• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2020

Yangdan-tang (YD) is recorded as a treatment to treat exterior-related fever illness in the Korean medicine. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of YD, using YD water extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. First of all, we measured the amount of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the products of inflammatory metabolism. Also, we measured enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). YD suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in a dose dependent manner and reduced the amount of protein and the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, YD reduced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and IL-1β. In conclusion, YD decreased production of LPS-induced inflammatory factor, which could be a clinical basic subject for inflammatory diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2020

Mahwanghangingamchosukgo-tang (MH) is recorded as a treatment to treat exterior-related respiratory diseases in the Korean medicine. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of MH, using MH water extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. First of all, we measured the amount of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the products of inflammatory metabolism. Also, we measured enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). MH suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in a dose dependent manner and reduced the amount of protein and the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, MH reduced the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1α and IL-1β. In conclusion, MH decreased production of LPS-induced inflammatory factor, which could be a clinical basic subject for inflammatory diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2009

Rhubarb is the well-known and frequently used herbal medicine for the treatment of constipation, inflammation, and cancer. As described in the Korea and Chinese Pharmacopoeia, rhubarb consists of the roots and rhizomes of Rheum palmatum, R. officinale, and R. tanguticum. However, the pharmacological differences among rhubarb have not been scientifically established. In the present study, we investigated and compared the inhibitory effects of 70% ethanolic extracts from R. palmatum (RPE), R. officinale (ROE), R. nobile (RNE), and R. franzenbachii (RFE) on the production of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), interlukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. ROE, RNE, and RFE significantly inhibited the release of NO, $PGE_2$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$. RPE significantly reduced the release of $IL-1{\beta}$, but not NO, $PGE_2$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Overall, RFE was found to inhibit the release of $PGE_2$ and $IL-1{\beta}$, to a far greater degree than RPE, ROE, and RNE. Our results indicate that RFE possess the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among 4 tested rhubarb.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Background: Mizoribine (MZR) is an imidazole nucleoside isolated from Eupenicillium brefeldianum. MZR is currendy in clinical use for patients who have undergone renal transplantation. Therapeutic efficacy of MZR has also been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus nephritis. MZR has been shown to inhibit the proliferation or lymphocytes by interfering with inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Since the exact mechanism by which MZR benefits rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not clear, we investigated the ability of MZR to direct its immunosuppressive influences on other antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages. Methods: Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence of MZR. To elucidate the mechanism of the therapeutic efficacy in chronic inflammatory diseases, we examined the effects of MZR on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ in macrophages. Results: MZR dose-dependendy decreased the production of nitric oxide and pro- inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukins $1{\beta}$ (IL-${\beta}$ and IL-6 $PGE_2$. Examination of gene expression levels showed that the anti-inflammatory effect correlated with the down-regulation of inducible nitiric oxide synthase expression, cycloxygenase-2 expression and TNF-${\alpha}$ gene expression. Conclusion: In this work, we resulted whether MZR $(1.25{\sim}10{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited macrophage activation by inhibiting secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and $PGE_2$. These findings provide an explanation for the therapeutic efficacy of MZR in chronic inflammation-associated diseases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunohistological effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture in treating the arthritis, performed several experimental items : those are paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$. Methods : All the male Sprague Dawley rats used in this study were bred and maintaned in our pathogen-free rat colony and were 8 weeks of age at the start of to experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/{\mu}{\ell}$ adjuvant(mineral oil mixed Mycobacterium butyricum). Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture was injected into ST36(足三里) of rats daily for 21 days. Immunohistological analysis was carried out to assess paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ expression in synovial membrane and sera Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture injected. Results : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture group showed a decrease with statistical significance, in paw edema, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $PGE_2$ in synovial membrane and sera compared with control group. Conclusion : Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture stimulation inhibited the development of immunity to adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Thus, Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture may have preventive effects on autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases as arthritis. The effect of Buthus martensi Karsch Herbal-acupuncture on the immune function and the disease activity in patients with arthritis warrants further investigation.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2000

본 연구는 백서 복직근피판에 있어 허혈-재혈류 손상에 미치는 prostaglandin E1(PGE-1)의 예방효과를 분석 실험하였으며, 그 기전으로 내피세포의 intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)이 down regulation 됨을 확인하였다. 기존의 PGE-1은 혈관 확장 및 혈소판 응고 저하 등의 기전으로 피판 이식술 후 주로 사용하였으나, 허혈-재혈류 손상 시에 PGE-1 역할에 대한 연구는 잘 알려진바 없다. 허혈-재혈류 손상에 대한 기전은 현재 여러 가설로 설명되고 있으나, 최근 내피 세포와 백혈구의 역할이 주목을 받고 있다. 장시간 허혈 상태의 피판은 재혈류시 백혈구가 내피세포에 접착함으로써 직간접적인 경로로 독소를 생성하며, 결국 내피세포 및 주변조직의 괴사로 이어진다. 본 연구는 면역조직학 염색을 통한 내피세포의 ICAM-1 발현 억제와 그로 인한 백혈구의 내피세포 접착 억제를 그 기전으로 볼 수 있었으며, PGE-1을 술 중 투여함으로써 피판의 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2008

