• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.534-548
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to observe the corrosion characteristics of seven dental amalgams (CAULK FINE CUT, CAULK SPHERICAL, OPTALLOY II, DISPERSALLOY, HI VERALOY, TYTIN, VALIANT) through the anodic polarization curve obtained by using a potentiostat. After each amalgam alloy and Hg being triturated, the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold, and condensed by hydrolic pressure(160 kg/$cm^2$). Each specimen was removed from the metal mold. 24 hours after condensation, specimens were polished with the emery paper and stored at room temperature for 1 week. The anodic polarization curves were employed to compare the corrosion behaviours of the amalgam in 0.9% saline solution, Fusayama's artificial saliva, and stimulated parotid saliva at $37^{\circ}C$ with 3-electrode potentiostat. After the immersion of specimen in electrolyte for 1 hour, the potential scan was begun. The potential scan range was. -1700m V ~ + 400m V(vs. S. C. E) in the working electrode and the scan rate was 50m V /sec. The results were as follows, 1. The corrosion potential, the potential of anodic current peak, and transpassive potential in the stimulated parotid saliva shifted to more anodic direction than those in saline solution, and the current density in the stimulated parotid saliva was lower than that in saline solution. Those in Fusayama's artificial saliva was similar to those in stimulated parotid saliva. 2. The anodic polarization profiles in Fusayama's artificial saliva and stimulated parotid saliva indicated a region of slow slope current density, which is extending from the corrosion potential to the potential of anodic current peak, but that in 0.9% saline solution indicated no region of slow slope. 3. The corrosion potentials for CAULK FINE CUT, CAULK SPHERICAL, and OPT ALLOY II had the similarity in 0.9% saline solution, Fusayama's artificial saliva and stimulated parotid saliva, but those for high coper amalgam and VALIANT had no similarity. 4. The current density for TYTIN amalgam in stimulated parotid saliva was the lowest among the others. 5. As for current density, there was no significant difference between palladium enriched VALINAT and other high copper amalgams.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2009

Purpose: This study evaluated the characteristics and the prognosis of multiple intraabdominal solid organ injuries, including those to the liver, spleen, and kidney, after blunt trauma. Methods: From January 2001 to March 2009, 39 patients with multiple intraabdominal solid organ injuries, which had been confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography after blunt trauma, were included in this retrospective study. The injury severity score (ISS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS), revised trauma score (RTS), American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury grade of solid organs, initial hemodynamic status, blood gas analysis, blood transfusion, and the mortality were the main outcome measurements. Results: Injured groups were classified into liver/kidney (n=17), liver/spleen (n=4), spleen/kidney (n=13), and liver/kidney/spleen (n=5) groups. Patients were older in the liver/kidney group than in the liver/kidney/spleen group (43 vs 18 years, p=0.023). The initial systolic blood pressures tended to be lower in the liver/kidney group than in the other groups (84 vs 105, 112, and 114 mmHg, p=0.087). The amounts of 24-hour packed RBC transfusion were 32 units in the liver/kidney group and 4 units in the liver/kidney/spleen group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Differences were found in neither the RTS, ISS, and AIS for head, chest, abdominal, and pelvic injuries nor the AAST injury grade for solid organ, but injuries to the chest were more severe in the liver/spleen group than in the spleen/kidney group (AIS 4.0 vs 2.8, p=0.028). Conservative treatment was the most frequent applied treatment in all groups. There were 6 mortalities : 3 due to hypovolemia, 2 to sepsis, and 1 to brain injury. Mortalities occurred only in the liver/kidney group. Conclusion: Patients who had intraabdominal solid organ injuries of the liver and the kidney simultaneously, tended to be transfused more at an early time after trauma, to have lower initial systolic blood pressures, and to have a higher mortality.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.1 s.52
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• pp.43-50
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• 1996

