• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 1998

To evaluate the effects on health by exposure to low dose organic solvents, the author analyzed the air concentration of mixed organic solvents (toluene, xylene, butylacetate) at worker's breathing zone during painting, some laboratory findings of blood (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, SGOT, SGPT, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE) and urine (hippuric acid, urinary protein, urobilinogen), surveyed the subjective symptoms those were obtained from 35 male workers exposed to mixed organic solvents, and 25 male workers not exposed to organic solvents who worked in car repair workshops in Taejon area from December 1, 1995, to February 29, 1996. The results were as follows: 1. The mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid of car painting worker group (organic solvent exposure group) was 0.76$\pm$ 0.21 g/l, which is significantly higher than that of non-exposed group. 2. In hematologic findings, the values of RBC, TC, LDL-C, IgG and IgE in the exposure group were significantly lower than those of the nonexposed group, but SGOT and SGPT in the exposure group were significantly higher than those of the non-exposed group. 3. Urinary hippuric acid levels showed positively correlated with toluene, urobilinogen and HDL-C levels, but those were negatively correlated with RBC, LDL-C, IgM levels. 4. Rates of the subjective symptoms such as "dizziness", "appetite loss", "weight loss", "palpitation", "chest tightness", "sore throat and eye discomfort", "tingling sense and acrodynia", "illusion or hallucination" and "decreaased motor power" were significantly higher in the exposure group than those of the non-exposed group.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.442-449
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• 1992

Grey cast iron containing a small amount of Cu and Mo to improve the effect of heat treatment and microstructure were cast and them austenitized. After austenitizing the specimens of castings were austempered at 250$^{\circ}C$, 300$^{\circ}C$ and 350$^{\circ}C$. The effects of matrix structures on mechanical properties and fracture characteristics at the different austempering temperature were investigated. Tensile strength, hardness and impact toughness of austempered grey cast iron showed maximum valve 359 MPa, 321 HB, 3.9 CVN respectively at the lowest austempering temperature, 250$^{\circ}C$. $K_{IC}$ of gref cast iron at a austempering temperature, 250$^{\circ}C$, showed maximum 44 MPa.$m^{1/2}$ even though the amount of retained austenite in it is only 16%. This mainly comes from the refinement of the retained austenite. Quasi-cleavage pattern with a little fit of fibrous pattern was shown on the fractured surface of austempered grey cast iron at all of the temperatures tested.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.19 no.2 s.20
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• pp.167-176
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• 1986

For the purpose of determinating the normal values of some parameters relevant to lead exposure, a study was carried out from April 1 to June 30, 1986 on 258 healthy Korean adults who have had no apparant lead exposure. The lead indices subjected to this study were as follows; blood lead (PbB), hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood, coproporphyrin in urine (CPU), delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALAU). 1) The mean value of PbB was $17.17{\pm}7.87{\mu}g/100ml$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of PbB fitted to the log-normal distribution ($x^2=7.38$, p>0.1). 2) The mean value of Hb in male ($15.17{\pm}1.56g/100ml$) was higher than in female ($13.22{\pm}1.51g/100ml$)(p<0.01). The distribution of Hb fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=9.40$, p>0.1). 3) The mean value of ZPP was $32.61{\pm}8.78{\mu}g/100ml$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ZPP fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=13.93$, p>0.05). The correlation of ZPP & ALAD (r=-0.229), CPU (r=0.183) was statistically significant respectively. 4) The mean value of ALAD was $30.20{\pm}10.96{\mu}mol$ ALA/min/L of R.B.C., and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAD activity did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between ALAD & PbB (r=-0.219) was statistically significant 5) The mean value of CPU was $36.10{\pm}24.54{\mu}g/L$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of CPU did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between CPU & PbB (r=0.185), ZPP (r=0.183) was statistically signinificant respectively. 6) The mean value of ALAU was $1.94{\pm}0.96mg/L$, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAU fitted to the normal distribution ($x^2=9.76$, p>0.1).

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.34
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2022

Background: Long working hours are known to account for approximately one-third of the total expected work-related diseases, and much interest and research on long working hours have recently been conducted. Additionally, as the prevalence of prediabetes and the high-risk group for diabetes are increasing worldwide, interest in prediabetes is also rising. However, few studies have addressed the development of type 2 diabetes and long working hours in prediabetes. Therefore, the aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and the development of diabetes in prediabetes. Methods: We included 14,258 prediabetes participants with hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) level of 5.7 to 6.4 in the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study. According to a self-reported questionnaire, we evaluated weekly working hours, which were categorized into 35-40, 41-52, and > 52 hours. Development of diabetes was defined as an HbA1c level ≥ 6.5%. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of diabetes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analyses with weekly working 35-40 hours as the reference. Results: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, 776 participants developed diabetes (incidence density, 1.66 per 100 person-years). Multivariable-adjusted HRs of development of diabetes for weekly working > 52 hours compared with working 35-40 hours were 2.00 (95% CI: 1.50-2.67). In subgroup analyses by age (< 40 years old, ≥ 40 years old), sex (men, women), and household income (< 6 million KRW, ≥ 6 million KRW), consistent and significant positive associations were observed in all groups. Conclusions: In our large-scale longitudinal study, long working hours increases the risk of developing diabetes in prediabetes patients.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2016

