• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 2001

고진공 저항 가열식 증발 증착기를 이용하여 약 1$mu extrm{m}$ 두께의 W $O_3$-Sn $O_2$박막 가스센서를 제작하였다. 50$0^{\circ}C$에서 4시간동안 공기중 열처리한 다음, 제조된 박막의 결정성과 미세구조를 관찰하였다. 100 ppm의 산화성 가스인 N $O_2$와 환원성 가스인 CO 가스에 대한 가스 감응 특성을 측정한 결과, N $O_2$가스에 대한 감도( $R_{gas}$/ $R_{air}$)는 기판온도 25$0^{\circ}C$에서 W $O_3$박막이 약 1000으로서 가장 높았으며, CO 가스 감도는 기판온도 15$0^{\circ}C$~25$0^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 약 0.25로 가장 양호하였다.하였다.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1994년도 추계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.14-16
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• 1994

The development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs) with high energy efficiencies and high power densities is gaining momentum because their performance characteristics are attractive for terrestrial(power sources for electrical vehicles, stand-by power), space and underwater application[1]. Fuel cells are capable of running on non-petroleum fuels such as methanol, natural gas or hydrogen and also have major impact on improving air quality. They virtually eliminate particulates, NO$_{x}$, SO$_{x}$, and significant reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Especially, fuel cell-battery hybrid power sources appear to be well suited to overcome both the so-called battery problem(low energy density) and the fuel cell problem(low power density)[2].[2].

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권7호
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• pp.1866-1870
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• 2019

Residual salt separation is an essential step in pyroprocessing because its reaction products, as prepared by electrochemical unit processes, contain frozen residual electrolyte species, which are generally composed of alkali-metal chloride salts (e.g., LiCl, KCl). In this study, a simple technique that utilizes high-temperature gas flux as a driving force to melt and push out the residual salt in the reaction products was developed. This technique is simple as it only requires the use of a heating gun in combination with a gas injection system. Consequently, $LiNO_3-ZrO_2$ and $LiCl-ZrO_2$ mixtures were successfully separated by the high-temperature gas injection (separation efficiency > 93%), thereby demonstrating the viability of this simple technique for residual salt separation.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.554-564
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• 2002

A newly designed combustion chamber of diesel engine with a modified piston crown was prepared for the purpose of investigation for reduction of NO emission. It was intended to realize 2-stage combustion that is to keep fuel rich condition during early stage of combustion and fuel lean condition during next stage. The engine was tested on various conditions concerning exhaust gas emissions especially about NO emission and simultaneously fuel consumption rate. It was found that the engine with 2-stage combustion type piston emits significantly low NO at various speed and torque compared with conventional engines, but it raised points at issue in CO and smoke emissions with fuel consumption rate. The increasing of injection pressure on 2 stage combustion type diesel engine affects on CO and smoke emission considerably to reduce but slightly on NO to increase. The effect of 2-stage combustion was better at low speed than at high speed.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic findings concerning a quality evaluation. The first conclusion is the coffee's $CO_2$ gas production between a roast brewed at 0 hour and 72 hours after grinding. The espresso, 48 hours after its grind, emits a small amount of $CO_2$ gas, whereas 72 hours after being grinded there is no discharge. In the sensory evaluation, the overall preference is the 72 hours later grind, in accordance to the decrease of the bitter, acid, and sour taste with the increase of the sweet, nutty, and chocolaty flavors. The foam index indicates a significant reduction between the roasts brewed at 0 hour and 72 hours after grinding. A persistence of crema in the Colombian Colombia and Ethiopian Yirgacheffe decline for the 72 hours after its grind coffee. The Tanzanian Kilimanjaro and Brazilian Cerrado roasts show no difference. The pH is decreased in the 72 hours after its grind roast. Moreover, sugar contents in the Colombian Excelso and Brazilian Cerrado are increased, whereas the Tanzanian Kilimanjaro sugar contents are decreased, along with its density.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.16-29
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• 2008

Nitrous acid (HONO) can be produced by heterogenous reactions of nitrogen dioxide on surface materials and direct emission from combustion sources. However, a little is known of indoor HONO levels or the relationship between residential HONO, NO, and $NO_2$ concentrations in occupied houses. Therefore, we measured simultaneously NO, $NO_2$, and HONO concentrations in living room of an apartment using continuous analyzers to study the production of HONO (June $22{\sim}30$, 2006). The 4-min average concentrations of indoor NO, $NO_2$, and HONO were 4.3 (range: $0.4{\sim}214.3$), 10.3 ($2.0{\sim}87.3$), and 1.8 ppb ($0.3{\sim}7.7$), respectively. Peak levels of HONO up to 7.7 ppb and 24-hr averages as high as 1.7 ppb were measured. In agreement with previous studies, indoor HONO concentrations increased during operation of an unvented gas range. Examination of the observed kinetics suggests that the secondary production of indoor HONO, possibly as a result of heterogeneous reactions involving $NO_2$ and $H_2O$ is associated with $[NO_2]^2[H_2O]\;(r^2=0.88)$ rather than with $[NO][NO_2][H_2O]\;(r^2=0.75)$. Three combustion experiments at nighttime were also carried out to investigate the effects of vented combustion on the HONO, NO, and $NO_2$ concentrations. It was found to release HONO for $10{\sim}15$ minutes after NO and $NO_2$ source was turned off, and peak values were finally attained. Compared to unvented combustion, peak $NO_2$ and HONO concentrations were 3.2 and 2.0 times lower at weak vented combustion (air flow: $340\;m^3/hr$) and 4.9 and 2.4 times lower at strong vented combustion (air flow: $540\;m^3/hr$), respectively, emphasizing importance of operating ventilation hood fan during combustion to improve indoor air quality.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2018

