• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2009

Purpose: $^{18}$F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scan has been found to reflect tumor aggressiveness and prognosis in various types of cancer. However, pattern of FDG uptake in biliary malignancies and its clinical significance have not been studied well. The purpose of this study was to assess the additional value of $^{18}$F-FDG PET in differential diagnosis and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) according to the tumor location and tumor morphology. Materials and Methods: From April 2005 to May 2008, eighty two patients (M:F = 55:27, age 66.2$\pm$9.6 yrs) with CC underwent $^{18}$F-FDG PET. For semiquantitative analysis, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV$_{max}$) was obtained from the primary tumor. The difference of SUV$_{max}$ according to the tumor location and tumor growth pattern, such as scirrhous type, nodular type, polypoid type were compared. Results: Overall sensitivity of PET scan was 81.7% in CC. SUV$_{max}$ on PET scan in intrahepatic CC was significantly higher compared to extrahepatic CC. In extrahepatic CC, polypoid type showed significantly higher SUV$_{max}$ compared to scirrhous type. Conclusion: $^{18}$F-FDG PET may have a significant impact on clinical decision-making and on the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. And it is related to the shape of the tumor and the sensitivity of detection is higher in the mass-forming type than in the scirrhous type.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2009

Purpose: F-18 FDG can be accumulated in the liver, bowel, kidney, urinary tract, and muscles physiologically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of dual time point 18F-FDG PET /8 imaging for the differentiation of the colonic focal uptake lesions. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty two patients (M:F = 77:55, Age 62.8$\pm$11.6 years) underwent $^{18}$F-FDG PET/CT at two time points, prospectively: early image at 50-60 min and delayed image at 4-4.5 hours after the intravenous injection of $^{18}$F-FDG. Focally increased uptake lesions on early images but disappeared or shifted on delayed images defined a physiological uptake. For the differential evaluation of persistent focal uptake lesions on delayed images, colonoscopy and histopathologic examination were performed. SUVmax changes between early and delayed images were also compared. Results: Among the 132 patients, 153 lesions of focal colonic uptake were detected on early images of $^{18}$F-FDG PET/CT. Of these, 72 (47.1%) lesions were able to judge with physiological uptake because the focal increased uptake disappeared from delayed image. Among 81 lesions which was showed persistent increased uptake in delayed image, 61 (75.3%) lesions were confirmed as the malignant tumor and 14 (17.3%) lesions were confirmed as the benign lesions including adenoma and inflammatory disease. Remaining 6 (7.4%) lesions were confirmed as the physiological uptake because there was no particular lesion in the colonoscopy. In the malignant lesions, the calculated dual time point change for SUVmax ($\Delta$%SUVmax) was 20.8$\pm$18.7%, indicating a significant increase in SUVmax between the two point (p<0.01). In contrast, the change in SUVmax for the non-malignant lesions including benign lesions and physiological uptake was -13.7%$\pm$24.2%. For the differentiation of the malignant and non-malignant focal colonic uptake lesions, $\Delta$%SUVmax was the most effective parameter, and the cut-off value using -5% provided the best sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Conclusion: The dual time point $^{18}$F-FDG PET/CT imaging with SUVmax change evaluation could be an important noninvasive method for the differentiation of malignant and benign focal colonic uptake lesions including physiologic uptake.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate if short-term serum thyroglobulin (Tg) elevation after radioiodine administration can predict successful radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) and whether comparable RRA effectiveness is exhibited between a group administered with recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) and a group experiencing thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW), in preparation for RRA. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 39 patients in the rhTSH group and 46 patients in the THW group. They were treated for differentiated thyroid carcinoma by total or near total thyroidectomy, and referred for RRA between 2003 and 2006 (the rhTSH group) and between January and June of 2006 (the THW group). They were assessed for serum Tg levels just before I-131 administration (TgD0), reassessed 9 days later (TgD9), and again 6-12 months later. Results: RRA was successful in 64 (37 from the THW group and 27 from the rhTSH group) of the total 85 patients. The success rates of RRA had no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In both groups, TgD9/TgD0 values were significantly higher in the RRA success group (the rhTSH group; P = 0.03, the THW group; P = 0.04). By combining cutoff values of TgD0 and TgD9/TgD0, the successful RRA value was determined to be 96.7% (29/30) with TgD0$\leq$5.28 ng/mL and TgD9/TgD0>4.37 in both groups (the rhTSH group; 100% (16/16), the THW group; 92.9% (13/14)). Using logistic multivariate analysis, only TgD0 was independently associated with successful RRA. Conclusion: We may predict successful ablation by evaluating short-term serum Tg elevation after I-131 administration for RRA, in both rhTSH and THW patients.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-420
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• 2008

