• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spinal implant removal and to determine the possible mechanisms of pain relief. Methods: Fourteen patient~with an average of 42 years (from 22 to 67 years) were retrospectively evaluated. All patients had posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion, who later developed recurrent back pain or persistent back pain despite a solid fusion mass. Patients' clinical charts, operative notes, and preoperative x-rays were evaluated. Relief of pain was evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain change after implant removal. Clinical outcome using VAS and modified MacNab's criteria was assessed on before implant removal, 1 month after implant removal and at the last clinical follow-up. Radiological analysis of sagittal alignment was also assessed. Results: Average follow-up period was 18 months (from 12 to 25 months). There were 4 patients who had persistent back pain at the surgical site and 10 patients who had recurrent back pain. The median time after the first fusion operation and the recurrence of pain was 6.5 months (from 3 to 13 months). All patients except one had palpation pain at operative site. The mean blood loss was less than 100ml and there were no major complications. The mean pain score before screw removal and at final follow up was 6.4 and 2.9, respectively (p<0.005). Thirteen of the 14 patients were graded as excellent and good according to modified MacNab's criteria. Overall 5.9 degrees of sagittal correction loss was observed at final follow up, but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: For the patients with persistent or recurrent back pain after spinal instrumentation, removal of the spinal implant may be safe and an efficient procedure for carefully selected patients who have palpation pain and are unresponsive to conservative treatment.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.863-867
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• 2008

피치계 활성탄소섬유가 납사분해 잔사유를 개질하여 용융 방사하고, 산화, 탄화 및 스팀으로 활성화하여 제조되었다. 활성탄소섬유의 표면은 주석-팔라듐을 사용하여 단일 스텝에 의해 예민화 과정을 거쳤다. 예민화된 활성탄소섬유 표면에 무전해도금법을 사용하여 구리를 골고루 담지하였다. 도금시간을 증가시켜서 구리의 담지량을 변화시키고, BET, SEM, XRD 및 ICP를 이용하여 촉매 특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 도금시간에 따라 부가된 구리의 양은 증가하나, 기공부피와 비표면적은 감소하였다. 또한 반응 온도가 증가함에 따라 NO 제거 성능이 증가하였다. $300^{\circ}C$ 이상의 반응 온도에서 부가된 구리의 양이 증가하면 표면적의 감소와 구리 분산도의 감소 때문에 NO 제거 성능은 감소하는 결과를 얻었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.540-543
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• 2010

가스 중에 포함되어 있는 질소산화물을 안전하게 처리하기 위하여 저온 플라즈마 반응기를 제작하여 반응기내에 공급되는 반응물질의 유량과 방전주입전력량에 대한 장치의 특성을 실험적으로 조사하고, 유효성을 검정하였다. 반응가스는 $NO/N_2$ 혼합가스와 $N_2/O_2$ 혼합가스를 이용하여 초기 NO 농도를 설정하고, 유속을 1~4 l/min으로 공급하였다. 반응물질의 유량이 증가할 때 NO의 감소율이 낮고, 방전주입전력이 높을 때 NO의 분해가 용이하였다. 또한 반응물질의 지연시간이 길고 방전주입전력이 높을수록 NO의 분해에너지 효율이 높았으며, 유량이 많고 방전 주입 전력량이 증가할수록 오존의 생성량이 증가하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrification characteristics of biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with ceramic media, especially focusing on nitrite build-up during nitrification. When increasing the nitrogen load above $1.63kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, ammonium removal efficiency decreased to less than 60% and the nitrite ratio ($NO_2{^-}-N/NO_x-N$) of higher than 75% was achieved due to the inhibitory free ammonia (FA, $NH_3-N$) concentration and oxygen limitation. FA inhibition, however, is not recommended strategy to promote nitrite build-up since FA concentration in the reactor is coupled with decreased ammonium removal efficiency. Nitrite ratio in the effluent was also affected by aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. Ammonium oxidation was enhanced at a higher aeration rate regardless of influent ammonium concentration but, the nitrite ratio was dependent on both aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. While a higher nitrite ratio was obtained when BAFs were fed with $50mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$ of influent, the nitrite ratio significantly decreased for a greater influent concentration of $200-300mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$. Taken together, aeration rate, influent ammonium concentration and FA concentrations kept in the BAF were found to be critical variables for nitrite accumulation in the BAF system.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.346-351
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• 2020

The removal characteristics of copper (Cu) from electrochemical surface by voltage-activated reaction were reviewed to assess the applicability of electrochemical-mechanical polishing (ECMP) process in three types of electrolytes, such as HNO₃, KNO₃ and NaNO₃. Electrochemical surface conditions such as active, passive, transient and trans-passive states were monitored from its current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves obtained by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method. In addition, the oxidation and reduction process of the Cu surface by repetitive input of positive and negative voltages were evaluated from the I-V curve obtained using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. Finally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were used to observe the structural surface states of a Cu electrode. The electrochemical analyses proposed in this study will help to accurately control the material removal rate (MRR) from the actual ECMP process because they are a good methodology for predicting optimal electrochemical process parameters such as current density, operating voltage, and operating time before performing the ECMP process.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2002

