• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

It is believed that traditional Korean medicines can be managed more scientifically through the development of logical criteria to verify their region of cultivation, and that this could contribute to the advancement of the traditional herbal medicine industry. This study attempted to determine such criteria for Sansuyu. The volatile compounds were obtained from 20 samples of domestic Corni fructus (Sansuyu) and 45 samples of Chinese Sansuyu by steam distillation. The metabolites were identified in the NIST Mass Spectral Library via the obtained gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) data of 53 training samples. Data binning at 0.2 min intervals was performed to normalize the number of variables used in the statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as principle component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software package. Significant variables with a variable importance in the projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 were obtained from OPLS-DA, and variables that resulted in a p-value of less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Finally, among the 11 variables extracted, 1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (9.089 min), nonadecane (20.170 min), butylated hydroxytoluene (25.319 min), 5β,7βH,10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (25.921 min), 7,9-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (34.257 min), and 2-decyldodecyl-benzene (54.717 min) were selected as markers to indicate the origin of Sansuyu. The statistical model developed was suitable for the determination of the geographical origin of Sansuyu. The cultivation areas of four Korean and eight Chinese Sansuyu samples were predicted via the established OPLS-DA model, and it was confirmed that 11 of the 12 samples were accurately classified.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.553-557
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• 2004

Aroma compounds in Pholiota adiposa were extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), and 41 compounds were identified by GC-MS, including eleven alcohols, eight aldehydes, four esters, four ketones, nine alkans, and five miscellaneous compounds. Major aroma compounds included hexanal (8.55%), n-heptaldehyde (13.02%), 2-pentyl furan (4.82%), benzeneacetaldehyde (3.34%), (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal (3.06%), and hexacosane(5.04%). Drying method was applied to aroma compounds of Pholiota adiposa extracted by solid phase microextraction and identified by GC-MS. As hot air-drying temperature increased, peak areas (%) of 2-phenylethanol and benzeneacetaldehyde decreased, whereas those of 2(5H)-furanone (0.16%), 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (7.63%), 2-acetylpyrrole (5.49%), and 4-phenyl-pyridine (5.61%) increased significantly at $70^{\circ}C$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.321-331
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• 1998

The separation and sample extraction methods of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and some extraction methods involved liquid-liquid extraction, disk extraction and solid-phase extraction methods. The separation of 19 PAHs was possible by partial variation of oven temperature of GC/MS in temperature range $80{\sim}310^{\circ}C$. Extraction procedures of PAHs in water samples were somewhat modified and compared as extraction recoveries and the simplicity of methods. Extraction recoveries of PAHs were 71.3~109.5% by liquid-liquid extraction method. By using disk extraction, good extraction recoveries (80.7~94.9%) were obtained in case of $C_{18}$ disk extraction method by filtration. And extraction recoveries of PAHs by $C_{18}$ solid-phase were in the range of 51.8~77.9%. Method detection limits (S/N=5) of 19 PAHs were in the range of 0.25~6.25 ppb by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and 0.05~1.25 ppb by disk extraction methods.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.236-241
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• 2012

There are many industrial factories in the central Nakdong river basin and have been occurred water pollution accidents by hazardous chemicals such as phenol, 1,4-dioxane and perchlorate. In this study, ten compounds of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (dichlorvos, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline), diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthaltate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) of hazardous chemicals which may be potentially discharged into the Nakdong river, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with disk-type solid-phase extraction. Accuracy and precision were in the range of 75.6~110.5%, and 4.6~12.7%, respectively and recovery was in the range of 72.4~127.9%. Three compounds (bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) were detected in industrial wastewater such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and wastewater discharge facilities in the Nakdong River basin.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2003

Useful Dianthus species were collected and selected from two native and seven foreign species distributed in Gangwon province. For in vitro breeding,. callus was induced from the explants of apical meristem, leaf, stem and the in vitro adventitious shoots on MS basal medium with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA at 27$^{\circ}C$ under continuous light. After 3 weeks of culture, calli initiated the most highly from the leaf explants of D. chinensis Organogenic calli were able to be selected from the adventitious shoot-derived calli. For shoot regeneration, these organogenic calli were cultured on MS medium with the combination of 0.1 mg/L NAA＋1.0 mg/L BA under continuous light. Multiple shoots were proliferated with low frequency (about 30%) from those adventitious shootderived calli. Also, shoots initiated directly from the adventitious shoot explants without callus formation at high frequency of 52% when cultured on N6 medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA in D. gratianopol. Multiple shoots and plantlets grew well and rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA. Regenerants with well-developed roots were transferred to 8-cm pots containing vermiculite at 85% relative humidity and 27$^{\circ}C$ These plantlets were acclimatized in artificial soil mixture and transferred to the greenhouse for flowering with normal phenotypes. M28 Mutant line was selected with white flowers from 0.03M EMS-treated organogenic calli derived from in vitro adventitious shoot explants of D. chinensis and set seeds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 1999

The albino plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L. cv. BY-4) were isolated from seed populations that were induced by heavy-ion ($^{14}N$) beam irradiation to proembryo and the in vitro growth and differentiation have been characterized. The in vitro cultured albino plants showed significant reduction of chlorophyll content and possessed larger number of stomata on both upper and lower epidermis than that of wild-type plants. Stem growth of the mutants remained dwarfed, however, the internode recovered its normal length after GA$_3$ treatment (10.0mg/L) on the MS medium containing sucrose under continuous light. When explants of leaf blades of albino plants were cultured, multiple shoots formed directly on MS medium containing 1.0mg/L of BAP or kinetin and a large number of calli were induced on the MS medium containing 1.0mg/L NAA or 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. The albino calli regenerated multiple albino plantlets in the MS medium containing 0.1mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L BAP. No significant differences between the wild-type and albino plants were detected in the multiple shoot induction, callus formation from the explants and the plantlets regeneration from calli. In addition, albino plants have a similar organogenesis Pattern to that of the wild-type in the media with different combinations of NAA (0 to 5.0mg/L) and BAP (0 to 5.0mg/L) treatment. These results indicate that the albino mutant has the same normal regeneration ability as that of wild-type, although the mutant has lost functions in photosynthesis, such as pigmentation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-144
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• 2004

