• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2019

지구온난화로 인하여 기상학적 변동성 증가 및 수질, 수자원, 생태계 등의 다양한 영역에 영향을 야기하고 있으며, 이를 통한 피해가 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 최근 다양한 분야에서 수문학적 빈도에 영향을 미친다고 알려진 AO(Arctic Oscillation), NAO(North Atlantic Oscillation), ENSO(El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$-Southern Oscillation), PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation), MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)등의 외부인자중 SST, MJO를 활용하여 계절단위의 수문량 정도에서 기상학적 변량과 관측유역 강수량의 관계를 정립하고 발생 가능한 24시간 지속시간 극치강수량을 모의하였다. 이를 위하여 Bayesian 통계기법을 이용한 비정상성 빈도해석모형을 근간으로 외부 기상인자에 의한 계절강수량 예측모형인 계층적 베이지안 네트워크(Hierarchical Bayesian Network, HBN)를 구축한 후 산정된 결과를 입력 자료로 하여 직접적으로 일단위 이하의 극치강수량을 상세화 시킬 수 있는 베타 모델(four parameter beta, 4PB)을 연계한 계층적 베이지안 네트워크 베타모델(Hierarchical Bayesian Network-4beta Model, HBN4BM)을 개발하여 기상변동성을 고려한 상세화 모형을 개발하였다. 여름강수량 산정 결과 한강 유역의 경우 2016년은 관측값 573.85mm, 모의 값 567.15mm를 나타내어 약 1.2%의 오차를 나타냈으며, 2017년 및 2018년은 4.5%, 6.8%의 오차에서 모의가 이루어졌다. 금강의 경우 2016년은 다른 연도에 비하여 35.2%라는 큰 오차를 보였지만 불확실성 구간에서 모의가 이루어 졌으며, 2017년 및 2018년은 0.3%, 2.1%의 작은 오차가 발생하였다. 24시간 모의 결과는 최소 0.7%에서 최대 27.1%의 오차를 나타냈으며, 평균적으로 16.4%의 오차 결과가 모의되어 모형의 신뢰성을 확인하였다.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1998

In this study, Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) has been developed as a counterpart of Atmospheric General Circulation (AGCM) for the study of coupled ocean-atmosphere climate system. The oceanic responses to given atmospheric boundary conditions have been investigated using the OGCM. In an integration carried out over 100 simulated years with climatological monthly mean data (EXP 1), most parts of the model reached a quasi-equilibrium climate reproducing many of the observed large-scale oceanic features remarkably well. Some observed narrow currents, however, such as North Equatorial Counter Current, were inevitably distorted due to the model's relatively coarse resolution. The seasonal changes in sea ice cover over the southern oceans around Antarctica were also simulated. In an experiment (EXP 2) under boundary condition of 10-year monthly data (1982-1991) from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project model properly reproduced major oceanic changes during the period, including El Ni$\tilde{n}$os of 1982-1983 and 1986-87. During the ENSO periods, the experiment showed eastward expansion of warm surface waters and a negative vertical velocity anomalies along' the equator in response to expansion of westerly current velocity anomalies as westerly wind anomalies propagated eastward. Simulated anomalous distribution and the time behavior in response to El Ni$\tilde{n}$o events is consistent with that of the observations. These experiments showed that the model has an ability to reproduce major mean and anomalous oceanic features and can be effectively used for the study of ocean-atmosphere coupling system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2014

This study was conducted in organic certification soil for the comparison of heavy metals, nutrients, and irrigated water standards to certify a farm. It was carried out in 811 paddy fields of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated at Goseong-Gun. The amounts of 8 heavy metals, Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, Zn, and Ni were found to be 0.05, 14.5, 1.08, 0.92, 10.7, 1.34, 35.9, and 22.2 mg $kg^{-1}$ in regular sequence in the organic paddy soil, and they were 0.32, 13.6, 1.01, 0.03, 10.4, 0.91, 42.4 and 22.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ in the non-pesticide paddy soil. In comparing organic and non-pesticide paddy soil with respect to the chemical characteristics of the soil, the average pH and the amount of organic matter, available phosphate and available silicate were 5.88 and 27.6 g $kg^{-1}$, 134.5 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 165.3 mg $kg^{-1}$, while they were 5.78 and 32.1 g $kg^{-1}$, 107.7 mg $kg^{-1}$, and 175.2 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The amount of exchangeable cation $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were 0.25, 5.20, and 1.04 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in organic paddy soil, while they were 0.38, 5.13, and 1.19 cmol+ $kg^{-1}$ in non-pesticide paddy soil. The pH, DO, BOD, COD and SS conditions of the irrigated water used in the organic paddy soil were found to be 7.23, 8.40, 2.80, 1.86, and 2.58 mg $l^{-1}$ and the condition of irrigated water used in the non-pesticide paddy soil were found to be 7.65, 9.16, 2.25, 4.11, and 4.00 mg $l^{-1}$, respectively. Based on these findings, we suggest that environmentally-friendly certificates in Korea have to unify organic and non-pesticide agro-products in an organic standard in food policy and control because there is no difference between soil and irrigated water standards in the two certifications.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2020

