• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.398-404
• /
• 1999

토양과 수질에 영향을 주는 주인자를 찾아내기 위하여 한강 수계에서 집약적 농업이 이루어지고 있는 지역을 대상으로 토양과 수질에 대한 요인 분석을 하였다. 화학성 분석을 위한 토양 시료는 고랭지 농업이 이루어지고 있는 평창군 일대에서 그리고 수질 시료는 한강의 소유역인 구리, 춘천, 둔내 및 대관령에서 1996년과 1997년에 채취하여 분석하였다. 분석된 토양의 질 11요소에 대한 상호 상관분석에서 55개 상관쌍 중 29개 상관쌍의 유의성이 인정되었다. 시료채취 적정성을 위한 전체 Kaiser값은 0.6이었다. 토양의 질 요소 중 부하가 큰값을 보이는 제1요인은 pH, Ca 및 Mg이었다. 제2요인은 인산과 미량요소이었으며, 제2요인은 인산과 미량요소이었으며, 제3요인은 유기물과 EC, 그리고 제4요인은 칼리와 철이었다. 수질 요소 20개의 190개 상관쌍 중 86개 상관쌍의 유의성이 인정되었다. 전체 Kaiser값은 0.74이었다. 수질요소 중 제1요인은 EC로 전체 변이의 27.1%를 차지하였으며 Na, Ca, SO4, Mg, K, Cl, NO3 그리고 T-N이 높은 부하를 보였다. 제2요인은 중금속 중 Zn, Fe, Mn 그리고 Cd이었다. 제3요인에서 제7요인은 각각 PO4, TSS, 무기질소, pH 와 T-P 그리고 Cu이었다. EC 요인 스코어는 구리에서 가장 높았고, 춘천, 둔내 및 대관령의 순이었다. 이 연구 결과는 요인 분석이 농업 소유역에서 토양과 수질에 영향을 주는 주요인 분석 선정에 유용함을 의미하였다.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서는 강원도 5개 지자체에서 발생된 음식물류 폐기물의 특성을 분석하고 메탄가스 발생량을 평가하였다. 시료는 2017년 7월과 9월에 걸쳐 총 2회 채취하였다. 메탄가스 발생가능량을 평가하기 위하여 BMP (biochemical Methane potential) 시험과 원소조성을 이용한 계산방법을 이용하였다. 음식물류 폐기물의 겉보기밀도는 평균 $0.758{\sim}0.850g\;cm^{-3}$, pH는 4.29 ~ 4.75이었다. 물리적 조성 중 주성분은 채소류가 56.43 ~ 72.81%로 가장 높았고, 과일류는 5.31 ~ 8.95%, 곡물류는 1.60 ~ 18.73%, 어육류는 4.47 ~ 12.11%, 여액은 1.76 ~ 3.64%이었다. 평균 수분함량은 69.30 ~ 75.87%, 가연분함량은 22.50 ~ 27.98%, 회분함량은 1.63 ~ 2.48%를 나타내었다. 또한 $BOD_5$는 $17,690.3{\sim}33,154.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $COD_{Cr}$은 $106,212.3{\sim}128,695.5mg\;L^{-1}$, 그리고 $COD_{Mn}$은 $51,266.1{\sim}63,426.3mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위를 보였고 NaCl 함량은 0.81 ~ 1.17%의 범위를 나타내었다. 원소분석 결과 C, H, O, N, S 함량은 각각 44.87 ~ 48.16%, 7.12 ~ 7.57%, 40.13 ~ 43.78%, 3.22 ~ 4.14%, 그리고 0.00 ~ 0.02%를 나타내었다. 음식물류 폐기물의 VS 단위질량당 메탄수율을 살펴보면 BMP 시험에 의한 메탄가스 발생누적량(${0.303{\sim}0.354m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$)은 원소조성과 생분해율을 반영하여 예측한 결과(${0.294{\sim}0.352m_{CH4}}^3\;{kg_{VS}}^{-1}$)와 큰 차이가 없었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.30-40
• /
• 2018