이상의 연구 결과에 의하면 U937 세포에서 FSB 및 TFS 모두 2 mg/ml의 농도에서 6시간까지는 세포증식에 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하였고 PMA 처리에 의해서도 세포증식에는 변화가 없었으며, 세포의 형태 및 핵의 형태도 PMA와 FSB 및 TFS의 처리에 의해서 아무런 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 COX-2의 발현의 정도는 PMA 처리에 의해서 증가하였고, 이렇게 증가한 COX-2는 FSB 및 TFS의 선처리에 의해서 효과적으로 억제되는 것으로 나타났다 또한 COX-2에 의해 생성되어 염증반응을 유발하며 세포분열이나 증식에 영향을 줌으로서 각종 질병의 유발과 진행에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있는 $PGE_2$의 경우도 PMA처리에 의하여 증가하였으며 FSB 및 TFS 처리에 의해서 강하게 억제되었다. 특히 FSB에 비하여 TFS를 선처리하였을 경우 PMA에 의하여 과발현된 COX-2 및 $PGE_2$ 생성의 억제정도가 더 강하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 FSB 및 TFS의 항염증기전 해석을 위한 이해와 향후 지속적인 연구를 위한 귀중한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

Objectives : In recent years, many studies have been widely researching anti-inflammation effect of various medicinal plants. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ was not enough in researching of the anti-inflammation. Moreover, there is no comparative study about extraction methods. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction on Nitric oxide(NO), Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production, Cyclooxygenase(COX)-2, inducible NOS(iNOS) expression and extracellular signal regulate kinase(ERK)1/2 phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cell. Methods : $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ was extracted by EtOH and Hot water. RAW 264.7 macrophage cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Effect of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture on NO and PGE2 production in LPS induced macrophages was accessed by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunospecific assay(ELISA), respectively. Inhibition effect on COX-2, iNOS expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was examined by Immunoblotting assay. Results : 1. Cytotoxic effect of $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by Hot water extraction in RAW 264.7 macrophages was not appeared, except $3125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. And cytotoxic effect was not appeared in EtOH extraction method. 2. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited NO production in LPS induced macrophages significantly. 3. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited PGE2 production in LPS induced macrophages significantly. 4. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited COX-2, iNOS expression in LPS induced macrophages. Especially, it has been confirmed that COX-2, iNOS expression were effectively inhibited in Hot water extraction. 5. $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture by EtOH and Hot water extraction inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LPS induced macrophages. Especially, it has been confirmed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was effectively inhibited in Hot water extraction. Conclusions : According to the results, $Cinnamomi$ $Cortex$ pharmacopuncture suppresses NO, PGE2 production, COX-2, iNOS expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LPS induced macrophages. It has a potential for treating various inflammatory diseases, and Hot water extraction method could be used more extensively than EtOH extraction method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.166-176
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of 15Hz electroacupuncture(EA) on carrageenan-injected rats. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Methods : Bilateral EA stimulation with 15 Hz were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles for a total of 30 min duration in carrageenan-injected rats. Results: The developing edema was measured 30 minutes interval afer carrageenan injection and 15 Hz EA stimulation presented significant edema inhibition. Three hours after carrageenan injection, prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and nitric oxide(NO) levels were measured. The 15Hz EA stimulation significantly inhibited $PGE_2$ and NO production in the right paw. The pro-inflammatory mRNA expression such as cyclooxygenases(COX)-2 and interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$ were slightly down-regulated by EA stimulation. The number of COX-2, IL-$1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ immunoreactive cells were abundantly observed in paw edema. But these cells were decreased in nmber according to anti-edema effect of 15Hz EA. Conclusions: These results indicate that 15Hz EA stimulation have an alleviation action against carrageenan-induced edema and local inflammation.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2009

Objectives : In this study, the effect of Dipsaci Radix(DR, Dipsacus asperoides C.Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai) water extract on LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells were investigated. Methods : Dried roots of DR was extracted with water for 3 h(DR-W extract). RAW264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage line, were incubated with different concentrations of DR-W extract for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS at indicated times. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) were measured by Griess assay and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), respectively. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthease (iNOS) and cyclooxyganase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results : DR-W extract was significantly inhibited LPS-induced productions of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. DR-W extract was not suppressed the expressions of iNOS mRNA and protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions : This study suggests that DR-W extract can attenuate inflammatory response via inhibition of the NO and PGE2 production in activated macrophages.