• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2013

Purpose: Injury severity score (ISS), a widely used scoring system, is used to define the severity of trauma in multiple-trauma patients. Nevertheless, ISS cut-off value for predicting the outcome of multiple-trauma patients has not been confirmed. Thus, this study was performed to determine the more useful method for predicting the outcome for multiple-trauma patients: the ISS or the number of anatomical Abbreviated injury scale (AIS) injury regions. Methods: for 195 consecutive patients who a regional emergency medical center, we analyzed the ISS and the number of anatomical AIS injury region. The patients were divided into four groups based on the ISS and the number of anatomical AIS regions. We compared intensive-care-unit (ICU) admission days and hospitalization days and ICU stay ratio (ICU admission days/hospitalization days) between the four groups. Results: In the groups with an ISS more than 17, the results were not significantly different statistically the group with 2 anatomical AIS injury regions and more than 3 anatomical AIS injury regions. Also, in the group with an ISS of 17 or less, the results were the same as those for patients with an ISS more than 17 (p>0.05). Among the patients with 2 anatomical AIS injury regions, patients with an ISS more than 17 patients had more ICU admission days and a higher ICU stay ratio than patients with an ISS 17 or less. Also, Among the patients with 3 anatomical AIS injury regions, the results were the same as those for patients with 2 anatomical AIS injury regions. Conclusion: Patients with high ISS, regardless of the number of anatomical AIS injury regions had significantly longer ICU stays and higher ICU admission ratio. Thus, the ISS may be a better method than the number of anatomical AIS injury regions for predicting the outcomes for multiple-trauma patients.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2015

테크네슘을 이용한 침샘검사의 시간-방사능 곡선에서 다양한 기능매개변수지표를 획득하여 환자 군과 건강한 정상군과의 비교를 통해 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 2014년 12월부터 2015년 2월까지 구강 건조증으로 침샘검사를 시행한 환자군 30명과 건강한 정상군 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 99mTc-과산화테크네슘 370 MBq을 정맥으로 주사 후 20분에 비타민C 파우더를 입안에 투여하여 10분 동안 촬영하였다. 분석방법은 귀밑샘과 턱밑샘의 관심영역을 정하여 시간-방사능 곡선을 그린 후 곡선의 각 위치에서 다양한 기능매개변수 지표를 획득하고, 구강 건조증 환자군와 정상군을 비교하였다. 비교 및 측정에 적용된 방법으로는 섭취율(uptake ratio, UR), 최대 방사능 시간(time at maximum counts, Tmax), 최소 방사능 시간(time at minimum counts, Tmin), 최대 축적율(maximum accumulation, MA), 축적 속도(accumulation velocity), 최대 배출율(maximum secretion, MS), 최대 자극 배출율(maximum stimulation secretion, MSS), 배출속도(secretion velocity, SV)를 사용하였다. 환자군과 정상군간의 기능매개변수지표 비교에서 환자군의 최소 방사능 시간(Tmin)을 제외한 모든 지표에서 건강한 정상군이 환자군에 비하여 유의한 차이를 보였고, 시간에 따른 변화량에서도 정상군이 환자군에 비하여 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론적으로 침샘검사에서 다양한 기능매개변수지표를 이용한 정량분석은 구강 건조증 환자의 침샘 기능을 객관적이고 표준화된 정보로 평가하는데 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.159-179
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• 1974

