• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 1985

The anodic oxidations of the Silver(I) / Silver(II) / Silver(III) system have been studied in aq. 2M $AgNO_3$ solution with Platinum and Carbon electrodes. It has been found that $Ag_7O_8NO_3$ can be produced at relatively higher current density. Deposited black Oxy-salt were analyzed with several methods such as oxidizing power, X-ray powder diffraction patterns, thermal analysis, and reduction curves. It decomposed to AgO upon being suspended in boiling water. AgO compound obtained from $Ag_7O_8NO_3$ were purer and denser than Alfa-product AgO.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.510-516
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• 2011

In the present study, potassium and caesium doped Ag/$Al_2O_3$ catalysts were synthesized by simple wet impregnation method and evaluated for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx using methane. TEM analysis and diffraction patterns demonstrated the finely dispersed Ag particles. BET surface measurements reveal that the prepared materials have moderate to high surface area and the metal amount found from ICP analysis was well matching with the theoretical loadings. The synthesized K-Ag/$Al_2O_3$ and Cs-Ag/$Al_2O_3$ catalysts exhibited a promotional effect on deNOx activity in the presence of $SO_2$ and $H_2O$. The long-term isothermal studies at $550^{\circ}C$ under oxygen rich condition showed the superior catalytic properties of the both alkali promoted samples. The crucial catalytic properties of materials are attributed to NO adsorption properties detected by the NO TPD.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2011

We report 4 patients who developed change of occlusion which seemed to be related to anterior disc dislocation without reduction, but there was no distinct evidence of condylar destruction or collapse. They experienced sudden occurrence of occlusal change, anterior open bite in 2 patients, lateral CR-CO discrepancy in 1 patient, and anteroposterior CR-CO discrepancy in 1 patient. Also, this report is to find out if there is a relation between sudden occurrence of occlusal change and anterior disc dislocation without reduction.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.41
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was aimed to analyze the reducing pattern of decompression on mandibular odontogenic keratocyst and to determine the proper time for secondary enucleation. Materials and methods: Seventeen patients with OKC of the mandible were treated by decompression. Forty-five series of CT data were taken during decompression and measured by using InVivo software (Anatomage, San Jose, Calif) and were analyzed. Results: The expected relative volume during decompression is calculated using the following formula: V(t) = V_initial × exp.(at + 1/2bt²) (t = duration after decompression (day)). There was no significant directional indicator in the rate of reduction between buccolingual and mesiodistal widths. Conclusion: The volume reduction rate gradually decreased, and 270 days were required for 50% volume reduction following decompression of OKC. The surgeon should be aware of this pattern to determine the timing for definitive enucleation. Clinical relevance: The volume reduction rate and pattern of decompression of the OKC can be predicted and clinicians should be considered when treating OKC via decompression.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of non-climatic environmental factors on growth performances and behavioural patterns of weanling pigs. Three hundred and sixty weanling pigs were contained and carried out with three levels of spaces per pig(0.18, 0.23 and 0.30$m^2$) and three different numbers of pigs per pen(15, 20 and 25 pigs) up to 30kg body weight. Designed by using a 3 $\times$ 3 factorial arrangement(three levels of spaces $\times$ three different numbers of pigs). This experiment investigated the effects of main factors and the relationship between each factors. The result of this experiment were summarized as follows ; 1. The reduction of floor space caused the reduction of feed/gain in the weanling pigs. Pigs responded with the increased feed intake(p<0.01) and with no change in body weight gain. 2. There were no significant differences in the body weight gain and feed/gain in weanling pigs by changing group sizes, but group size affected the feed intake significantly(p<0.01). 3. Space allowance affected the behavioural patterns significantly(p<0.01) of weanling pigs. The reduction of floor space caused the increment of aggressive behaviour and weanling pigs responded with the decreased resting, non aggressive social and play behaviour. 4. There were no significant differences in the resting, eating, aggressive and non aggressive social behaviour in weanling pigs by changing group sizes, but the large group size caused the reduction of play behaviour in the weanling pigs(p<0.01). 5. Therefore we concluded that weanling pigs require 0.23$m^2$ per pig and 20~25 pigs per pen for the better environment condition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.152-163
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• 1981

Changes of ethylene production, photosynthesis, respiration and sulfur content of leaves were investigated in some horticultural plants injured by $SO_2$ exposure. Concurrently the effects of $AgNO_3$, succinic acid- 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and benomyl spray on reduction of $SO_2$ damage in the plants were examined. 1. The amount of ethylene production was significantly different among species of plants and showed higher and earlier peak at 5 ppm $SO_2$ compared with 2.5 ppm $SO_2$ exposure. 2. $AgNO_3$ sprayed on leaves significantly inhibited ethylene production in Cedrus deodara and Forsythia koreana. And it reduced the defoliation of F. koreana occured by $SO_2$ damage. 3. Photosynthetic rate of Helianthus annuus was decreased markedly after 4 -hr exposures to 5 ppm SO, but it was not reduced during exposure to 2.5 ppm $SO_2$. F. koreana showed a little changes in photosynthetic rate after abrupt reduction at the early stage of $SO_2$ exposure regardless of $SO_2$ concentration. 4. The rate of respiration was increased or decreased markedly in propotion to concentration and hours of $SO_2$ exposure compared with control. Daminozide and benomyl showed a little effects on reduction of respiratory changes occured by $SO_2$ damage in C. deodara and H. annuus but there was no effect when $AgNO_3$ was sprayed on C. deodara. 5. Sulfur content of leaves was increased more rapidly at 5 ppm than at 2.5 ppm $SO_2$ exposure. But the injury in 5 ppm $SO_2$ exposure was found out at low sulfur content compared with 2.5 ppm $SO_2$ exposure.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1465-1481
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• 2011