In this research, heavy metals and T-P removal characteristics of plated wastewater are derived using BPC(Break Point Chlorination) process. AA sedimentation pond outflow(Influence) was evaluated for the removal efficiency of heavy metal(Ni) and T-P at a reaction time of 25 minutes by NaOCl input volume(9, 11, 13 and 15 mL). In the case, the higher the NaOCl input volumes, the higher the ORP values were maintained and the higher the removal efficiency tended to be. On the other hand, T-P was judged to have a low relationship between the ORP value and the removal efficiency. In addition, the efficiency of removal heavy metals and T-P in the plated wastewater by injecting 10 mL, 15 mL, 20 mL and 25 mL NaOCl, increased as the amount of NaOCl injected increased, the amount of NaOH input for pH increased. It was found that suspended solid in effluence also increased. It was also observed that the color of the plating wastewater changed from yellowish green to green to charcoal gray to black as the amount of NaOCl injected increased. Treatment characteristics of the reaction time, the longer the reaction time with the substance to be treated after the input of NaOCl, the more the heavy metal removal efficiency tended to increase. Through XRF analysis of the sludge, the constituents in the sludge such as NaCNO, CNCl, Na₃PO₄, CrO₄, 2Na₂CrO₄ and 2NaNO₃ will be analyzed in detail, and the mechanisms of the reaction between the plated wastewater and the complex compound will be elucidated.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.519-534
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• 2019

When the fresh water from the artificial lakes (Ganwolho and Bunamho) were discharged to Cheonsu Bay in summer to prevent the flood over the reclaimed farmland near the lakes, the impact on water qualities (nutrients, organic matters, trace metals) within the bay was investigated through four surveys (June, July, August and October, 2011). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) increased about as much as 3-4 times over the whole water column when the freshwater was discharged. And the main species composition of DIN changed from ammonia to nitrate. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) decreased as much as 2 times in surface waters, but increased as much as 1.5 times in deep waters, and also silicate concentrations increased as much as 3-4 times in deep waters of the inner bay. The N/P ratios in Chunsu bay seawaters were much higher (2 to 7 times) than the Redfield ratio when the freshwaters were discharged, which indicated the phosphorus limiting in the phytoplankton growth. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) increased as much as about 2 times. In addition, particulate organic matters (POC, PON, POP, Bio-Si) increased as much as above 2 times in the surface waters of the inner bay. Trace metals (Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) increased in the surface waters of the inner bay, but dissolved Cd concentrations decreased as much as 2 times. Therefore, when the contaminated fresh waters from the artificial lakes were discharged into the bay, nutrients, organic matters and trace metals generally increased compared to normal period. Since the phytoplankton bloom occurred in the surface waters of the inner bay, dissolved oxygens at the surface waters were oversaturated and hence hypoxic in the deep waters. Highly enriched nutrients concentrations were found in deep waters of the inner bay, which was accompanied with the hypoxic condition. Finally, the water quality in the inner bay of the Chunsu bay was deteriorated from less than grade 3 in normal periods to grade 5 when the freshwaters from the artificial lakes were discharged in summer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2007

We report the electro-optical properties of the sensory rhodopsin II using a near-field scanning microwave microscope(NSMM). Rhodopsin was known as a photoreceptor pigment with a retinal as a chromophore via a protonated Schiff base and consists of seven ${\alpha}-helical$ transmembrane segments. The sensory rhodopsin II, expressing E. coli UT5600 with endogenous retinal biosynthesis system and purified with $Ni^{-2}-NTA$ affinity chromatography in the presence of 0.02 % DM (Dodecyl Maltoside) from Natronomonas pharaonis. We measured the absorption spectra and the transients difference of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer with Nd-Yag Laser (532 nm). The absorption spectra of NpSR II showed a typical rhodopsin spectrum with a left shoulder region and the photointermediates spectra of NpSR II-ground state (${\lambda}max=498\;nm$), NpSR II-M state (${\lambda}max=390\;nm$), and NpSR II-O state (${\lambda}max=550\;nm$) during the photocycle. The observed photocycle reaction was confirmed by measuring the microwave reflection coefficient $S_{11}$ at an operating frequency of f=3.93-3.95 GHz and compared with the results of a photocycle of NpSR II.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.154-154
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• 2012