In order to investigate morphological and cultural characteristics of strains in species, Flammulina velutipes, the author collected isolates of Flammultina velutipes at 49 locations in Korea and cultivated these isolates on the various kinds of solid media. After investigating the cultural characteristics, appeared on the various media, he obtained the following results : 1. The variation of colors in the fruit bodies is connected with the variation of climatic environments(composite effects between mean temperature in January and number of rain days of 1mm and over precipitation). The author, therfore, can find out the trend that brown type is distributed in the midland climatic region and yellow type in the southern climatic regoin. 2. Two types can be classified into several strains respectively : the strain of abundant or insufficient productivity, and strain of selectivity or non-selectivity of media. 3. According to the results of mutual comparison of soluble mycelial proteins by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels, each type has special common protein fractions(brown type : band located at 26..5mm position from surface of gel, yellow type : band located at 24.5mm position from surface of gel), and each strain has special protein fractions too. Therefore this phenomenon seems to support the results obtained by the above-stated morphological and cultural studies. 4. In the adaptability of strains to the temperature, every strain has the nature of growing in lower temperature(the optimum temperature of 20.deg.C to 25.deg.C) except that YI-1 strain has the optimum temperatue of $25^{\circ}C$-26^{\circ}C. And mycelial growth of every strain is discontinued at $35^{\circ}C.$ 5. In the adaptability of strains to the H-ion concentration, every strain has wide adaptable range of H-ion concentration, and has optimum range of pH 5.5 to 6.6 in mycelial growth excepting YA01, BI-2 and YI-1. 6. In the utility of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of every strain is very poor on the media containing xylose(average diameter of mycelial growth : 18mm), and most strains utilize favorably sucrose(39mm), maltose(37mm) and dextrose(35mm) in mycelial growth. In the utility of nitrogen sources, every strain utilizes favorably organic nitrogens(36 mm)more than inorganic nitrogens (25 mm), and utilizes fully peptone nad asparagine in organic nitrogens. Especially BA-1, BIK-2 and YA-1 strains grow vigorously on each media containing various carbon and nitrogen sources. 7. The characteristic tests of the number of days required for mycelial growth, the number of days requried for sprout of young bodies, the length of stipe and the number of fruit bodies formation seem to be useful methods in the early selection of the strain of the abundant productivity.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.924-939
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• 2016

The great economic losses caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection of peppers has led to the development of genetically modified (GM) CMV-resistant peppers. We developed virus-resistant pepper plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. The expressed recombinant protein was purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid resin and immunoaffinity chromatography, and purity was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblot analysis revealed the purified CMV coat protein (CMV-CP) had a molecular mass of 25 kDa. After in-gel digestion and desalting, the internal peptide fragments of CMV-CP were sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight. Most GM pepper and Escherichia coli BL21 internal peptides had identical peptide sequences and contained 137 of 183 whole peptides in CMV-CP. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect CMV-resistant GM peppers. We also provide basic information about the expressed protein in GM peppers for further safety assessment. The contents of soluble protein and CMV-CP were measured in GM and control peppers cultivated in three different areas of Korea. Statistical significance in terms of cultivation areas, harvest times, generations, and plant tissue origin were determined based on a P value of 0.05. The highest amount of CMV-CP was detected at the seedling stage from plant grown in each region. T3 and T5 showed significantly different levels of CMV-CP from T4 in leaves in the whorl stage. No statistical differences were observed among GM peppers at different stages of maturity in any cultivation area. The results from this study contribute to the safety evaluation of newly designed CMV-resistant GM peppers and provide a standard against which to compare other virus-resistant GM peppers.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.62-62
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• 2018

Pt is still considered as one of the most active electrocatalysts for ORR in alkaline fuel cells. However, the high cost and scarcity of Pt hamper the widespread commercialization of fuel cells. As a strong candidate for the replacement of Pt catalyst, silver (Ag) has been extensively studied due to its high activity, abundance, and low cost. Ag is more stable than Pt in the pH range of 8~14 as the equilibrium potential of Ag/Ag+ being ${\approx}200mV$ higher than that of Pt/PtO. However, Ag is the overall catalytic activity of Ag for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is still not comparable to Pt catalyst since the surface Ag atoms are approximately 10 times less active than Pt atoms. Therefore, further enhancement in the ORR activity of Ag catalysts is necessary to be competitive with current cutting-edge Pt-based catalysts. We demonstrate the architectural design of Ag catalysts, synthesized using plasma discharge in liquid phase, for enhanced ORR kinetics in alkaline media. An attractive feature of this work is that the plasma status controlled via electric-field could form the Ag nanowires or dendrites without any chemical agents. The plasma reactor was made of a Teflon vessel with an inner diameter of 80 mm and a height of 80 mm, where a pair of tungsten(W) electrodes with a diameter of 2 mm was placed horizontally. The stock solutions were made by dissolving the 5-mM AgNO3 in DI water. For the synthesis of Agnanowires, the electricfield of 3.6kVcm-1 in a 200-ml AgNO3 aqueous solution was applied across the electrodes using a bipolar pulsed power supply(Kurita, Seisakusyo Co. Ltd). The repetition rate and pulse width were fixed at 30kHz and 2.0 us, respectively. The plasma discharge was carried out for a fixed reaction time of 60 min. In case of Ag nanodendrites, the electric field of 32kVcm-1 in a 200-ml AgNO3 aqueous solution was applied and other conditions were identical to the plasma discharge in water in terms of electrode configuration, repetition rate and discharge time. Using SEM and STEM, morphology of Ag nanowires and dendrites were investigated. With 3.6 kV/cm, Ag nanowire was obtained, while Ag dendrite was constructed with 32 kV/cm. The average diameter and legth of Ag nanowireses were 50 nm and 3.5 um, and thoes values of Ag dendrites were 40 nm and 3.0 um. As a results of XPS analysis, the surface defects in the Ag nanowires facilitated O2 incorporation into the surface region via the interaction between the oxygen and the electron cloud of the adjacent Ag atoms. The catalytic activity of Ag for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) showed that the catalytic ORR activity of Ag nanowires are much better than Ag nanodendrites, and electron transfer number of Ag nanowires is similar to that of Pt (${\approx}4$).