To evaluate potential impacts of shallow groundwater by the leachate from buried carcass, we investigated hydrochemical characteristics of both leachate and shallow groundwater from monitoring wells and surrounding shallow groundwater wells in an area potentially affected by pig carcass burial. The hydrochemical survey was conducted before and after the relocation of a burial pit. The leachate samples and the groundwater affected by leachate showed the hydrochemistry of $Ca-HCO_3$ type with high $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations, while unaffected groundwater was mostly the $Ca(Na)-Cl+NO_3$ type due to pervasive impacts from agrochemicals. The results of factor analysis on hydrochemical data showed the followings: 1) contamination of groundwater from agro-livestock farming and livestock burial are coexisting in the study area, 2) among ionic species, $HCO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and Mn are very useful to differentiate the groundwater contamination from leachate, and 3) groundwater contamination by leachate has been recognized around the monitoring wells even after the relocation of a burial pit, likely due to residual contaminants in surrounding soils. Therefore, it is suggested that continued monitoring of groundwater contamination should be conducted after the relocation of carcass burial pits.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2017

The carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified with the pristine bentonite and hybrid material (HDTMA-modified bentonite). The modified-CPEs are then employed as working electrode in an electrochemical detection of As(V) from aqueous solutions using the cyclic voltammetric measurements. Cyclic voltammograms revealed that As(V) showed reversible behavior onto the working electrode. The hybrid material-modified carbon paste electrode showed significantly enhanced electrochemical signal which was then utilized in the low level detection of As(V). Moreover, the studies were conducted at neutral pH conditions. The electrochemical studies were conducted with scan rates (20 to 200 mV/s) to deduce the mechanism of redox processes involved at the electrode surface. The anodic current was linearly increased, increasing the concentration of As(V) from 5.0 to $35.0{\mu}g/g$ using the hybrid material-modified electrode. This provided fairly a good calibration line for As(V) detection. The presence of varied concentrations of As(III) in the determination of total arsenic was studied. The influence of several cations and anions viz., Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, EDTA and glycine in the detection of As(V) from aqueous solution was also studied. Further, in an attempt to simulate the real matrix analysis, the tap water sample was spiked with As(V) and subjected for As(V) detection using the modified-CPE.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2007

Intracellular NADH:quinone reductase involved in degradation of aromatic compounds including lignin was purified and characterized from white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. The activity of quinone reductase was maximal after 3 days of incubation in fungal culture, and the enzyme was purified to homogeneity using ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatographies. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 41kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE, and exhibits a broad temperature optimum between $20-40^{\circ}C$, with a pH optimum of 6.0. The enzyme preferred FAD as a cofactor and NADH rather than NADPH as an electron donor. Among quinone compounds tested as substrate, menadione showed the highest enzyme activity followed by 1,4-benzoquinone. The enzyme activity was inhibited by $CuSO_4,\;HgCl_2,\;MgSO_4,\;MnSO_4,\;AgNO_3$, dicumarol, KCN, $NaN_3$, and EDTA. Its $K_m\;and\;V_{max}$ with NADH as an electron donor were $23{\mu}M\;and\;101mM/mg$ per min, respectively, and showed a high substrate affinity. Purified quinone reductase could reduce 1,4-benzoquinone to hydroquinone, and induction of this enzyme was higher by 1,4-benzoquinone than those of other quinone compounds.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.538-555
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{2.5}$ chemical characteristics on the Suwon/Yongin area and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{2.5}$ source contributions. The $PM_{2.5}$ sampling was carried out by a high-volume air sampler at the Kyung Hee University-Global Campus from November, 2010 to October, 2011. The 40 chemical species were then analyzed by using ICP-AES(Ag, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V and Zn), IC ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$), DRI/OGC (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) and GC-FID (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a] pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and dibenzo[a,h,]anthracene). When applying PMF model after performing proper data treatment, a total of 10 sources was identified and their contributions were quantitatively estimated. The average contribution to $PM_{2.5}$ emitted from each source was determined as follows; 26.3% from secondary aerosol source, 15.5% from soil and road dust emission, 15.3% from vehicle emission, 15.3% from illegal biomass burning, 12.2% from incineration, 7.2% from oil combustion source, 4.9% from industrial related source, and finally 3.2% from coal combustion source. In this study we used the ratios of PAHs concentration as markers to double check whether the sources were reasonably classified or not. Finally we provided basic information on the major $PM_{2.5}$ sources in order to improve the air quality in the study area.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.126-139
• /
• 2014

