• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the soil nitrogen credit of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and the nitrogen balance of soybean in soybean-barley cropping systems. Soybean cultivar, Shinpaldalkong2 and barley cultivar, Olbori, were used in soybean mono-cropping (SM), barley monocropping (BM), and barley­soybean double cropping system. The barley-soybean double cropping system was treated with two different levels of nitrogen fertilizers, 0 nitrogen fertilizer (BS-F0), and standard nitrogen fertilizer (BS-F1). Nitrogen and organic matter concentrations in soil of BS-F1 plot on October, 2001 were increased $4.8\%\;and\;5.9\%$, respectively, compared with those on October, 2000. The ranges of BNF rate in soybean were $69.1\~ 88.2\%$ in two years, and the rate was the highest in BS-F0 plot and the lowest in SM plot. The ranges of nitrogen harvest index (NHI) in all treatments were $83.9\~86.7\%$. The yield was 270 kg/10a in BS­F1 plot and 215 kg/10a in BS-F0 plot. However, the nitrogen balances were +0.6 kg/10a of gain of soil nitrogen in BS-F0 plot and -0.4 kg/10a of loss of soil nitrogen in BS-F1 plot. In comparisons of SM and BS-F1 plots, although the seed yields were similar in two plots, the loss of soil nitrogen was higher in SM than BS-F1 plot. Overall, our results suggest that barley-soybean double cropping system was more effective in respect to seed productivity and soil nitrogen conservation than soybean monocropping system, and the N credit to following crops by soybean cultivation was identified in soybean double cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2001

The effects of water stress on the development of Alpova dipiophloeus ectomycorrhizas and on the growth of nodulated Alnus rubra Bong seedlings were investigated. Five-day cyclic water stress significantly decreased the ectomycorrhizal development and the seedling growth. However, A. diplophloeus inoculated seedlings did not significantly differ from the non-inoculated seedlings in the growth and physiological activities under both well watered and water stressed conditions. $N_2$-fixation was less sensitive than $CO_2$ fixation to water stress. We conclude that under water stress conditions A. diplophloeus mycorrhizas do not contribute to the fitness of red alder seedlings.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2001

Nine disperse dyes have been synthesized by diazotization of 2-amino-4-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrothiazole and coupled to substituted N-alkylanilines. Spectral properties in the IR and visible range of the dyes obtained were investigated. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon and polyester fibers. These dyes were found to give reddish brown to bluish violet shades on dyeing with very good depth, brightness and levelness on nylon and polyester fibers. The dyed fibers showed fairly good light fastness, very good to excellent fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration and excellent fastness to sublimation. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on the fiber were found to be very good.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.212-220
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• 2001

A series of polymeric dyes wre synthesized by free radical addition polymerication of monomeric dyes. The 2-amino-5-mrecapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was diazotized and coupled with various N-arlmaleimides to give monomeric dyes. All the polymeric dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, visible absorption spectroscopy, viscometry. and thermogravimetric analysis. Color and dyeing properties of the polymeric dyes were discussed by comparing them with those of the corresponding monomeric dyes. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon fiber. These dyes were found to give various color shades with good to very good depth and levelness on the fiber. The dyeing of the monomeric dyes showed moderate fastness to light and good to excellent fastness properties. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on nylon fiber has been found to be good.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1093-1097
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• 2004

This study was aimed to establish the amount of enzose (corn dextrose) for optimum N fixation in urea treated corncobs (UTC) and their dietary effect on nutrient intake, digestibility and milk yield in crossbred cows. Corncobs were treated with 5% urea and ensiled in laboratory silos with 0, 2, 4 and 6% enzose for 15 days. Total nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and neutral detergent insoluble N contents were increased in UTC with the level of enzose. Five early lactating crossbred cows (Sahiwal$\times$Holstein Frisian) were used in a 5$\times$5 Latin Square Design to see the influence of UTC ensiled with 6% enzose on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and its composition. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated. The UTC30 (control), UTC40, UTC50, UTC60 and UTC70 diets contained 30% UTC ensiled without enzose and 40, 50, 60, 70% UTC ensiled with 6% enzose, respectively. Dry matter, NDF and ADF intakes were increased with the increasing level of UTC ensiled with enzose in the diets of cows. Dry matter, NDF and ADF digestibilities were significantly higher with diets containing UTC ensiled with enzose. Milk yield was significantly higher in cows fed UTC70 compared to those fed on other diets. The milk crude protein percentage was significantly different across treatments. However, milk fat, total solids, solid not fat, true protein and non-protein nitrogen contents of milk remained similar across all diets. Ensilation of UTC with 6% enzose improved the nitrogen retention and thus enhanced the feeding value of UTC for lactating cows.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 1992

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate nodulation, and $N_2$ fixation of 73 strains of Bradyrhizobia isolated from nodules of groundnuts and/or cowpeas grown at various location in Korea and 31 strains of cowpea Bradyrhizobia obtained from overseas sources. Of the strains tested 51.9%, 26.4%, and 21.7% were rated fully effective, partially effective, and ineffective, respectively. Eight very effective strains were selected. Nodulation, shoot dry mass, whole plant dry mass, and plant total N content were significantly correlated with each other. The highly significant correlation of total N content and plant dry mass ($r=0.98^{**}$) indicates that plant dry mass can be used as a measure of strain effectiveness in preliminary test.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.922-932
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• 2021

