414-419
• /
• 2006

Prostaglandins biosynthesis and nitric oxide production have been implicated in the process of inflammation and osteoarthritis. And nitric oxide (NO) activated the MMPs responsible for PG degradation in articular chondrocytes. Therefore, we have studied the effects on anti-inflammation and analgesic by ethyl acetate fraction from 70% ethanol extract of Perilla Frutescens (EPF). EPF inhibited LPS plus inflammation-cytokines-induced proteoglycan (PG) degradation, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-2,9) expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Also, EPF have inhibitory effects on LPS or LPS plus inflammation cytokines-induced nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in mouse macrophage andrabbit articular chondrocytes. These results suggest that EPF decreases PGE2, iNOS, MMPs activity and PG degradation in mouse macrophage and/or rabbit articular chondrocytes. In vivo, EPF was shown to have inhibitory effects on acetic acid-induced pain. The herbal extract with this profile, may have utility in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제5권6호
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2001

Long-term treatment of cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin (BAMC) cells with arachidonic acid $(100\;{\mu}M),$ angiotesnin II (100 nM), prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2;\;10\;{\mu}M),$ veratridine $(2\;{\mu}M)$ or KCl (55 mM) for 24 hrs increased both norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in the supernatant. Pretreatment with staurosporine (10 nM), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, completely blocked increases of norepinephrine and epinephrine secretion induced by arachidonic acid, angiotensin II, $PGE_2,$ veratridine or KCl. In addition, K252a, another PKC inhibitor whose structure is similar to that of staurosporine, effectively attenuated both norepinephrine and epinephrine secretion induced by arachidonic acid. However, K252a did not affect the catecholamine secretion induced by angiotensin II, $PGE_2,$ veratridine or KCl. Our results suggest that staurosporine may inhibit long-term catecholamine secretion induced by various secretagogues in a mechanism other than inhibiting PKC signaling. Furthermore, long-term secretion of catecholamines induced by arachidonic acid may be dependent on PKC pathway.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.678-683
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 울릉도 특산 약용 작물 추출물이 항염증에 대한 실험연구가 이루어져 있지 않은 것에 착안하여 LPS에 의해 활성화된 대식세포로부터 유도되는 염증반응에 대한 억제효과를 조사하였다. 울릉도 자생 식물인 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물의 세가지 식물 추출물을 이용하여 피부 염증에 대하여 연구를 하였다. 산화질소와 cytokine의 생산은 면역세포의 대표적인 염증인자이다. 세포는 LPS 처리 후 한 시간 뒤에 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물을 처리를 하였다. 세포 독성이 나타나지 않는 농도인 1, 10, 100 ug/ml를 사용하였다. 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물은 NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2의 생성을 저해 시켰다. $PGE_2$는 100 ug/ml의 농도에서 60%에 가까운 저해율을 나타내었다. iNOS와 COX-2 역시 100 ug/ml의 농도에서 각각 54%, 65%가 저해가 되었다. 게다가 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 70% 아세톤 추출물은 염증성 사이토 카인인 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6의 생성을 감소 시켰다. 이러한 결과로 곰취, 미역취, 삼나물 추출물은 염증 예방과 치료에 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.16-32
• /
• 2016

Objective : The water extract of Bojungikgi-tang (BTE) composed with Ginseng Radix, Astragali Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Atractylodes Rhizoma alba, Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cimicifuga Rhizoma, and Bupleuri Radix and it has been traditionally used for chronic diseases or weakness after illness in oriental countries. However, little is known about the effects of aqueous extract of BTE on trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BTE on TMA-induced CHS in BALB/c mice.Methods : In this study, the extract of BTE was prepared by extracting with distilled water at 100℃ for 2.5 h. The extract was freeze-dried following filtration through 0.45 μm filter. Mice were orally administrated with or without BTE extract of different doses (25-200 ㎎/㎏/day) for 28 days. During the challenge period, mice were externally applied with different doses of BTE extract one time per day 30 min before TMA treatment. I examined the effects of BTE on the serum levels of IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in isolated peritoneal macrophages, Th2 cytokine production in isolated spleen cells, ear swelling responses, and the leukocyte infiltration induced by TMA.Results : The orally and externally administration of BTE dose-dependently reduced the serum levels of hapten-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1 titer, and PGE₂ production as well as ear swelling responses and leukocyte infiltration in TMA-induced BALB/c mice. The levels of NO and PGE₂ production from peritoneal macrophages stimulated with TMA-BSA were markedly suppressed by pretreatment with BTE in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) production from spleen cells stimulated with ConA were markedly suppressed by BTE treatment in a concentration dependent manner.Conclusions : These results suggest that BTE treatment suppresses chronic contact hypersensitivity, and it can be assumed that the suppression of ear swelling, serum IgE, NO and PGE₂ levels, leukocyte infiltration, and Th2 cytokines in an animal model. Therefore, these properties may contribute to the strong anti-CHS response effect of BTE.