• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 1989

The gas-phase reactions of methyl formate with anions, $-NH_2,\;-OH,\;-CH_2CN$, are studied theoretically using the AM1 method. Stationary points are located by the reaction coordinate method, refined by the gradient norm minimization and characterized by the determination of Hessian matrix. Potential energy profiles and the stationary point structures are presented for all conceivable processes. Four reaction paths are found to be possible: formyl proton and methyl proton abstractions, carbonyl addition, and $S_N2$ process. For the most basic anion $-NH_2$ the proton abstraction path is favored, while in other case, $OH\;and\;-CH_2CN$, the carbonyl addition paths are favored. In all cases the $S_N2$ process is the most exothermic, but due to the relatively high activation barrier the process can be ruled out.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.238.1-238.1
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• 2014

이번 연구는 system-on-panel에 적용하기 위한 비휘발성 메모리의 메모리 윈도우 특성 향상에 관한 연구이다. 이를 위해 SiO2/SiNX/SiOXNY의 메모리 구조를 이용하였으며, 채널층으로 투명한 비정질 인듐-주석-아연-산화물을 이용하였다. N형 물질의 특성인 수많은 전자로 인해 erasing의 어려움이 발생하는데 이는 빛과 전압의 동시 인가로 해결하였다. 전하트랩층은 비휘발성 메모리에서 가장 널리 이용되는 질화막을 이용하였으며, SiH4과 NH3의 비율은 8대 1에서 1대 2까지 이용하였다. 이번 연구에서 SiH4과 NH3의 비율이 2대 1일 때 쓰기 전압 +13V와 지우기 전압 -6V에서 약 3.7V의 높은 메모리 윈도우를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2012

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is a highly-effective aftertreatment device for NOx reduction of diesel engines. Generally, the ammonia ($NH_3$) was generated from reaction mechanism of SCR in the SCR system using the liquid urea as the reluctant. Therefore, the precise urea dosing control is a very important key for NOx and $NH_3$ slip reduction in the SCR system. This paper investigated NOx and $NH_3$ emission characteristics of urea-SCR dosing system based on model-based control algorithm in order to reduce NOx. In the map-based control algorithm, target amount of urea solution was determined by mass flow rate of exhaust gas obtained from engine rpm, torque and $O_2$ for feed-back control NOx concentration should be measured by NOx sensor. Moreover, this algorithm can not estimate $NH_3$ absorbed on the catalyst. Hence, the urea injection can be too rich or too lean. In this study, the model-based control algorithm was developed and evaluated on the numerical model describing physical and chemical phenomena in SCR system. One channel thermo-fluid model coupled with finely tuned chemical reaction model was applied to this control algorithm. The vehicle test was carried out by using map-based and model-based control algorithms in the NEDC mode in order to evaluate the performance of the model based control algorithm.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 2009

The main objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of combustion by analyzing fuel gases from a combustion equipment with various combustion conditions for refuse-derived fuels (RDFs). CO gas is a parameter for indicating of incomplete combustion during a combustion process. The lowest CO gas was produced when the experiment conditions were m=2 under air-fuel condition and $800^{\circ}C$. $CO_2$ gas is a final product after complete combustions. The highest amount of $CO_2$ gas was produced when the experiment conditions were m=2 under air-fuel condition and $800^{\circ}C$. The highest level of $SO_2$ gas was produced in S.1 sample containing the highest sulfur. The highest level of NOx gas was produced in S.1 sample with the highest nitrogen content and air-fuel condition of m=2 under temperature of $800^{\circ}C$. HCl gas that is generated by reacting with metals catalyst through oxygen catalyst reaction during combustion process is a precursor of dioxin formation. The higher level of HCl gas was produced in the sample with higher chlorine content. The lowest level of HCl gas was produced when the experiment conditions were air-fuel condition of m=2 and $800^{\circ}C$. The lowest level of $NH_3$ gas was generated when the experiment condition was m=2 under air-fuel condition and after 3 minutes. Air-fuel condition is more important to create $NH_3$ gas than operating temperatures. Higher level of $H_2S$ gas was generated in S.1 sample with the higher sulfur content and was created in RDFs that contain higher mixture ratios of sewage sludge and food wastes. A result of combustion, gases and gases levels from the combustion of S.1 and S.2 were very similar to the combustion of a stone coal. As results of this research, when evaluating the feasibility of the RDFs, the RDFs could be used as auxiliary and main fuels.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2008

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) films were deposited on tungsten carbide insert tool by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(MPECVD) from a gas mixture of triethyl borate$(B(C_2H_5O)_3)$, ammonia $(NH_3)$, hydrogen$(H_2)$ and argon(Ar). The qualities of deposited thin film were investigated by x-ray diffrac-tion(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and micro Raman spectroscope. The surface morphologies of the synthesised BN as well as crystallinity appear to be highly dependent on the flow rate of $B(C_2H_5O)_3$ and $(NH_3)$ gases. The deposited film had more crystallized phases with 5 scem of $B(C_2H_5O)_3$ and $(NH_3)$ gases than with 2 sccm, and the phase was identified as c-BN by micro Raman spectroscope and XRD. The adhesion strength were also increased with increasing flow rates of $B(C_2H_5O)_3$ and $(NH_3)$ gases.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.441-448
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• 1996