천연가스 및 석유를 정제 및 가공하는 화공플랜트에서 원료에 함유된 황화수소($H_2S$)의 누출로 인한 피해를 최소화시키기 위한 설계 기법들이 세계적으로 널리 연구되어왔다. 그러나 국내에서는 화공플랜트에서 $H_2S$ 가스 피해 최소화를 위한 별도의 뚜렷한 설계 지침 및 규제가 없는 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구는 $H_2S$ 독성가스감지기를 설치해야 할 공정설비의 $H_2S$ 가스 함량의 정량적 기준을 500 ppm으로 제시하고 타당한 근거를 설명하였다. 또한 ALOHA 프로그램을 사용하여 과거 $H_2S$ 가스 누출 사고를 재구성하여 IDLH 값인 100 ppm까지의 확산 반경을 산출하였다. 모델링의 기상 조건은 국내 3대 석유화학단지가 위치한 울산, 여수, 대산의 조건을 각각 적용하였으며, 울산, 대산, 여수 순서로 긴 반경이 도출되었다. 비상시 안전을 위해서 본 연구에서 얻은 $H_2S$ 가스의 100 ppm까지의 확산 반경을 고려한 추가적인 $H_2S$ 독성가스감지기가 설치되어야 하고, 이때는 반드시 지역별 기후조건이 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2019

가압순산소 연소는 발전 공정의 온실가스 포집 기술의 하나로서, $CO_2$의 압축 전 단계에 FGC (Flue gas condensor)를 통해 배가스 내 수분의 잠열을 회수하여 효율을 높일 수 있다. 또한 FGC는 가스의 용해도를 이용하여 $SO_x$ 및 $NO_x$를 동시에 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이 연구에서는 FGC의 방식 중 하나로서 직접 접촉식 응축기를 고안하여 $SO_x$ 및 $NO_x$의 저감율을 평가하였다. 특히 가스가 물에 직접 통과할 때 용해를 통한 저감효율을 측정하기 위해 단독가스와 혼합가스로 분리하여 상압에서 10 bar까지의 압력조건을 변수로 실험을 진행하였다. 단독 가스 실험결과 $NO_x$는 상압에서 저감율이 약 20%, 10 bar 압력조건에서 약 76%로 크게 증가하였다. 또한 $SO_2$는 높은 용해도로 전량이 용해하여 초기 저감율에 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 압력이 증가할수록 최고 저감율이 유지되는 시간이 증가하였다. 동시저감 실험 결과 상압에서 $NO_x$의 저감율은 13%이나, 압력이 상승할수록 헨리법칙에 의한 용해도 증가에 따라 20 bar에서 56%로 증가하였다. $SO_2$는 초기에 다량 용해된 후 다시 배출 농도가 증가하는 폭이 상압에서는 1,219 ppm, 20 bar에서는 165 ppm으로 감소하였다. 결론적으로 $NO_x$ 및 $SO_x$ 모두 압력이 높아질수록 저감율이 증가하였으나, 단독가스 실험과 비교하면 저감율이 감소함을 확인하였다. 이는 혼합가스 투입으로 인해 반응기 내부에 채운 물의 산성화가 빠르게 이루어졌기 때문이다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2005

Detailed flame structures of the counterflow flames of $CH_4/Air$ formed with $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ addition are studied numerically. The detailed chemical reactions are modeled by using the OPPDIF and CHEMKIN-II code. Only the $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ are assumed to participate in radiative heat transfer while all other gases are assumed to be transparent. The discrete ordinates method(DOM) and the narrow band based WSGGM with a gray gas regrouping technique(WSGGM-RG) are applied for modeling the radiative transfer through non-homogeneous and non-isothermal combustion gas mixtures generated by the counter flow flames. The results compared with the SNB model show that the WSGGM-RG is successful in modeling the counterflow flames with non-gray gas mixture. The numerical results show that the addition of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ to the oxidant nozzle lowers the peak temperature and the NO concentration in flame.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

This paper presents the combustion characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel from a conventional pressure-swirl nozzle of a small-scale burner. The nozzle has orifice diameters of 0.256 mm and liquid flow rates ranging from 50 to 64 mL/min were selected for the experiments. The furnace temperature distribution along the axial distance, the gas emission such as CO, $CO_2$, NOx, $SO_2$, flue gas temperature, and combustion efficiency were studied. The local furnace and flue gas temperatures decreased with an increase in air velocity. At injection pressures of 1.1 and 1.3 MPa the maximum furnace temperatures occurred closer to the burner exit, at an axial distance of 242 mm from the diffuser tip. The CO and $CO_2$concentrations decreased with an increase in air velocity, but they increased with an increase in injection pressure. The effect of air velocity on NOx was not clearly seen at low injection pressures, but at injection pressure of 1.3 MPa it decreased with an increase in air velocity. The effect of air velocity on $SO_2$ concentration level is not well understood. The combustion efficiency decreased with an increase in air velocity but it increased with an increase in injection pressure. It is recommended that injection pressure less than 0.9 MPa with air velocity not above 8.0 m/s would be suitable for this burner.