The highland area remained bare for the winter and spring seasons and this condition has resulted in soil erosion. In this areas, crop rotation by legume has not been commonly practiced. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the growth characteristics and nitrogen yield as a green manure crop according to sowing seasons of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. In this experiment, we was investigated the growth characteristics, winter tolerance, soil coverage and productivities of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch. We cultivated two hairy vetch(Madison, H1) and two woolly pod vetch(Naomi, Haymaker) varieties in the highland area from 2006 to 2007. The result are summarized as follows; The plant height of hairy vetch increased with the progress of growth stage until flowering stage. The wintering rate of hairy vetch was $79{\sim}83%$ in highland area. But, the wintering rate of woolly pod vetch was $29.5{\sim}39.2%$. The 100% soil coverage of hairy vetch was reached between end of May and beginning of June under autumn sowing, and between end of June and beginning of July under spring sowing. The weeds density of hairy vetch field under autumn sowing was lower than that under spring sowing. Dry matter yield of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. The dry matter yield of hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch were $5,255{\sim}5,405kg/ha$ and $3,520{\sim}3,640kg/ha$, respectively. But, hairy vetch in spring sowing was not significantly higher fresh matter yield than that of woolly pod vetch. The nitrogen content in hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch was $2.98{\sim}3.08$ and $2.74{\sim}3.21%$, respectively. There were no significant difference in nitrogen content of the hairy vetch and woolly pod vetch under the spring sowing. N-uptake of hairy vetch was significantly higher than that of woolly pod vetch in autumn sowing. The N uptake was $156{\sim}164\;kg/ha$ in hairy vetch and $96{\sim}101\;kg/ha$ in woolly pod vetch under autumn sowing. It was thought that hairy vetch was better than woolly pod vetch as a green manure crop in autumn sowing considering wintering rate and yield of dry matter in highland area. And woolly pod vetch could use as a green manure crop under spring sowing in highland area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2010

In order to rehabilitate forest sites damaged by wildfire via natural or artificial restoration, it is important to determine right tree species, which can acclimate to biogeoclimatic environment at the sites. The objectives of this study were to develop site index equation of different tree species for estimating forest productivity and to provide information on species selection for post-wildfire restoration. Site index equation was developed based on environmental information from wildfire damaged areas in Gangneung, Goseong, Donghae, and Samcheok, where were located in east coastal areas of South Korea. Despite the small numbers (4~5) of environmental variables used for the development of the site index equations, statistical analysis (e.g. mean difference, standard deviation of difference, and standard error of difference) showed relatively low bias and variation, suggesting that those equations can provide relatively high capability of estimation and practical applicability with high effectiveness. The small numbers of the variables enabled the model to be applied in a wide range of usages including determination of appropriate tree species for post-wildfire restoration. The estimation of forest site productivity showed the possibility of large distribution in east coastal region as the best site for Korean ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla) and original oak (Quercus variabilis) that can be used for firebreak in the region. These results imply that damages by forest fire can be reduced significantly by replacing existing pure coniferous forests in the area with ones dominated by broad-leaved deciduous stands, which can play an important role as fire break and/or prevent a transition from surface fire to crown fire.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.215-231
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• 2020

Forest landscape models (FLMs) can be used to investigate the complex interactions of various ecological processes and patterns, which makes them useful tools to evaluate how environmental and anthropogenic variables can influence forest ecosystems. However, due to the large spatio-temporal scales in FLMs studies, parameterization and validation can be extremely challenging when applying to new study areas. To address this issue, we focused on the parameterization and application of a spatially explicit forest landscape model, LANDIS-II, to Mt. Gyebang, South Korea, with the use of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) and long-term ecological research (LTER) site data. In this study, we present the followings for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II: 1) species-specific and spatial parameters estimation for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II, 2) calibration, and 3) application and validation for Mt. Gyebang. For the biomass succession extension, we selected 14 tree species, and parameterized ecoregion map, initial community map, species growth characteristics. We produced ecoregion map using elevation, aspect, and topographic wetness index based on digital elevation model. Initial community map was produced based on NFI and sub-alpine survey data. Tree species growth parameters, such as aboveground net primary production and maximum aboveground biomass, were estimated from PnET-II model based on species physiological factors and environmental variables. Literature data were used to estimate species physiological factors, such as FolN, SLWmax, HalfSat, growing temperature, and shade tolerance. For calibration and validation purposes, we compared species-specific aboveground biomass of model outputs and NFI and sub-alpine survey data and calculated coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). The final model performed very well, with 0. 98 R² and 8. 9 RMSE. This study can serve as a foundation for the use of FLMs to other applications such as comparing alternative forest management scenarios and natural disturbance effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.877-890
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different growing stages of winter cereal crops on the quality of silage materials and silages. Silages were made from the silage materials harvested at four growing stages(boot, heading, flowering, and yellow ripe) of barley, rye, oat, and wheat. Approximately 1 kg of silage materials harvested from each growing stage stored in vinyl bags with vacuum packing method and fermented at room temperature for 40 days. As the growing stages progressed, the moisture and crude protein contents of the silage materials decreased, and fiber contents(NDF, ADF and hemicellulose) increased. All the silage materials showed significantly higher contents of water soluble carbohydrate in the boot stages than in the flowering and yellow ripe stages. There was no tendency in acetic acid contents of silage materials cut at different growing stages. The overall pH of silage materials were in the range of 5.91-6.01, and there was no significant difference among growing stages. Buffering capacity of silage materials were in the range of 26.23-29.47meq/100g DM, and showed a tendency to decline as the growing stages proceeded. The moisture and crude protein contents of silages decreased significantly in all species as the growing stages proceeded, and the fiber contents vice versa. As the growing stages proceeded, the pH of the silages tended to increase, and the acetic, butyric, and lactic acid contents tended to decrease. The buffering capacity of silages had a tendency to decrease as the growing stages of winter cereal crops proceeded. Therefore, these features described above should be taken into consideration in order to make silages from winter crops economically.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.677-686
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• 2004