The cyclone/annular denuder system/filter pack sampling system (ADS) was used to collect the acidic air pollutants in Chongju city. The data set was collected on nine different days with 24 hour sampling period from July 27 through August 27, 1995. The chemical species measured were $HNO_3, HNO_2, SO_2 and NH_3$ in the gas phase, and $PM_{2.5}(d_P<2.5 \mum), SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^- and NH_4^+$ in the particulate phase. Mean concentrations measured from this study were: $0.90 \mug/m^3 for HNO_3, 1.27 \mug/m^3 for HNO_2, 10.9 \mug/m^3 for SO_2, 4.82 \mug/m^3 for NH_3, 27.5 \mug/m^3 for PM_{2.5}, 5.24 \mug/m^3 for SO_4^{2-}, 1.22 \mug/m^3 for NO_3^-, and 1.64 \mug/m^3 for NH_4^+$. The fine particle $(PM_{2.5})$ mass measured for the ADS samples was slightly higher than the fine particle mass measured for the corresponding dichotomous sampler. For the wind coming from Chongju industrial complex the concentrations of acidic air pollutants measured were higher when compared with other directions. Specially, $SO_2 and PM_{2.5}$ concentrations for the wind coming from Chongju industrial complex were 3.6 and about 2 times, respectively, higher than those of other wind directions. High correlations were observed between $PM_{2.5} and fine particle's ion components $(r=0.82 with SO_4^{2-}, r=0.76 with NO_3^- and r=0.89 with NH_4^+). NH_4^+ and SO_4^{2-}$ was also highly correlated (r=0.97).

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1997

We investigated the CVPE grown of GaN thin films on (0001) sapphire using the $GaCl_3$ and $NH_3$ as source gases. The growth temperatures are ranged 970 to $1040^{\circ}C$ with the various flow rate ratio of source gases. The nitridation treatment was performed using the $NH_3$ gas before the GaN deposition. The optimal growth conditions were determined to be; growth temperature of $1040^{\circ}C$, III/V flow rate ratio of 2, nitridation time of 3 min. The FWHM at the (0002) peak from the XRD analysis was shown to be 0.32 deg. for the sample grown under those conditions. The growth rate was about $40{\mu}m/hr$ at $1040^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.291-301
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different mixing ratios of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and odor gas emissions of growing pigs. A total of four crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with average body weight (BW) of 41.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly allotted four diets over four periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: Control (CON, basal diet), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L4S6, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 4:6 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L5S5, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 5:5 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L6S4, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 6:4 ratio). Dietary probiotic supplementation showed higher crude protein (CP) digestibility values and lower Escherichia coli counts in fecal samples than the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in NH₃ or H₂S emission until day 3. The positive effect of H₂S and NH₃ emissions was detected earlier with the L4S6 and L5S5 compared to the L6S4, which had a lower ratio of B. subtilis. Both the L4S6 and L5S5 probiotic complexes significantly decreased the fecal H₂S and NH₃ emission in days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). On day 7, all probiotic complexes decreased (p < 0.05) H₂S and NH₃ emissions than the CON group. Our results agreed that the dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis complexes in growing pigs can significantly improve CP digestibility and reduce fecal E. coli counts, NH₃ and H₂S emissions. Notably, the higher mixing ratio of Bacillus subtilis in probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the odor of manure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.85-90
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• 2010

As the environmental regulation of vehicle emission is strengthened, investigations for $NO_x$ and PM reduction strategies are popularly conducted. Two current available technologies for continuous $NO_x$ reduction onboard diesel vehicles are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) using aqueous urea and lean $NO_x$ trap (LNT) catalysts. The experiments were conducted to investigate the $NO_x$ reduction performance of SCR system which can control the ratio of $NO/NO_2$, temperature and SV(space velocity), and the model gas was used which is similar to a diesel exhaust gas. The maximum reduction efficiency is indicated when the $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1 and the SV is 30,000 $h^{-1}$ in $300^{\circ}C$. Generally, ammonia slip from SCR reactors are rooted to incomplete conversion of $NH_3$ over the SCR. In this research, slip was occurred in 6cases (except low SV and $NO:NO_2$ ratio is 1:1) after SCR. Among 6 case of slip occurrence, the maximum conversion efficiency is observed when SV is 60,000 $h^{-1}$ in $400^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2015

The NOx emissions from diesel engines and industrial boilers are a major cause of environmental pollution. The selective catalytic reduction of urea is an aftertreatment technology that is widely used for the reduction of NOx emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the thermal decomposition of a urea aqueous solution using laboratory-scale experimental equipment under conditions similar to those of marine diesel engines. A 40 wt. urea aqueous solution was used in this study. It was found that the total conversion rate varied with the inflow gas conditions and flow rates of the urea aqueous solution. In addition, there were conversion rate differences between NH3 and HNCO. At inflow gas temperature conditions of $210^{\circ}C$ and $250^{\circ}C$, the $NH_3$ conversion rate was found to be higher than that of the HNCO, depending on the residence time.