• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.481-486
• /
• 2017

The content of $N^{\varepsilon}$-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation endproduct, in stir-fried anchovy prepared under different cooking conditions was determined, along with their sensory properties. The aim of the study was to optimize cooking conditions of stir-fried anchovy for minimal CML production by using different sugars, sugar concentrations, pH levels, and cooking times. The results showed that CML content increased with increasing sugar concentration. Cooking time did not affect CML content but lowering the pH with lemon juice decreased it significantly. The CML content of samples with a high sugar concentration, and without lemon juice was $4.67{\mu}g/mL$, and that of samples with both a low sugar concentration and lemon juice was $2.49{\mu}g/mL$, indicating a 47% reduction in the CML content of sir-fried anchovy. We conclude that stir-fried anchovy cooked with less sugar and the addition of lemon juice can reduce CML content while maintaining sensory characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2004

The effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the formation of $N^{\varepsilon}$-(carboxymethly)lysine (CML). one of the endproducts in the Maillard reaction of protein (or glycation), was investigated. Glyoxal, a main precursor of CML formation, was produced from both glucose and fructose during their autoxidation. The transition metal ion showed to involve in the formation of glyoxal by the metal catalyzed oxidation, suggesting that ROS accelerated the reducing sugar autoxidation. The stimulative effect of ROS on the autoxidation was more prominent in glucose than in fructose. Polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) were shown to form glyoxal by peroxidation in proportion to the degree of unsaturation, but ROS did not affect on PUFA peroxidation. Ascorbic acid also lysine (CMHL) in the model system using hippuryl lysine and glucose had a significant effect on ROS, whereas it had no effect on ROS using glyoxal as a reactant. Almost the same trend was obtained by the analysis of antigen coated indirect noncompetitive ELISA using monoclonal antibody (6D12). These data indicated that ROS affected glucose autoxidation as well as mediated both CML and glyoxal formation, but did not affect the reactive compounds such as fructose, PUFAs and ascorbic acid.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.775-775
• /
• 2005

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of LR3 and SP6 acupuncture on liver damage of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, consisting of the normal mice group(N), acupuncture-free diabetic mice group(Con), LR3-acupuncture diabetic mice group(LR3) and SP6-acupuncture diabetic mice group(SP6). The following measurements were taken: Body weight, food intake and water intake for 2 weeks; liver weight, and glucose levels in the serum and liver; ALT and AST in the serum; reactive oxygen species(ROS), reduced glutathione(GSH) and oxidized glutathione(GSSG) in the liver; and lastly, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts( RAGE), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxymethyl$ lysine(CML), $N{\varepsilon}-carboxyethyl$ lysine(CEL), phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B alpha($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), nuclear factor-kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$), activator protein-1(AP-1), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$), ${\beta}-actin$, cytochrome c and caspase in the liver. Results : The liver weight and GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in SP6 compared to Con. The glucose levels in the liver were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The generation of ROS and GSSG were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. The expressions of RAGE, CML, AP-1, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cytochrome c and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in LR3 compared to Con. The expressions of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1, COX-2, iNOS and caspase 3 were significantly decreased in SP6 compared to Con. Conclusion : It is predicted that LR3 acupuncture is related to reduced glucose levels in the liver and expressions of AGE, and that, SP6 acupuncture is related to reduced oxidative stress-related transcription factors and inflammation-related proteins. Therefore, we suggest that LR3 and SP6 acupuncture have protective effects on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by preventing apoptosis.