The objective of this experiment was to select the best strain of lactic acid bacteria for the manufacture of new type of yogurt with rice powders. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, viable cell counts, viscosity, organic acid contents, carbohydrates during fennentation were monitored and sensory evaluation were examined. The yogurt added with 4% rice or skim milk powders and L. salivarius ssp. salivarius culture did not reach pH 4.5, because the production of acids in this media for the culture was weak. The yogurt added with 4% rice or skim milk powder with L. casei, the pH was low and the titratable acidity was high, and therefore the quality of yogurt after 8 hours from fermentation was not high. The yogurt added with 4% rice or skim milk powders with a mixed culture of B. longum, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus was considered best for achieving pH 4.5 and titratable acidity of 1.0 % from 8 to 14 hours. The yogurt with a mixed culture had more acetic acid. Galactose was accumulated when L. salivarius ssp. salivarius or the mixed culture were used for fermenting yogurt. In sensory evaluation, the yogurt with the mixed culture received high overall sensory score. From these results, a mixed culture of B. longum, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus was identified as the best for the manufacture of yogurt added with rice powder.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2017

Benzovindiflupyr is a new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase of mitochondrial respiratory chain. This study was carried out to develop an analytical method for the determination of benzovindiflupyr residues in agricultural commodities using LC-MS/MS. The benzovindiflupyr residues in samples were extracted by using acetonitrile, partitioned with dichloromethane, and then purified with silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of benzovindiflupyr standard solution was 0.99 over the calibration ranges ($0.001{\sim}0.5{\mu}g/mL$). Recovery tests were conducted on 5 representative agricultural commodities (mandarin, green pepper, potato, soybean, and hulled rice) to validate the analytical method. The recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 110.0% and then relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 9.1%. Also the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0005 and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of interlaboratory validation ranged from 83.4% to 117.3% and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 9.0%. All results were followed with Codex guideline (CAC/GL 40) and Ministry of Food and Safety guideline (MFDS, 2016). The proposed new analytical method proved to be accurate, effective, and sensitive for benzovindiflupyr determination and would be used as an official analytical method.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

In boars, unlike the cases in males of other species, gonadal hormones suppress voluntary feed intake. for this reason, barrows, compared with gilts or boars, eat too much feed resulting in excessive fat deposition. Two experiments were performed in the present study to investigate the effects of implantation of Revalor H[Experiment(Exp.) I: 140mg trenbolone acetate(a synthetic androgen) + 14mg estradiol-$17\beta(E_{2}\beta)$] and Compudose(Exp. II; 24mg $E_{2}\beta$) on growth efficiency, carcass characteristics and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3). In Exp. I, sixty-four cross-bred finishing barrows weighing approximately 60kg were randomly divided into eight pens under a 2[control vs Revalor implant] $\times$ 2(ad libitum vs $80\%$ ad libitum feeding) $\times$2[control($103\%$ NRC-recommended level) vs low-energy($87\%$ NRC recommendation) diet] arrangement of treatments. In Exp. II, effects of Compudose were studied using 80 finishing barrows(10 animals/pen). In both Exps., all the animals were slaughtered at 100- to 110-kg body weight. Both Revalor and Compudose implants caused a decrease in feed intake and backfat thickness without affecting major physicochemical characteristics of the carcass and an increase in circulating IGF-I concentration. Moreover, Revalor implant exhibited greater effects than restricted feeding, low-energy diet, or Compudose in these variables. In addition, Revalor implantation suppressed weight gain, but enhanced the feed efficiency without exhibiting any interaction with the diet or feeding. In summary, results suggest that 1) both androgen and estrogen suppress voluntary feed intake and backfat deposition and enhance IGF-I secretion and 2) these effects of the gonadal steroid hormones in growth are likely to be mediated, in part, by IGF-I in finishing barrows.