• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2023

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious public health issue that places a heavy financial, social, and health-related burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. Self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is extensively used for monitoring the general population's health conditions and measuring the effectiveness of interventions. Therefore, this study investigated HRQoL and associated factors among patients with type 2 DM at a primary healthcare center in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Klaten District, Central Java, Indonesia, from May 2019 to July 2019. In total, 260 patients with DM registered with National Health Insurance were interviewed. HRQoL was measured with the EuroQol Group's validated Bahasa Indonesia version of the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) with the Indonesian value set. Multivariate regression models were used to identify factors influencing HRQoL. Results: Data from 24 patients were excluded due to incomplete information. Most participants were men (60.6%), were aged above 50 years (91.5%), had less than a senior high school education (75.0%), and were unemployed (85.6%). The most frequent health problems were reported for the pain/discomfort dimension (64.0%) followed by anxiety (28.4%), mobility (17.8%), usual activities (10.6%), and self-care (6.8%). The average EuroQoL 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) index score was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.88). In the multivariate ordinal regression model, a higher education level (coefficient, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.14) was a significant predictor of the EQ-5D-5L utility score. Conclusions: Patients with diabetes had poorer EQ-5D-5L utility values than the general population. DM patients experienced pain/discomfort and anxiety. There was a substantial positive relationship between education level and HRQoL.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1990

To investigate ionic characteristics of acid rain by the succeeding rainfall. bulk precipitation was collected every each 5mm rainfall from march to october 1990 at Dae Jeon area. pH, sulfate nitrate, chloride, ammonium ion was measured and analyzed. The result was as follows: 1. The weighted average pH of rain was 5.1$\pm$ 0.72(4.15~7.6) and rain pH less than 5.5 was appeared 51.3% 2. Average ion concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, chloride and ammonium ion was 125.12 $\mu$eq/l, 62.38 $\mu$eq/l, 31.95 $\mu$eq/l, 66.6 $\mu$eq/l and rates of each anions was 57%, 28.4%, 14.6% and rate of sulfate by nitrate was 2 times. 3. There is no correlations time interval of rainfall and Ion concentration change. 4. From initial to 15mm rainfall, each ion concentrations were decreased. and average concentration of pH, SO$^{-2}_{4}$, Cl ion concentration was increased in the succeeding rainfall 5. Only sulfate ion was correlated by the simple regression analysis with pH except NO$^{-}_{3}$, Cl$^{-}$ and NH$_{4}^{+}$ Cl$^{-}$ correlation coefficient was very high at the multiple regression analysis with pH. 6. Simple & multiple correlation coefficient among anions and NH$^{+}_{4}$ was very high especially N$^{+}_{4}$ and SO$^{2-}_{4}$ at simple regression analysis and SO$^{-2}_{4}$ and NO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, NH$_{4}^{-}$ at multiple regression analysis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1985

The changes of acid-base status in vitro of the venous blood for 24 hours in ten Korean native goat were investigated. The acid-base parameters were measured within ten minutes after collection of the blood, and every hour during the first six hours and finally after twenty four hours of storage. Blood samples were stored at two different temperatures ($0-4^{\circ}C$ and $21-24^{\circ}C$). Twelve goats were induced acute acid-base disturbances by intravenous infusion of either hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate and inhalated with $CO_2$ gas mixture (20% $CO_2$, 80% $O_2$) or hyperventilation were performed by means of respirator. The results were as follows; 1. Blood samples could be stored during the first two hours in ice water ($0-4^{\circ}C$) and one hour at room temperature without significant changes in pH. The magnitudes of changes were similar to those of cow, and lower than those of men and dogs. 2. The mean values of acid-base parameters in normal goat were arterial pH, 7.40; $P_{CO_2}$, 35.4mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 21.8mEq/L. 3. Both the base excess and the bicarbonate showed high correlation (r=0.99) during the metabolic disturbance and were represented as $B.E.=1.38\;HCO^-{_3}-29.7$. 4. The slope of blood buffer curve obtained from the in vivo experiment was 16.3mEq/L/pH. 5. The magnitudes of changes in hydrogen ion concentration per unit change of $P_{CO_2}$ were 0.8nM/mmHg in hypercapnia and 1.0nM/mmHg in hypocapnia. 6. The ranges of acid-base parameters in normal goat urine were pH, 6.0-8.1; $P_{CO_2}$, 42-61mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 2-110mEq/L. The concentration of potassium was higher (60-200mEq/L), and that of sodium was lower (8-70mEq/L) than those of human urine.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1996