Flexible complementary inverters based on thin-film transistors (TFTs) are important because they have low power consumption and high voltage gain compared to single type circuits. We have manufactured flexible complementary inverters using pentacene and amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) for the p-channel and n-channel, respectively. The circuits were fabricated on polyimide (PI) substrate. Firstly, a thin poly-4-vinyl phenol (PVP) layer was spin coated on PI substrate to make a smooth surface with rms surface roughness of 0.3 nm, which was required to grow high quality IGZO layers. Then, Ni gate electrode was deposited on the PVP layer by e-beam evaporator. 400-nm-thick PVP and 20-nm-thick ALD Al2O3 dielectric was deposited in sequence as a double gate dielectric layer for high flexibility and low leakage current. Then, IGZO and pentacene semiconductor layers were deposited by rf sputter and thermal evaporator, respectively, using shadow masks. Finally, Al and Au source/drain electrodes of 70 nm were respectively deposited on each semiconductor layer using shadow masks by thermal evaporator. The characteristics of TFTs and inverters were evaluated at different bending radii. The applied strain led to change in voltage transfer characteristics of complementary inverters as well as source-drain saturation current, field effect mobility and threshold voltage of TFTs. The switching threshold voltage of fabricated inverters was decreased with increasing bending radius, which is related to change in parameters of TFTs. Throughout the bending experiments, relationship between circuit performance and TFT characteristics under mechanical deformation could be elucidated.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.304-312
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• 2023

Purpose: Due to the many problems with commercially available vaccines, the production of effective vaccines against brucellosis is a necessity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune responses caused by the chimeric protein consisting of trigger factor, Bp26, and Omp31 (TBO) along with aluminum hydroxide (AH/TBO) and selenium (Se/TBO) nanoparticles (NPs) as adjuvants in mouse model. Materials and Methods: Recombinant antigen expression was induced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) bacteria using IPTG (isopropyl-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside). Purification and characterization of recombinant protein was conducted through NiFe₃O₄ NPs, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot. NP characteristics, including morphology and particle size, were measured in vitro. The recombinant TBO was loaded on to AH and Se NPs and were administered subcutaneously. After mice immunization, measurement of antibody titter and protection assay was performed. Results: The average sizes of AH and Se NPs were about 60 nm and 150 nm, respectively. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the serum of mice immunized by subcutaneous injection with both nanovaccines produced significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the chimeric antigen. The results of TBO-specific IgG isotype (IgG2a/IgG1) analysis showed that both AH and Se NPs induced a type to T-helper immune response. In addition, the results of the challenge with the pathogenic strain of Brucella melitensis 16M showed that vaccinated mice with AH/TBO NPs indicated a higher reduction of bacterial culture than immunized mice with Se/TBO NPs and TBO alone. Conclusion: The results showed that AH NPs carrying chimeric antigen can be a promising vaccine candidate against brucellosis by producing protective immunity.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 2024

As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase, various separators are being developed to with the aim of improving the safety performance. Although poly(imide) (PI)-based separators are widely used, it is difficult to control their pore size and distribution, and this may further increase the risk associated. Herein, a melamine phosphonic acid (MP)-coated PI separator that can effectively control the pore structure of the substrate is suggested as a remedy. After the MP material is embedded into the PI separator with a simple one-step casting process, it effectively clogs the large pores of the PI separator, preventing the occurrence of internal short circuits during charging. It is anticipated that the MP material can also suppress rapid thermal runaway upon cycling due to its ability to reduce the internal temperature of the LIB cell caused by the desirable endothermic behavior around 300℃. According to experiments, the MP-coated PI separator not only decreases the thermal shrinkage rate better than commercial poly(ethylene) (PE) separators but also exhibits a desirable Gurley number (109.6 s/100 cc) and electrolyte uptake rate (240%), which is unique. The proposed separator is electrochemically stable in the range 0.0-5.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), which is the typical working potential of conventional electrode materials. In practice, the MP-coated PI separator exhibits stable cycling performance in a graphite-LiNi_0.83Co_0.10Mn_0.07O₂ full cell without an internal short circuit (retention: 90.3%).

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.525-540
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• 2000

Global temperature trends of middle and upper tropospheres have been investigated using the data of satellite-observed Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channels 2-3(Ch2, Ch3) during the period of 1980-97 and three GCM (NCEP, ECMWF, GEOS) reanalyses during 1981-93. The global, hemispheric and tropical anomalies, computed from the data during the common period, have been intercompared in the following regions; ocean, land, and both ocean and land. The correlation with MSU in midtropospheric temperatures is the best (r=0.81${\sim}$0.95) in ECMWF, particularly over the tropics. The correlations in upper troposphere are lower (r=0.06${\sim}$0.34) due to poor quality of MSU Ch3 data consistent with previous result. The midtropospheric trends during 1981-93, obtained from MSU and three GCMs, show the global warming of 0.01${\sim}$0.18K decade$^{-1}$. The warmest years have been 1987 and 1991 in El Ni${\tilde{n}$o while the coolest 1993 and 1994 in La Ni${\tilde{n}$a. The warming (0.12${\sim}$0.13K decade$^{-1}$) in MSU over global ocean is similar to that over global land. The largest discrepancy in upper troposphere between MSU and GCMs has been found in the transition period (1984. 12-1985. 1) from NOAA 9 to 10, because of a sizable error in the MSU Ch3. The midtropospheric trends near the Korean peninsula during 1981-93 are almost negligible(-0.02K decade$^{-1}$) in MSU, but indicate significant warming (0.25-0.43K decade$^{-1}$) in GCMs. The trends are crosschecked and discussed with other two independent MSU data of Spencer and Christy (1992a, 1992b).