A pilot scale SBR (effective volume, $20m^3$) for the treatment of piggery wastewater treatment was performed with three different kinds of wastewater; fermenter effluent, scraper type and slurry type. The react phase in SBR was performed by sub-cycle operation consisting of repeated short cycle of anoxic-aerobic step. The fermenter effluent was characterized by the rapid nitrification and $NO_X-N$ accumulation due to depletion of organic matter in wastewater. The scraper type wastewater showed appropriate nitrogen removal efficiency, however, a poor response capacity for high loading rate often resulted in increased nitrogen concentration in effluent. Moreover, severe P release was the most serious problem in scraper type wastewater. SBR treated slurry type wastewater with high nitrogen removal efficiency to satisfy effluent quality requirement. It was thought that high concentration of organic matter in slurry made it possible to uptake P during SBR operation, where P concentration of 140mgP/l was decreased to 8mgP/l. As results, SBR was suitable to treat slurry type wastewater which has been discharged to the ocean till now.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2010

한국원자력연구원 지하처분연구시설의 지하심부에 생존하는 미생물을 이용하여 용존우라늄의 제거 및 광물화에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 미생물은 철환원박테리아와 황산염환원박테리아로 구분하여 개별적으로 실험을 실시하였으며, 실험 후 X-선 회절분석 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 생성광물을 확인하였고 용액상의 농도 변화는 유도결합플라즈마분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 철환원박테리아에서는 우라늄과 철이온이 공존할 때, 우라늄보다는 철이온이 선택적으로 환원과정에 참여하였으며, 결과적으로 우라늄의 환원 및 제거가 거의 이루어지지 못하였다. 하지만, 망간이 포함된 조건에서는 상당량의 우라늄 제거 효과가 나타났다. 황산염환원박테리아에서는 철과 망간이 공존할 때, 철이 선택적으로 황과 결합하여 맥키나와이트(FeS)라는 황화광물을 형성하였으며, 망간으로 구성된 황화광물은 만들어지지 않았다. 하지만, 망간이 공존하는 경우에 우라늄의 제거는 훨씬 효과적이었는데, 이는 황화광물에 불순물로 포함된 망간이 우라늄의 흡착 및 포획에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.532-534
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• 2021

This study examined a rarely seen benign heart tumor that was found incidentally on a chest X-ray. Radiological images were taken of a 42-year-old patient with no symptoms of a heart condition, showing a thick-walled left lung cavity that appeared after prior inflammation and concomitant enlargement of the cardiac shadow. A large subepicardial lipoma in combination with a chronic abscess on the left lung was revealed on chest computed tomography. The treatment consisted of simultaneous surgical removal of both the lung and heart lesions using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.402-408
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• 1982

The primary cardiac tumor was considered as a form of disease with poor prognosis in the past and it was hardly diagnosed before post mortem autopsy. But recent development of diagnostic procedure and the cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation increased the accuracy of diagnosis and the opportunity of successful treatment. The authors present two cases of left atrial myxoma which experienced during recent 4 years between 1979 and 1982. A 33 year old woman admitted with severe shortness of breath, generalized edema, ascites and the evidence of hepatopathy resulted from right sided heart failure. Preoperatively, the patient was treated with conservative medication to improve general condition for a few days. The tumor mass was removed successfully under the cardiopulmonary bypass. She, however, died of myocardial dysfunction showing low blood pressure. The tumor mass weighed 22gm and measured 5.2x4.5x3.6 cm in size. A 60 year old man admitted with shortness of breath on exertion and an episode of fainting. Following the removal of tumor mass under the cardiovascular bypass, the clinical course was satisfactory with no complication. The tumor mass weighed 105gm and measured 9x4x5 cm in size.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.926-934
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 TPA 생산부산물의 대체 탄소원으로의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위해 호흡률 실험과 탈질 실험을 수행하고 기질 분해 특성을 평가하기 위해 수행된 실험결과를 활성슬러지 모델(ASM1)이 포함된 GPS-X로 전산모사 하였다. 호흡률 측정 결과 TPA 생산 부산물의 RBDCOD(readily biodegradable COD) 분율이 90% 이상으로 높았다. 탈질실험 결과 비탈질률이 약 8.00 mg ${NO_3^-$-N/g VSS/hr로 상용 외부탄소원과 유사한 높은 탈질능을 나타내었다. ASM1 모델의 heterotrophs 미생물에 관련된 매개변수들의 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. RUN1의 호흡률 실험과 탈질 실험결과를 통해 추정된 ${\mu}_{max,H}$, $K_s$, ${\eta}_g$, $b_H$의 값은 각각 6.60/day, 23.3 mg/L, 0.88, 0.54/day였고 default 값을 사용하였을 때와 비교하여 매개변수 추정을 통해 RMSE(Relative Mean Squared Error)가 40% 감소하였다. 추정된 매개 변수 해들은 호흡률 실험의 높은 최대 비호흡률과 최종 내생비호흡률, 무산소 조건에서의 높은 비탈질률로 나타난 TPA 부산물의 기질 제거 특성을 잘 반영하였다.