In order to estimate the influence of sources on $PM_{2.5}$ in the industrial area of Japan, we carried out a source analysis using chemical component data of $PM_{2.5}$. $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected intermittently at an industrial area in Japan from July 2010 to November 2012. Water soluble ions ($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $Na^+$,$NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), elements (Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb), and carbonaceous species (OC, EC) of the $PM_{2.5}$ (a total of 198 samples) were analyzed. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to the data of those chemical components to identify the source of $PM_{2.5}$. At this observation site, nine factors were extracted. The major contributors of $PM_{2.5}$ were secondary sulfate 1, in which loading factors of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were large (percentage source contribution: 20.9%), traffic, in which loading factors of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were large (20.8%), secondary sulfate 2, in which loading factors of K and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were large (8.0%), steel mills (7.8%), secondary chloride and nitrate (7.0%), soil (5.0%), heavy oil combustion (3.8%), sea salt (3.8%), and coal combustion (2.3%). The conditional probability function (CPF) and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) were carried out to examine the influence of a regional source and a broad-based source, respectively. CPF results supported local source influences such as steel mills, sea salt, traffic, coal combustion, and heavy oil combustion. PSCF results suggested that ships in the East China Sea, an industrial area of the east coastal region of China, and an active volcano in the Kyushu region of Japan were potential regional sources of secondary sulfate 1. Secondary sulfate 2 was affected by the burning of biomass fields and by coal combustion in Chinese urban areas such as Beijing, Hebei, and western Inner Mongolia. Source characterization using continuous data from one site showed a potential source representing fossil fuel combustion is affected both by regional and broad-based sources.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• 제14권
• /
• pp.111-122
• /
• 1996

Streptomyces chibaensis J-59 xylanase는 CSL 배지(1% corn steep liquor, 0.15% glucose, 0.1% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, pH 7.0)에서 1% xylan을 효소생산 유도물질로 첨가하였을 경우에 생산(0.83 unit/ml) 되었으나, xylose를 비롯한 각 종 탄소원을 포함하는 배지에서는 효소가 생산되지 않았다. S. chibaensis로 부터 생산된 세포외 xylanase를 $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 분획침전, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration 과정으로 약 29%의 수율로 20배 정제하였다. 정제한 xylanase는 SDS-PAGE 및 Sephadex G-200 gel filtraion에서 분자량이 모두 25,000 Da으로 나타나 monomenc enzyme으로 확인되었다. 금속이온에 대한 영향은 $Fe^{3+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, sodium dodecyl sulfate, N-bromosuccinide 등에서는 아주 강한 저해를 받았고, $Mn^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$에서는 약간의 저해를 받았다. 반면에 $Mg^{2+}$는 효소활성을 증가시켰다. Xylanase에 의한 xylooligo 당의 생산양상을 TLC로 조사한 결과 xylobiose, xylotriose 및 xylotetrose가 주 생산물이었으며, 반응 1시간 이후부터 소량의 xylose가 생성되었다. 따라서 본 효소는 전형적인 endotype xylanase로 확인되었으며 새로운 기능성식품인 자일로 올리고당(xylooligo-saccharides)의 제조에 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.711-722
• /
• 2011

This study is aimed to estimate the $PM_{2.5}$ source apportionment at Seoul intensive monitoring site located in Seoul metropolitan area. Time-resolved chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ are measured in real time using ambient ion monitor, semi-continuous carbon monitor, and on-line XRF at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2010. The mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was simultaneously monitored with eight ionic species (${SO_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), two carbonaceous species (OC and EC), and fourteen elements (Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Pb) in 1-hr interval. The data sets were then analyzed using EPA PMF version 3 to identify sources and contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ mass. EPA PMF modeling identified eight PM2.5 sources, including soil dust, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, motor vehicle, coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning, and municipal incineration. This study found that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was apportioned to anthropogenic sources such as motor vehicle, fuel combustion, and biomass burning (61%) and secondary aerosols, including sulfate and nitrate (38%).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.250-255
• /
• 2003

김치의 용매획분중 in vitro에서 LDL 산화억제 활성이 강했고 in vivo에서 지질저하효과가 있었던 디클로로메탄 획분, 에틸아세테이트 획분, 수용성 획분이 고콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 토끼의 심장, 신장, 그리고 폐에서 항산화 효소의 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 과산화물 함량은 심장이 가장 높고 신장이 가장 낮았으나, catalase와 GSBf-px활성은 심장이 낮았고, 신장은 높은 활성을 나타냈다 Catalase, GSH-px 및 SOD의 활성은 모든 장기에서 1% 콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 대조군에 비해 김치 용매획분군에서 낮았고 특히 디클로로메탄 획분군의 항산화효소 활성은 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05).이러한 결과는 김치 용매획분은 심장 신장 그리고 폐에 지방축적을 억제하는 효과가 있었고, 그로 인해 지질 유리기의 생성이 적어, 각 장기에서 유리기를 제거하는 항산화 효소의 활성이 낮은 것으로 생각된다.