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2002

두꺼비 등 피부손상 후 과립선의 재생과정을 주사전자현미경과 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 절개에 의하여 피부손상을 가한 후 실험을 위하여 특수히 제작된 cage 내에서 최대 20일간 사육하였다. 투과전자현미경 관찰에서 손상 4일 후 미성숙 형태의 신생 과립선이 관찰되었으며, 상피세포는 신생 과립선의 첨단부로 이동하여 있었다. 상피세포의 표면은 편평하였으며 desmosome 에 의해 서로 연결되어 있지 않았다. 미토콘드리아를 많이 함유한 세포돌기 (MRC)들이 선의 내강을 형성하고 있었고, 이들 돌기에서는 hemidesmosome이 관찰되었다. 신생선의 기저강은 MRC, 과립형성전세포 및 과립형성 세포 등으로 이루어져 있었다. 특히, 손상 후 10일에 xanthophore가 상피세포의 기저부로 이동하여 있음이 관찰되었다. 이들 세포는 다수의 크기가 큰 pterinosome 과 중등도의 전자밀도를 가진 carotenoid vesicle을 포함하고 있었다. 손상 후 13일에, xanthophore는 많은 carotinoid vesicle과 lammelated pterinosomes을 포함하고 있었다. Iridophore는 손상 16일에 분화중인 xanthophore 주변에서 관찰되었다. 이러한 소견은 손상으로부터의 회복 과정에 선조세포(glandular precursor cell)로부터 과립선이 재생되며, 선세포의 팽대는 이들 신생 세포의 성숙 및 증식에 의한 것을 의미한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.275-279
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• 2004

사이토카인과 그들 수용체의 유전자 다형성은 면역작용에 의한 질병들의 발병원인에 있어서 유전적인 인자로 여겨지는 후보물질들로서, 자가면역질환 및 염증성 그리고 감염질환에 민감하게 연관되어 있다고 알려져 있다. 최근 새롭게 보고된 Interleukin-29유전자는 유전학적 질병들의 복잡한 특성을 해결할 수 있는 중요한 후보유전자이지만 이 유전자에 대한 다형성에 대한 연구는 아직 보고된바 없다. 우리는 이 연구에서 처음으로 프로모터부분을 포함한 Interleukin-29 유전자의 전체 지름 DNA에서 유전자의 다형성을 염기서열 분석 방법을 이용하여 탐색하였다. Interleukin-29 유전자의 다형성들이 한국인의 알레르기성 비염의 감염력과 관련되어 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 알레르기성 비염환자 및 알레르기성 비염이 걸리지 않은 정상인의 다형성을 유전자형과 대립유전자의 빈도를 비교분석 하였다. 우리는 이 연구에서 사람의 Interleukin-29 유전자의 한 개의 신규의 다형성 (1184C＞A)을 intron 2에서 그리고 한 개의 신규의 변이부위 (-1842_-1841dupGA)를 프로모터에서 찾아냈다. 우리들의 연구 결과는 이들 유전자 다형성 부위 및 변이부위가 알레르기성 비염과 연관은 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.721-727
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• 2014