We experienced a case of nephropathy in chronic lead poisoning. The patient was 43-year-old male who has been working in secondary lead smelting plant for 14 years. On admission, blood pressure was 160/90 mmHg and the others were non-specific. In past history, he received chelating agent administration for lead poisoning irregularly and medicated for gout, and the blood lead concentration was $180.0{\mu}g/dl$ on 2 months before admission. Smoking habit has been 1 pack per day for 15 years and drinking habit has been 1 bottle of Soju per day but less flow. In liver function test, AST/ALT were 27/28 IU/l and $\gamma-GT$ was 456 IU/l. In blood test, Hb : 11.5 g/dl, Hct : 34.0% and basophilic stipplings were found in peripheral blood smear. Chest PA was normal and abdominal ultrasonographic finding was non-specific except fatty liver. In the test of lead exposure indices, $PbB:83.0{\mu}g/dl,\;PbU:28.3{\mu}g/l$, and blood ZPP was $300.0{\mu}g/dl$. And in renal function test, BUN : 31.4 mg/dl, blood creatinine : 2.7mg/dl, blood uric acid. 9.1 mg/dl, urinary albumin : 100.0 mg/g creatinine, urinary $\alpha_1-microglobulin$ : 120.5 mg/g creatinine, urinary $\beta_2-microglobulin$ : $183.8{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and 24 hours urinary creatinine clearance was 31.9 ml/min. The ultrasonoguided renal biopsy showed the global sclerosis of glomerulus, moderate atrophy and loss of tubule, and interstitial fibrosis in light microscopy. There were diffuse losses of brush border of proximal tubule in electronmicroscopy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to compare the reaction of the cardiovascular system, and the anesthetic effect among 3 experimental groups, epidural administration of medetomidine as a single agent, the combination of buprenorphine and medetomidine, and the combination of fentanyl and medetomidine. Twenty one dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and allowed to breathe spontaneously. Epidural, arterial, and venous catheters were inserted. The tip of epidural catheter was positioned at the level of the space between the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebra. After a stable plane of anesthesia was achieved, these dogs were each administered one of the following treatments epidurally : medetomidine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M), a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and buprenorphine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/B), and a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and fentanyl $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/F). Heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate (RR), End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and arterial blood pressure were measured before drug administration (base line) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min postinjection. Blood gas analysis was performed before injection and 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 min postinjection. Isoflurane was discontinued 80 min postinjection and pain/motor function were evaluated up to 260 min postinjection every 15 min. At the early stage of drug introduction (until 5 min), the HR was decreased significantly in all 3 groups compared with base line. In Group M, HR was significantly decreased compared with the other 2 groups. With time (starting 20 min after drug introduction), the HR was decreased significantly in Group M/B in respect to base line. However, no significant difference was seen number-wise in all 3 groups. During 60 min after drug introduction, the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were highest in Group M and lowest in Group M/F. Among 3 groups, drug action and motor loss duration were longest in Group M/F. Analgesic effect observed in the M/F group was the most prominent and long-lasting, compared to those seen in the other 2 groups. Given the fact that the recovery of motor function takes place in a short period of time after analgesic effects disappeared, additional use of M/F depending on the patient's condition would be a good way to achieve effective pain management. However, proper care should be taken to ensure the function of cardiovascular system in the patient because the administration of M/F under isoflurane anesthesia results in a significant decline in arterial blood pressure ($65{\pm}10mmHg$).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.1 s.49
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• pp.27-42
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• 1995