Objective : It is challenging to make solid fusion by posterior screw fixation and laminectomy with posterolateral fusion (PLF) in thoracic and thoracolumbar (TL) diseases. In this study, we report our experience and follow-up results with a new surgical technique entitled posterior thoracic cage interbody fusion (PTCIF) for thoracic and TL spine in comparison with conventional PLF. Methods : After institutional review board approval, a total of 57 patients who underwent PTCIF (n=30) and conventional PLF (n=27) for decompression and fusion in thoracic and TL spine between 2004 and 2019 were analyzed. Clinical outcomes and radiological parameters, including bone fusion, regional Cobb angle, and proximal junctional Cobb angle, were evaluated. Results : In PTCIF and conventional PLF, the mean age was 61.2 and 58.2 years (p=0.46), and the numbers of levels fused were 2.8 and 3.1 (p=0.46), respectively. Every patient showed functional improvement except one case of PTCIF. Postoperative hematoma as a perioperative complication occurred in one and three cases, respectively. The mean difference in the regional Cobb angle immediately after surgery compared with that of the last follow-up was 1.4° in PTCIF and 7.6° in conventional PLF (p=0.003), respectively. The mean durations of postoperative follow-up were 35.6 months in PTCIF and 37.3 months in conventional PLF (p=0.86). Conclusion : PTCIF is an effective fusion method in decompression and fixation surgery with good clinical outcomes for various spinal diseases in the thoracic and TL spine. It provides more stable bone fusion than conventional PLF by anterior column support.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1987

Since the 1930's, a rapid development of resin processing has contributed to making our clothing life convenient and rich. Wrinkle considered as the largest defect of cellulose fiber is generated from fixation of molecules which are divided by compression or crookedness. It can be protected by building a bridge between the molecules the joint combination of the inside of the fiber. The formaldehyde reactive resin which is used in processing resin is a chemical compound with more than 2 N-methylol or N-alkoxymethylol group and a chemical compound with N-methylol shows the property of W.W and D.P through the very complex bridge-bonding reaction under the OH group of cellulose and acid catalyst. However, if the processing is excessively carried out, resin-processed textile emits the formaldehyde when the bridge bonding agent reacts to amine type under the acid condition or the formaldehyde remains in the condition of non-reaction or the resin combinates by itself, or the methylol group of non-reactive resin is hydrolyzed due to the insufficient themomagnetic treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.498-503
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of the present study was to compare inter-fragmentary compression pressures after fixation of a simulated type II odontoid fracture with the headless compression Herbert screw and a half threaded cannulated lag screw. Methods : We compared inter-fragmentary compression pressures between 40- and 45-mm long 4.5-mm Herbert screws (n=8 and n=9, respectively) and 40- and 45-mm long 4.0-mm cannulated lag screws (n=7 and n=10, respectively) after insertion into rigid polyurethane foam test blocks (Sawbones, Vashon, WA, USA). A washer load cell was placed between the two segments of test blocks to measure the compression force. Because the total length of each foam block was 42 mm, the 40-mm screws were embedded in the cancellous foam, while the 45-mm screws penetrated the denser cortical foam at the bottom. This enabled us to compare inter-fragmentary compression pressures as they are affected by the penetration of the apical dens tip by the screws. Results : The mean compression pressures of the 40- and 45-mm long cannulated lag screws were $50.48{\pm}1.20N$ and $53.88{\pm}1.02N$, respectively, which was not statistically significant (p=0.0551). The mean compression pressures of the 40-mm long Herbert screw was $52.82{\pm}2.17N$, and was not statistically significant compared with the 40-mm long cannulated lag screw (p=0.3679). However, 45-mm Herbert screw had significantly higher mean compression pressure ($60.68{\pm}2.03N$) than both the 45-mm cannulated lag screw and the 40-mm Herbert screw (p=0.0049 and p=0.0246, respectively). Conclusion : Our results showed that inter-fragmentary compression pressures of the Herbert screw were significantly increased when the screw tip penetrated the opposite dens cortical foam. This can support the generally recommended surgical technique that, in order to facilitate maximal reduction of the fracture gap using anterior odontoid screws, it is essential to penetrate the apical dens tip with the screw.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.262-271
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• 2008

Natural abundances of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon (${\delta}^{15}N$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$) are being widely used to study N and C cycle processes in plant and soil systems. Variations in ${\delta}^{15}N$ of the soil and the plant reflect the potentially variable isotope signature of the external N sources and the isotope fractionation during the N cycle process. $N_2$ fixation and N fertilizer supply the nitrogen, whose ${\delta}^{15}N$ is close to 0%o, whereas the compost as. an organic input generally provides the nitrogen enriched in $^{15}N$ compared to the atmospheric $N_2$. The isotope fractionation during the N cycle process decreases the ${\delta}^{15}N$ of the substrate and increases the ${\delta}^{15}N$ of the product. N transformations such as N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, assimilation, and the $NH_3$ volatilization have a specific isotope fractionation factor (${\alpha}$) for each N process. Variation in the ${\delta}^{13}C$ of plants reflects the photosynthetic type of plant, which affects the isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ of C3 plant is significantly lower than, whereas the ${\delta}^{13}C$ of C4 plant is similar to that of the atmospheric $CO_2$. Variation in the isotope fractionation of carbon and nitrogen can be observed under different environmental conditions. The effect of environmental factors on the stomatal conductance and the carboxylation rate affects the carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Changes in the environmental factors such as temperature and salt concentration affect the nitrogen isotope fractionation during the N cycle processes; however, the mechanism of variation in the nitrogen isotope fractionation has not been studied as much as that in the carbon isotope fractionation. Isotope fractionation factors of carbon and nitrogen could be the integrated factors for interpreting the effects of the environmental factors on plants and soils.