Background: Glycemic control is an effective way to reduce the cardiovascular complications of diabetes, but more than half of the adults with diabetes in Korea are improperly controlling their glycemic levels. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors associated with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: This study analyzed 1,261 subjects ${\geq}30years$ old diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012). Poor glycemic control rates were defined as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level ${\geq}7%$. To shed light on the causes of poor glycemic control, socio-demographics, diabetes severity, health status, and health behavior factors were adjusted and logistic regression was done. Results: Of the total 1,261 patients, 53.0% of patients with type 2 diabetes had HbA1c ${\geq}7%$. After running a logistic regression model, the odds ratio of poor glycemic control was higher in high school graduates than elementary school graduates; in people living in Chungcheong and Jeolla/Jeju than those living in Seoul; in the group with diabetes for over 5 years had diabetes less than 5 years; in a group with insulin and oral hypoglycemic agent treatment than non-treatment; in a group with hypertriglyceridemia than without hypertriglyceridemia; and in the group with slept less than 6 hours slept 7-8 hours. Conclusion: We need a comprehensive public health policy to reduce the poor glycemic control rates in type 2 diabetes patients. We should recognize the education levels, duration of diabetes, diabetes treatment, hypertriglyceridemia, and sleep duration were associated with poor glycemic control.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-73
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The extract from Dendropanax morbifera exhibited diverse therapeutic potentials. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of D. morbifera leaf extract for improving metabolic parameters in human. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A 12-week, double blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial included a total of 74 adults, and they were assigned to the placebo group (n = 38) or 700 mg/day of D. morbifera group (n = 36). The efficacy endpoints were changes in glycemic, lipid, obesity, and blood pressure (BP) parameters, in addition to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the numbers of MetS components. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level significantly decreased in the D. morbifera group compared to that of the placebo group (difference: -0.13 ± 0.20% vs. 0.00 ± 0.28%, P = 0.031; % of change: -2.27 ± 3.63% vs. 0.10 ± 5.10%, P = 0.025). The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance level also decreased significantly from its baseline in the D. morbifera group. The systolic BP of D. morbifera group decreased significantly than that of placebo group (difference: -3.9 ± 9.8 mmHg vs. 3.3 ± 11.7 mmHg, P = 0.005; % of change: -2.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.3 ± 10.2%, P = 0.005). However, the lipid parameters and body composition including body weight did not differ between the groups. The prevalence of MetS (36.8% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.022) and the incidence of MetS (10.5% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.027) at 12 weeks was significantly lower in the D. morbifera group than it was in the placebo group. No serious AEs occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with D. morbifera extracts over a 12-week period improved metabolic parameters such as HbA1c and BP and reduced the prevalence of MetS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.734-738
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of cold stress on broiler performance and ascites susceptibility. Male chicks were obtained from a commercial strain of broiler breeders. The trial was divided into two treatments (control and cold stress groups). Ascites was induced in broiler chickens in the trial by exposing the chickens to low temperature (Ta) and by supplying a pelleted diet. The two experimental treatments consisted of: 1) Control group, $33.3^{\circ}C$ the $1^{st}$ wk, $30.2^{\circ}C$ the $2^{nd}$ wk, and $27.5^{\circ}C$ the $3^{rd}$ wk. 2) Cold stress group, $29.0^{\circ}C$ the $1^{st}$ wk, $26.4^{\circ}C$ the $2^{nd}$ wk, and $23.1^{\circ}C$ the $3^{rd}$ wk. From the end of the $3^{rd}$ wk all broilers were reared to 6 wk of age at a constant temperature of $21^{\circ}C$. There was significant difference in live BW during wk 1 to 5. The control group was consistently the heaviest; however, at 6 wk of age, both groups weighed the same. Body weight gain up to 3 wk was significantly decreased by cold stress. During wk 3 and 6 the chicks in the cold stress group had greater BW gain compared with the chicks in the control group. There were significant differences in mortality due to ascites between the groups. During wk 3 and 6 the cold stress group exhibited the most ascites mortality (9.52%) when compared with the control group (1.90%). At 5 wk of age cold stress condition caused significant changes in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell counts (RBC). Right ventricle weight was significantly heavier in the cold stress group than the control. There were also significant differences in right ventricle/total ventricle (RV/TV) ratios at 5 wk. the right ventricle/total ventricle ratios in the cold stress group was higher (0.25) than the control group (0.20). It was concluded that, fast growth and cold temperatures are the primary triggers for ascites during commercial broiler production.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.425-431
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• 2006