The in vivo and in vitro humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of lymphocytes of BALB/c mouse exposed to mercury chloride$(HgCl_2)$ were investigated. In vitro exposure of the splenocytes to mercury chloride produced overt cytotoxicity in 3 hours period. The $IC_{50}$(the concentration required to inhibit a splenocyte viability by 50%) for mercury chloride was >0.1mM for cytotoxicity. In vivo mercury chloride exposed mice were significantly depressed delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. Mercury chloride inhibited the proliferative responses of splenocytes to lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin in a dose-dependent manner. Hemagglutinin response to SRBC in mercury chloride exposed mice was significantly depressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. After 7 weeks of mercury chloride exposure in vivo, mercury chloride induced an increase of nonspecific serum $IgG_1$ and IgE levels in BALB/c mice.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.485-489
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) of Tetillarca granosa (Linnaeus), We measured $LC_{50}$, survival, oxygen consumption rate, filtration rates and blood composition under $10{\cdot}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and $25{\cdot}0.5^{\circ}C$ as a function of DO. The 16 days-$LC_{50}$ of DO for T. granosa was 1.31 mg DO/L in large individual and 0.95 mg DO/L in small individual. At 25$^{\circ}C$, the $LC_{50}$ of DO in large and small individual was 1.13 and 1.M mg DO/L, respectively. With decreasing DO, oxygen consumption rate, and filtration rates of T. granosa decreased. Blood composition of T. granosa was analysed hemoglobin, glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, GOT and GPT, Hg was increased with decreasing DO, but glucose was decreased below 1.2 mg DO/L. Total protein, total cholesterol, GOT and GPT were investigated irregular and decreasing aspect.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.302-314
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake, indices of anemia, serum lipids, and their correlations in 40 Korean female college students aged 21 to 25 years. Fasting blood samples were collected in October. 1997 Nutrient intake was investigated by 24-hour recall method for three days. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, iron status and serum lipids of the subjects were determined. The mean values for age. height, weight, BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 22.1 years, 160.6cm, 54.4kg and 109.1/66.9mmHg, respectively. According to the body composition analysis, total body water, % body fat, lean body mass and WHR were 26.7L. 29.5%, 36.5kg and 0.8, respectively. Average daily intake of energy was 1,858.4kcal. Protein, phosphorus, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin and vitamin C intakes were higher than the Korean recommended dietary allowence(RDA), whereas calcium, iron, vitamin A intakes were tower than that. Hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(SI) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) were measured and transferrin saturation (TS%) was calculated from serum. The mean values for Hb, Hct, SI, TIBC and TS were 13.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 41.6%,97.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, 319.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 31.9%, respectively. The Prevalence rates of iron deficiency assessed by Hb and Hct were found to be 10% and 2.5%, respectively. However, when assessed with TIBC, the prevalence rate of iron deficiency was increased to 32.5%. The mean values for serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), HDL-Chol, LDL-Chol concentrations and atherogenic index(AI) were 154.7mg/㎗, 80.0mg/㎗, 47.4mg/㎗, 91.3mg/㎗ and 2.6, respectively. Correlations among indices of anemia. there were positive correlations between Hb and Hct, between SI and TS : negative correlations between TIBC and TS or SI. Correlations among serum lipids, there were positive correlations between TC and TG or LDL-cholesterol. Energy intakes were correlated positively with TIBC(p＜0.05), and vitamin C intakes negatively correlated with Hb(P＜0.05). And vitamin A intakes were negatively correlated with TG(p＜0.01). TC(p＜0.05) and LDL-Chol(p＜0.01). Hb negatively correlated with TG(P＜0.05). Body weights(p＜0.05), lean body mass(p＜0.05) and total body water(p＜0.01) werenegatively correlated with Hb. BMI and WHR correlated with TG and TC(p＜0.01). These results indicated that subjects with higher energy intake and overweight had a tendency to have iron deficiency. Increases in BMI and WHR were related to increases in serum lipids levels and decreases in TIBC. The results also showed that serum lipids were decreased when vitamin A and iron intakes were sufficient.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.794-805
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• 2017

Purpose: Interface pressure is a factor that contributes to the occurrence of pressure injuries. This study aimed to investigate interface pressure at common sites of pressure injury (occipital, gluteal and peritrochanteric areas), to explore the relationships among risk factors, skin condition and interface pressure, and to identify risk factors influencing interface pressure. Methods: A total of 100 patients admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled at a tertiary teaching hospital in Korea. Interface pressure was recorded by a scanning aid device (PalmQ). Patient data regarding age, pulmonary disease, Braden Scale score, body mass index, serum albumin, hemoglobin, mean blood pressure, body temperature, and oxygen saturation were included as risk factors. Data collected from July to September 2016 were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: The mean interface pressure of the occipital, gluteal, and right and left peritrochanteric areas were 37.96 (${\pm}14.90$), 41.15 (${\pm}16.04$), 53.44(${\pm}24.67$), and 54.33 (${\pm}22.80$) mmHg, respectively. Predictive factors for pressure injuries in the occipital area were age ${\geq}70$ years (OR 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19~9.98), serum albumin deficit (OR 2.88, 95% CI: 1.00~8.26) and body temperature ${\geq}36.5^{\circ}C$ (OR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.17~8.17); age ${\geq}70$ years (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.10~7.15) in the right peritrochanteric area; and body temperature ${\geq}36.5^{\circ}C$ (OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.17~6.98) in the left peritrochanteric area. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that old age, hypoalbuminemia, and high body temperature may be contributory factors to increasing interface pressure; therefore, careful assessment and nursing care of these patients are needed to prevent pressure injury. Further studies are needed to establish cutoff values of interface pressure for patients with pressure ulcers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.96-96
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• 1999