Recently, the air pollution in A and B industrial area has become one of the most important issues, then 60 VOCs in the area were measured using a highly sensitive method. The VOCs were adsorbed onto Carbotrap using air sampler and subsequently desorbed by a thermal desorber system into gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (TDS-GC-MS). The peaks of all compounds had good chromatographic properties and offered very sensitive response for the EI-MS (SIM). Method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ppt(v/v), and linearities of calibration curves were over 0.995. We analyzed total 90 atmosphere air samples of A and B industrial complex using the method. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, n-hexane, fluorotrichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene and naphthalen were identified as the major compounds in the air, and their average concentrations were 0.81, 5.02 1.30, 3.0, 0.81, 37.9, 0.07, 0.15, 0.15, 0.79, 0.06, 0.33, 0.03, 0.12, 0.23, and 0.35 ppb(v/v), respectively. The concentrations of VOCs were low in summer and high in fall or winter. When the concentrations detected in air compare with WHO's norm, no case exceed it.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.566-575
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• 2013

The fruits of Taxus cuspidata were collected, divided into seeds and fruits, and extracted with 95% EtOH. The extracts were evaporated under the reduced vacuum pressure, concentrated, then successively fractionated with a series of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water on a separatory funnel to get some freeze dried samples. A portion of the EtOAc (arils:1.65 g, seeds:1.04 g) and $H_2O$ (arils:7 g, seeds:10 g) soluble samples were chromatographed on a Sephadex column using MeOH-$H_2O$ (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, v/v), EtOH-hexane (3:1, v/v) mixture and 100% $H_2O$ as eluting solvents to isolate pure compounds from the fractions. The isolates were developed by cellulose TLC using t-BuOH-HOAc-$H_2O$ (TBA; 3:1:1, v/v/v) and 6% aqueous HOAc. Visualization was done under ultraviolet light and by spraying the vanillin-HCl-EtOH reagent (4.8:12:480, v/v/v). followed by heating. The structures of the isolates were characterized by $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR, DEPT, 2D-NMR, LC/MS and EI-MS spectra. In addition to the NMR and MS spectra, acid hydrolysis and permethylation were used to determine the correct structure of the isolated sugar compound. Their structures were elucidated as (+)-catechin (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), (+)-gallocatechin (3), (-)-epigallocatechin (4) and ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranose-($2{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranose($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranose ($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-fructofuranose (5) on the basis of the above experimental evidences.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.58-61
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• 2012

A method based on flow injection-isotope dilution-cold vapor-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FI-IDCV-ICP/MS) has been applied to determine trace level of mercury in fly ash. $^{200}Hg$ isotopic spike was added to 0.25 g of BCR176R fly ash and then decomposed by microwave digestion procedure with acid mixture A (8 mL $HNO_3$ + 2 mL HCl + 2 mL HF) and acid mixture B (8 mL $HNO_3$ + 2 mL $HClO_4$ + 2 mL HF) for applying IDMS. Mercury cold vapor was generated by using reductant solution of 0.2% (w/w) $NaBH_4$ and 0.05% (w/w) NaOH. The measurements of n($^{200}Hg$)/n($^{202}Hg$) isotope ratio was made using a quadrupole ICP/MS system. The accuracy in this method was verified by the analysis of certified reference material (CRM) of fly ash (BCR 176R). The indicative value of Hg in BCR 176R fly ash was $1.60{\pm}0.23$ mg/kg (k = 2). The determined values of Hg in BCR 176R fly ash by the method of FI-CV-ID-ICP/MS described in this paper were $1.60{\pm}0.24$ mg/kg (k = 3.18) and the analysis results were in well agreement with the indicative value within the range of uncertainty.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.601-606
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• 2017

Cystoisospora is responsible for morbidity in immunocompromised patients. PCR is sensitive for diagnosing Cystoisospora; however, it needs reevaluation for differential molecular diagnosis of cystoisosporiasis. We aimed at evaluating melting curve analysis (MCA) after real-time PCR (qPCR) in diagnosis and genotyping of Cystoisospora as an alternative to conventional PCR. We included 293 diarrheic stool samples of patients attending the Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine of Cairo University Hospitals, Egypt. Samples were subjected to microscopy, nested PCR (nPCR), and qPCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA (r RNA) gene followed by melting temperatures ($T_ms$) analysis and comparing the results to PCR-RFLP banding patterns. Using microscopy and ITS2-nPCR, 3.1% and 5.8% of cases were Cystoisospora positive, respectively, while 10.9% were positive using qPCR. Genotyping of Cystoisospora by qPCR-MCA revealed 2 genotypes. These genotypes matched with 2 distinct melting peaks with specified $T_ms$ at $85.8^{\circ}C$ and $88.6^{\circ}C$, which indicated genetic variation among Cystoisospora isolates in Egypt. Genotype II proved to be more prevalent (65.6%). HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma and leukemic patients harbored both genotypes with a tendency to genotype II. Genotype I was more prevalent in lymphomas and mammary gland tumors while colorectal and hepatocellular tumors harbored genotype II suggesting that this genotype might be responsible for the development of cystoisosporiasis in immunocompromised patients. Direct reliable identification and differentiation of Cystoisospora species could be established using $qPCR-T_ms$ analysis which is useful for rapid detection and screening of Cystoisospora genotypes principally in high risk groups.