In order to investigate the chemical components of acid precipitation at Samchok City in Korea, the rainwater was collected according to 3mm rainfall from september 1994 to december 1994. pH, electric conductivity were measured and ionic components were analyzed by Ion chromatography. As the analytical results, the average value were 6.27 for pH, 53.16 S/cm for E.C., the average concentration were 393.42 eq/1 for C $l^{[-10]}$ , 18.41 eq/1 for N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ , 91.44 eq/1 for S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, 335.92 eq/1 for N $a^{+}$, 65.66 eq/1 for N $H_{4}$$^{+}$, 18.22 eq/1 for $K^{+}$, 120.49 eq/1 for $Mg^{2+}$ and 147.04 eq/1 for $Ca^{2+}$. pH value correlated negatively with rainfall amount and the component of C $l^{[-10]}$ and N $a^{+}$ were transported to urban air by the seasalt. It showed that S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ and N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ had influence on acidity of precipitation, 73% and 27%, respectively, in this area. Ion Concentration of N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ was higher than S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ in the early rain, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ was higher than N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ in the succeeding rain by multi-regration analysis. the percentages of removal by percipitation were higher in N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ than in S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$./TEX> 2-/.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.941-947
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this case study is to report the hydrocele of the canal of Nuck and the effectiveness of Korean medicine in post-surgery improvement of symptoms. Method: A patient who was diagnosed with hydrocele of the Nuck canal and had symptoms after Lichtenstein's operation was treated using Korean medicine, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, and moxibustion, every day. The evaluation was performed using the Numeral Rating Scale (NRS), the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L), the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: After treatment, changes were observed in NRS (from 8 to 2-3) and EQ-VAS (from 60 to 85), whereas there was no difference in EQ-5D-5L (both 6). There was an overall improvement in the domains of WHOQOL-BREF and subjective symptoms. Conclusion: This study suggests that Korean medicine may improve symptoms after surgery of hydrocele of the canal of Nuck and can be evaluated using an overall QoL questionnaire.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.480-487
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• 2015

본 연구는 2013년 KNHANE 자료를 이용하여 우리나라 성인의 구강건강 상태와 HRQoL 관련성을 EQ5D 구성요소를 중심으로 평가하고자 하였다. 16~64세 성인 3,252명을 최종 분석대상자로 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 치아통증과 운동능력, 통증 및 불편은 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 나타냈고, 저작 불편과 말하기 불편은 EQ5D 구성요소 5가지 모두 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 나타냈다. 주관적 구강건강 인식은 자기관리, 일상활동, 통증 및 불편, 불안 및 우울과 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 나타내어 구강건강 상태와 EQ5D 구성요소의 관련성을 확인하였다. 또한 EQ5D 구성요소에 미치는 영향을 통제변수를 보정 후 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 살펴본 결과 치아통증, 저작 불편, 말하기 불편, 주관적 구강건강 인식이 불안 및 우울에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구강건강 증진은 HRQoL을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안이 되므로, 구강건강의 중요성을 인식하고 예방차원의 교육 및 프로그램이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.381-396
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• 2004

In order to understand the precipitation acidity and chemical composition of ion species in Iksan area as well as to know the difference of chemical characteristics in precipitation samples from the viewpoint of precipitation sampling method, precipitation samples were collected by wet-only automatic precipitation sampler and bulk manual precipitation sampler in Iksan, from March 2003 to August 2003. The mean pH of precipitation was 5.0. There was a little significant difference in the mean value of pH between automatic and manual sampler. However, pH values of some precipitation samples were lower in automatic sampler than in manual sampler, especially in case of precipitation samples with small rainfall for March 2003. The mean concentrations of each ions in precipitation were generally a little higher in precipitation samples collected by the manual sampler than in those collected by the automatic sampler because of accumulation of dry deposition on the surface of glass funnel installed at the manual sampler during the sampling period or no rainfall. Dominant species determining the acidity of precipitation, were N $H_4$$^{[-10]}$ and nss-C $a^{2+}$ for cations and nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ for anions. The mean concentration of N $H_4$$^{+}$ and nss-C $a^{2+}$ were 31 $\mu$eq/L and 9 $\mu$eq/L for the automatic sampler and 40 ueq/L and 16 ueq/L for the manual sampler, respectively. In addition, nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ were 27 $\mu$eq/L and 13 $\mu$eq/L for the automatic sampler and 32 $\mu$eq/L and 17 $\mu$eq/L for the manual sampler, respectively. Although the concentrations of the acidifying ions of nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$ and N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ were about 3 times higher than those for foreign pristine sites, precipitation acidity were estimated to be natural due to the neutralization reaction of the alkaline species of N $H_4$$^{+}$ and nss-C $a^{2+}$ with its higher concentrations. Considering the ratios of nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$/N $O_4$$^{[-10]}$ nss-S $O_4$$^{2-}$, it was found that ammonium sulphate was dominant in Iksan precipitation. The major non-sea salt ions were maximum concentrations for March, but decreased with increasing of precipitation amount.on amount.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.111-120
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• 1998