The development of fermentation conditions for the production of C595 diabody fragment (dbFv) in E. coli HB2151 clone has been explored. Investigations were carried out to study the effect of carbon supplements over the expression period, the comparison of C595 dbfv production in synthetic and complex media, the influence of acetic acid upon antibody production, and comparison of one-stage and two-stage processes operated at batch or fed-batch modes in bioreactor. Yeast extract supplied during expression yielded more antibody fragment than any other carbon supply. The synthetic medium presented higher specific productivity (0.066 mg dbFv $g^{-1}$ dry cell weight) when compared to the complex medium (0.044 mg dbFv $g^{-1}$ DCW). The comparison of fermentation strategies demonstrated that (1) one-stage fed-batch fermentation performed higher C595 dbFv production than that operated in batch mode which was significantly affected by acetate concentration; (2) a two-stage batch operation could enhance C595 dbFv production. It was found that a concentration of 12.3 mg $L^{-1}$ broth of C595 dbFv and a cell concentration of 10.8g $L^{-1}$ broth were achieved at the end of two-stage operation in 5-L fermentation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 2003

This study investigated the relationship of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection to iron-deficiency anemia in high school girls. Four hundred and fourty-five subjects resided in Ulsan City in Korea were evaluated by questionnaire or blood analysis for serum indicators of iron status, daily nutrient intakes, symptoms of anemia, and H. pylori IgG antibody status. In H. pylori infected subjects, total energy intake of was 1534.14±350.81 kcal (73.0% of the Korean RDA), the iron intake of subjects was 11.38±3.90 mg (71.1% of Korean RDA) and calcium intake was 467.63±175.96 mg (58.3% of the Korean RDA). Carbohydrate (p < 0.05), vitamin A (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.01) intakes were significantly lower in infected subjects than in non-infected subjects. The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin (Hb) < 12 g/dL.) in H. pylori infected subjects was 22.7% as compared to 14.7% in non-infected subjects. The mean serum ferritin of infected subjects (21.71±21.50 ng/mL) was significantly lower than in non-infected subjects (p < 0.05) (as was the mean Hb concentration (12.54±1.51 g/dL) and hematocrit (37.99±3.64%)). Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of H. pylori infected subjects (449.09±78.23 ㎍/dL) was significantly higher than that of non-infected subjects (432.99＋76.15 ㎍/dL) (P < 0.05). The levels of iron, red blood cell (RBC) and transferrin saturation were similar in infected and non-infected subjects. Two symptoms of anemia, 'pale face (p < 0.01)' and 'decreased ability to concentrate (p < 0.005)', were significantly higher in H. pylori infected subjects than in non-infected subjects. High school girls are known to be more vulnerable to iron deficiency than other age groups, and this research demonstrates that infection with H. pylori increases their risk of iron-deficiency anemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1203-1210
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• 1997

This study was performed from March to June 1994 in ANsung Medical Center. We investigated serum components of 78 diabetics in the center, in addition to the nutrient intake status and anthrophometric status of 60 diabetics among them. We separated the latter into 2 groups(ⅰ) less tan 5 years of diabetic duration and ⅱ) more than 6 years of diabetic duration) and analyzed the clinical characteristics of each group. The results are as follows : \circled1 The average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1 and 58.9 years, respectively. The average diabetic duration of male subjects was 4.8 years and that of female subjects was 5.9 . The major occupational field of both male and female subjects was agriculture(33.3%, 36.1%). 50% of male and 75% of female subject's monthly incomes were less than 600, 000 won and 75% of male and 94.4% of female subjects had weekly food expense less than 40, 000 won. The nutrient intake status of the subjects was lower than RDA on the whole. There was no big differences between 2 the male groups of different diabetic duration , but calorie, protein , fat carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron and Vit B$_1$intakes of the above 6 year female group were appearently higher than those of the under 5 year female group (p<0.05). There were different intake tendencies between male and female subjects . For females. the longer the diabetic duration, the less intakes of calorie, protein , fat carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron Vit B$_1$, Vit B$_2$, and niacin were observed. Furthermore, the longer the diabetic duration in females , the more intakes of energy and nutrients, except Vit C were observed. Fasting blood glucose levels were 155mg/dl and 164mg/dl and Postprandial glucose levels were 242mg/dl and 247mg/dl for males and females respectively. Hb of both males and females , and Ht of males met the lower limit of normal status, The serum TG level was higher than normal , so that they seemed to suffer from hyperlipidemia ; their high HbAIC status indicated that the management of diabetes mellitus was poor. The total protein level of female subject was higher when compared with that of males(p<0.05). All subjects blood pressure were higher than normal , and the longer the diabetic duration, the higher was the blood pressure. The serum HDL-cholesterol levels of the above 6 year group male subjects were lower(p<0.05) than those of the under 5 year male group subjects, and the former group's systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher than those of the latter(p<0.05). Levels of serum total protein, albumin and TG of the above 6 year female group were lower than those of the under 5 year female group(p<0.05). As the diabetic duration was extended, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels showed a tendency to increase, while Hb, Ht, total protein, albumin, and A/G, which represent the nutrients state of iron and protein, were inclined to decrease. This result showed that serum lipid components went bad. To summarize the results, the longer the diabetic duration, the worse were the male subjects nutrient intake status, but those of the female subjects were good. With respect to serum components and serum lipid subjects Fe, protein, nutrition status and serum lipid component got worse as the diabetic duration was extended , implying the possibility of diabetes mellitus complication grows.