CdTe는 일반적으로 광전 소자나 Xtjs 및 λ선 감지 소자로서 많은 연구가 되어지고 있는 물질이다. 특히 적외선 감지 소자로 쓰이고 있는 HgCdTe 물질의 기판으로서도 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 여러 가지 목적으로 사용함에 있어서 CdTe 내에 가지고 있는 여러 가지 불순물에 의한 영향으로 각종 결함밴드들이 형성됨으로서 소자로서의 응용에 많은 지장을 주고 있다. 이러한 이유로 여러 가지 방법으로 불순물 및 결합에 의한 준위에 관한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 실험에서는 MBE 법으로 성장된 In 도핑된 CdTe 박막의 광학적 성질을 관찰하기 위하여 수소화 및 열처리를 하여 PL 법을 이용하여 관찰하여 보앗다. 열처리는 Cd 분위기의 50$0^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 동안 수행하였으며 수소화는 rf plasma 장치를 이용하여 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 50mW/c2의 출력으로 1시간동안 수행하여 주었다. 열처리한 시료의 경우 PL 신호는 갓 성장한 시료와 비교하여 깊은 준위에 관련된 신호들만 변화가 있었을뿐 그리 큰 변화가 있지는 않았다. 그러나 수소화시킨 시료의 경우 전체적으로 피크의 크기가 5배정도 감소하는 것을 볼 수 있었는데 이것은 수소에 의하여 passivation된 효과로 볼 수 있다. 정량적인 passivation 효과를 보기 위하여 온도의존성 PL 측정을 하여 보았다. 측정에서 관측된 (D,h) emission lines의 FWHM을 비교하여 본 결과 FWHM 온도가 증가함에 따라 선형적으로 증가하는 것이 아니라 급격한 증가를 q이는 구간을 관착할 수 있었다. 이것은 CdTe내에 존재하는 전하를 띠고 있는 주게와 받게의 결합의 결과로 나타나는 현상으로 보여진다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 얕은 준위에 있는 주게 불순물의 농도를 계산해 보았고 Hall 측정을 얻은 결과와 비교하여 보았다.판단된다. 따라서 이 기술은 기존의 광소자 제작을 위한 IFVD 방법의 문제점을 해결할 뿐만 아니라 결정 재성장 없이 도일한 기판상에 국부적으로 상이한 bandgap 영역을 만들 수 있기 때문에 광소자 제작에 적극 이용될 수 있다.나지 않았으며 BST 박막에서는 약 1.2V의 C-V이력현상이 보였다.를 이용하였으며, 이온주입후 열처리 온도에 따른 활성화 정도의 관찰을 위하여 4-point probe와 Hall measurement를 이용하였다. 증착된 다결정 SiGe의 두게를 nanospec과 SEM으로 분석한 결과 Gem이 함량이 적을 때는 높은 온도에서의 증착이 더 빠른 증착속도를 나타내었지만, Ge의 함량이 30% 되었을 때는 온도에 관계없이 일정한 것으로 나타났다. XRD 분석을 한 결과 Peak의 위치가 순수한 Si과 순수한 Ge 사이에 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며, ge 함량이 많아짐에 따라 순수한 Ge쪽으로 옮겨가는 경향을 보였다. SEM, ASFM으로 증착한 다결정 SiGe의 morphology 관찰결과 Ge 함량이 높은 박막의 입계가 다결정 Si의 입계에 비해 훨씬 큰 것으로 나타났으며 근 값도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 포유동물 세포에 유전자 발현벡터로써 사용할 수 있음으로 post-genomics시대에 다양한 종류의 단백질 기능연구에 맡은 도움이 되리라 기대한다.다양한 기능을 가진 신소재 제조에 있다. 또한 경제적인 측면에서도 고부가 가치의 제품 개발에 따른 새로운 수요 창출과 수익률 향상, 기존의 기능성 안료를 나노(nano)화하여 나노 입자를 제조, 기존의 기능성 안료에 대한 비용 절감 효과등을 유도 할 수 있다. 역시 기술적인 측면에서도 특수소재 개발에 있어 최적의 나노 입자 제어기술 개발 및 나노입자를 기능성 소재로 사용하여 새로운 제품의 제조와 고압 기상 분사기술의 최적화에 의한 기능성 나노 입자 제조 기술을 확립하고 2차 오염 발생원인 유

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.312-317
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• 2005

Chemical composition, and mineral and heavy metal contents of Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts (1-5-year-old) were determined. Moisture contents (Yeomsan, 6.07-17.02%; Baekso, 4.29-16.15%) and pH (Yeomsan, 5.92-6.31; Baekso, 5.52-6.23) decreased as age of salts increased, while NaCl contents (Yeomsan, 80.35-92.74%; Baekso, 81.06-94.58%) increased with increasing storage period of salts. Older salts had lower content of water-insoluble matters. Nitrate content was not affected by aging of salts, whereas nitrite content was lower in older salts. Sulfate content of sun-dried salt decreased with aging of salt. Average concentrations (ppm wet weight) of major minerals in Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts were: Mg, Mg, 1002-119; K, 1062-3411; Ca, 1503-3437; Li, 25-101; Ge, 8.35-0.21; Si, 43.99-6.48; and Mn, 6.79-1.55. Mineral content generally decreased with salt aging. Among heavy metals, Hg was not detected in all salts, and Cd (0.02-0.04ppm) was not affected by storage period. Pb was not detected in 5-year-old salts. Older salts showed brighter color than younger ones.