버섯 다당류 ${\beta}$-glucan의 항암 활성을 확인하기 위하여 영지균사체로부터 단백다당류(GLP)를 분리하고 Sarcoma-180 육종암을 이식시킨 마우스에 복강 투여하여 항암활성을 확인하였다. 육종암이 서혜부에 이식된 마우스에 GLP를 20 mg/kg의 농도로 10일간 복강투여 한 후 30일차에 확인한 결과, Sarcoma-180 육종암은 대조군대비 71.4% 억제되었으며, 마우스의 혈청, 종양조직 및 간조직 내의 TNF-${\alpha}$의 농도는 대조군보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서 GLP는 생체 내 TNF-${\alpha}$의 양적증가를 유도하며, 종양괴사 또는 에폽토시스와 연관된 육종암의 생장억제가 확인되었다. 이때 생장이 억제된 육종암 세포의 미세구조를 관찰한 결과, 상대적으로 큰 핵과 세포의 에폽토시스에서 전형적으로 보여지는 염색질 응축이 관찰되었으며, 핵막은 특징적으로 뭉쳐져 불규칙한 모양을 나타내었다. 따라서 영지에서 분리된 GLP는 종양 세포의 에폽토시스를 유도하여 종양의 성장을 억제하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2013

이 연구의 목적은 환자의 머리 위치에 따른 파노라마방사선사진의 수평 및 수직 확대율을 비교 평가하는 것이었다. 직경 4 mm인 금속구를 건조 두개골의 하악 전치부와 우측 대구치부의 치조골 상방에 위치시켰다. 수평 및 수직적 위치의 변화를 재현하기 위해 수직, 수평 이동량을 조절할 수 있는 두개골 고정장치를 이용하여, 전방, 후방, 좌측 및 우측으로 이동시킨 후 파노라마방사선사진을 OP-100D를 이용하여 획득하였다. 촬영된 영상은 DICOM 형식으로 저장되었고, INFINITT PACS software를 이용하여 금속구의 폭과 높이의 평균값을 구하였다. 적절한 위치에서 촬영된 파노라마방사선사진에서 금속구의 수평 확대율은 1.224-1.439였고, 수직 확대율은 1.286-1.345였다. 건조 두개골의 위치 변화에 따른 수평 확대율은 0.798-6.297로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보인 반면(P<0.05), 수직 확대율은 1.245-1.418 정도로 수평 확대율에 비해 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.119-133
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• 1998

Attentional processes facilitate cognitive and behavioral performance in several ways. Attention serves to reduce the amount of information to receive. Attention enables humans to direct themselves to appropriate aspects of external environmental events and internal operations. Attention facilitates the selection of salient information and the allocation of cognitive processing appropriate to that information. Attention is not a unitary process that can be localized to a single neuroanatomical region. Before the cortical registration of sensory information, activation of important subcortical structures occurs, which is called as an orienting response. Once sensory information reaches the sensory cortex, a large number of perceptual processes occur, which provide various levels of perceptual resolution of the critical features of the stimuli. After this preattentional processing, information is integrated within higher cortical(heteromodal) systems in inferior parietal and temporal lobes. At this stage, the processing characteristics can be modified, and the biases of the system have a direct impact on attentional selection. Information flow has been traced through sensory analysis to a processing stage that enables the new information to be focused and modified in relation to preexisting biases. The limbic and paralimbic system play significant roles in modulating attentional response. It is labeled with affective salience and is integrated according to ongoing pressures from the motivational drive system of the hypothalamus. The salience of information greatly influences the allocation of attention. The frontal lobe operate response selection system with a reciprocal interaction with both the attention system of the parietal lobe and the limbic system. In this attentional process, the search with the spatial field is organized and a sequence of attentional responses is generated. Affective, motivational and appectitive impulses from limbic system and hypothalamus trigger response intention, preparation, planning, initiation and control of frontal lobe on this process. The reticular system, which produces ascending activation, catalyzes the overall system and increases attentional capacity. Also additional energetic pressures are created by the hypothalamus. As psychophysiological measurement, skin conductance, pupil diameter, muscle tension, heart rate, alpha wave of EEG can be used. Event related potentials also provide physiological evidence of attention during information process. NI component appears to be an electrophysiological index of selective attention. P3 response is developed during the attention related to stimulus discrimination, evaluation and response.