To predict and evaluate metallurgical and mechanical behavior of th welds, it is essential to understand solidification behavior and microstructural evolution experienced in the welds, neither of which follows the equilibrium phase diagram because of rapid heating and cooling conditions. Metallurgical phenomena in austenitic stainless steel fusion welds, types 304, 309S, 316L, 321 and 304N, were investigated in this study. Autogenous GTA welding was performed on weld coupons, and primary solidification mode and phase distribution were investigated from the welds. Varestraint test was employed to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibilities of the alloys. GTA weld fusion zones in type 304, 321 and 304N stainless steels experienced primary ferrite solidification while those in type 309S primary austenite solidification. Type 316L exhibited a mixed type of primary ferrite and primary austenite solidification. The primary solidification mode strongly depended on $Cr_{eq}/Ni_{eq}$ ratio. In terms of solidification cracking susceptibility, type 309S that solidified as primary austenite exhibited high cracking susceptibility while the alloys experienced primary ferrite solidification showed low cracking susceptibility. The relative ranking in solidification cracking susceptibility was type 304=type 304N < type 321 < type 316L < type 309S.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 50세 이상 한국인을 대상으로 식물성 단백질 섭취와 건강관련 삶의 질과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 2016~2018년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 7,956명(남성 3,434명, 여성 4,522명)이 연구에 포함하였다. 건강관련 삷의 질은 신체 기능, 자기 관리, 일상 활동, 통증/불쾌감, 불안/우울 문제로 구성된 삶의 질 5차원 지표(EQ5D)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 식물성 단백질 일일 섭취량과 건강관련 삶의 질 사이의 연관성은 회귀 분석을 사용하여 평가하였다. 총 식물성 단백질, 콩과 견과류 종자(LNS) 및 발효 콩(FERMB) 단백질의 섭취는 남성과 여성 모두에서 건강관련 삷의 질과 건강관련 삷의 질과 유의미한 연관이 있었다(p < 0.01). EQ5D의 지표 중 신체 기능과 일상 활동이 식물성 단백질 섭취와 가장 밀접한 관련이 있었다. LNS 단백질이나 FERMB 단백질 섭취에 비해 총 식물성 단백질 섭취가 건강관련 삷의 질과 더 큰 연관성을 보였다. 결론적으로, 식물성 단백질 섭취와 건강관련 삷의 질 사이에는 유의미한 연관성이 있었다. 이는 식물성 단백질의 적절한 섭취가 한국 성인의 건강관련 삷의 질 유지 또는 개선에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.603-616
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• 2023

본 연구는 주파수 및 시간 특성을 활용하여 머신러닝 기반 공동주택 주거소음의 군집화 및 분류를 진행하였다. 먼저, 공동주택 주거소음의 군집화 및 분류를 진행하기 위하여 주거소음원 데이터셋을 구축하였다. 주거소음원 데이터셋은 바닥충격음, 공기전달음, 급배수 및 설비소음, 환경소음, 공사장 소음으로 구성되었다. 각 음원의 주파수 특성은 1/1과 1/3 옥타브 밴드별 L_eq와 L_max값을 도출하였으며, 시간적 특성은 5 s 동안의 6 ms 간격의 음압레벨 분석을 통해 L_eq값을 도출하였다. 공동주택 주거소음원의 군집화는 K-Means clustering을 통해 진행하였다. K-Means의 k의 개수는 실루엣 계수와 엘보우 방법을 통해 결정하였다. 주파수 특성을 통한 주거소음원 군집화는 모든 평가지수에서 3개로 군집되었다. 주파수 특성 기준으로 분류된 각 군집별 시간적 특성을 통한 주거소음원 군집화는 L_eq평가지수의 경우 9개, L_max 경우는 11개로 군집되었다. 주파수 특성을 통해 군집된 각 군집은 타 주파수 대역 대비 저주파 대역의 음에너지의 비율 또한 조사되었다. 이후, 군집화 결과를 활용하기 위한 방안으로 세 종류의 머신러닝 방법을 이용해 주거소음을 분류하였다. 주거소음 분류 결과, 1/3 옥타브 밴드의 L_eq값으로 라벨링된 데이터에서 가장 높은 정확도와 f1-score가 나타났다. 또한, 주파수 및 시간적 특성을 모두 사용하여 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network, ANN) 모델로 주거소음원을 분류했을 때 93 %의 정확도와 92 %의 f1-score로 가장 높게 나타났다.