The accuracy of ozone sensitivity coefficients estimated with HDDM (High-order Decoupled Direct Method) can vary depending on the $NO_x$ (Nitrogen Oxides) and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) conditions. In order to evaluate the applicability of HDDM over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during a high ozone episode in 2007 June, we compare BFM (Brute Force Method) and HDDM in terms of the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to explain ozone change in response to changes in NOx and VOC emissions, and the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to represent nonlinear response of ozone to the emission changes. BFM and HDDM estimate comparable ozone sensitivity coefficients, exhibiting similar spatial and temporal variations over the SMAduring the episode. NME (Normalized Mean Error) between BFM and HDDM for the episode average $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients to NOx and VOC emissions are less than 3% and 9%, respectively. For the daily comparison, NME for the $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients are less than 4% ($R^2$ > 0.96) and 15% ($R^2$ > 0.90), respectively. Under the emission conditions used in this study, two methods show negative episode average $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions over the core SMA. The $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions leads ozone to respond muchnonlinear to the reduction in $NO_x$ emissions over Seoul. Nonlinear ozone response to reduction in VOC emissions is mitigated due to the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient which is much smaller than the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to the emissions in the magnitude.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2012

Purpose: This study considered the effects and proper treatments of mandibular condyle fractures by comparing clinical differences and complications according to analysis and treatment plan. Methods: From September 2007 to August 2010, patients who were diagnosed with condylar fracture and monitored for more than 3 months were selected. Cases were divided in a reductive manner and evaluated by type and period of intermaxillary fixation (IMF), status of occlusion and trismus according to the Spiessle/Schroll method. A total 50 patients were examined. Results: The number of the unilateral condyle fractures was 45 and 30 patients had multiple fractures. Type of fracture was categorized by the Spiessle/Schroll method. There were 21 patients with type I, 11 patients with type II, 3 patients with type 3, 10 patients with type V and 5 patients with type VI; there were no patients with a type IV fracture. 11 patients were operated on with open reduction. Among them, 9 patients were type II and 2 patients were type I. For type I patients, an intra-oral approach was conducted with an endoscope and trocar. For 3 of the type II patients, an retromandibular approach was conducted and for the rest of the type II patients, the same approach as type I was used. The periods of IMF were 2.36 weeks (mean) in open reduction group and 2.9 weeks (mean) in closed reduction group and the total mean period is 2.78 weeks. All patients had stable occlusion after removing the IMF. Trismus occurred in 1 patient for open reduction and 5 patients for closed reduction. Facial nerve palsy was observed in one patient postoperatively that resolved after 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, similar prognosis was shown after an open and closed reduction was conducted. Therefore, treatments need to be planned depending on the degree of condyle fracture and the amount of displacement. Additionally, the period of IMF could be shortened with open reduction.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects On the lymphedema patients of sponge padding and the correlation between the rate of edema reduction and downward shifting of bandages. Fifty secondary lymphedema patients with no infection, active cancer, limitation of movement, pain or drugs were randomly assigned to two groups: a sponge padding group, and a cotton padding group. Complex decongestive therapy was applied for 2 weeks. In each group the volume of the ankle, mid-calf, knee, and mid-thigh and downward shifting of bandages at the thigh was measured with measuring tape. The reduction of volume and downward shifting of bandages were analyzed by the unrelated t-test and the Pearson Correlation Test. The results were as follows: 1. In comparison between the sponge padding group and the cotton padding group, there was no significant difference in volume except in the thigh area. The edema volume was reduced significantly to $37.77{\pm}31.15%$ at the thigh with sponge padding after treatment (p<.05). 2. Bandage shifted 10.12 cm with cotton padding, but only shifted 2.85 cm when sponge padding was used. Sponge padding had an excellent effect in preventing the shifting of bandages. There was a significant difference in the amount of shifting that occurred with each type of padding (p<.05). 3. There was also a strong correlation between the reduction of edema and the shifting of bandage. These results suggest that short-stretch bandaging with sponge padding is more effective than bandaging with cotton padding. Further study on skin irritation and the comfort of sponge padding is needed to use padding materials safely and effectively.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.445-448
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• 2006

Purpose: The nose is the most prominent skeletal feature of the face and is thus prone to frequent injury. Closed reduction of nasal bone fractures can be performed under general or local anesthesia. However, the benefits and the drawbacks in either form of anesthesia chosen are seldom perceived by the surgeon. A retrospective study was performed to assess the differences in the outcome among the two groups subjected to surgery under different type of anesthesia and to introduce our method of local anesthesia and its adequacy. Methods: Two hundred and fifteen patients during a 2-year period were included in the study. 2% Lidocaine mixed with 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected on the anterior ethmoid nerve and the periosteum. Assessment factors included intra-operative adequacy of analgesia, post-operative analgesic requirement and functional and aesthetic outcome of surgery. Results: 19 patients were manipulated under general anesthesia and 196 patients were manipulated under local anesthesia on the anterior ethmoidal nerve and dorsal periosteum. No statistically signigicant variable in performance of surgery could be attributed to the mode of anesthesia employed(p > 0.05). Four patients experienced complications after reduction. One developed septal deviation and three nasal obstruction. But, no secondary operations were needed. Conclusion: Anterior ethmoidal nerve block and dorsal periosteal injection of 2% Xylocaine, combined with topical intranasal 4% lidocaine and epinephrine provided sufficient analgesia comparable to that of general anesthesia.