• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.319-326
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• 1993

The effects of $SnO_2$ crystallite size on the powder characteristics, the resistance in air and the sensitivity to 0.5 vol % $H_2$, CO-air mixture were observed. The size of SnO, powder was controlled by calcining temperature variation ($500^{\circ}C$ ~$1100^{\circ}C$) of $\alpha$-stannic acid fabricated from $SnCl_4 \cdot xH_2O$. Its crystallite size. evaluated from TEM image, was in the range of 8-54nm. With the reduction of crystallite size, the adsoption peak of $H_2O$ on FTIR curve became more clear while the lattice parameters were invariable. As the crystallite size decreased, with elements of thick film, the temperatures showing a minimum resistance in air and a maximum sensitivity to H, gas reduced. The temperature variations were assigned to the changes of activation energy of the active adsorbates, and it was suggested that the decrease of activation energy can be one of the reasons for the' sensitivity increase with the' fine powder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.295-295
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• 2010

KSTAR(Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) 토카막에 설치되어 있는 ICRF(Ion Cyclotron Range Frequency) 시스템을 이용한 방전세정을 2008년에 이어 2009 KSTAR 플라즈마 campaign 동안에도 시행하였다. ICRF 시스템을 이용한 방전세정인 ICWC(Ion Cyclotron Wall Cleaning)는 ITER와 DEMO 같은 초전도 자석을 이용하는 토카막에서 토카막 shot 중간에 자장을 낮추지 않고 바로 방전 세정을 할 수 있는 방법이다. 토카막에서 방전세정은 탄소나 산소 화합물과 같은 불순물을 제거하여 방사에 의한 플라즈마 냉각을 막고 토카막 초기 start-up시 진공 챔버 벽면으로부터 의도하지 않은 연료주입을 제거하는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 ICWC 방전 세정 플라즈마의 밀도특성과 균일도를 간섭계와 $H_{\alpha}$ line 세기를 통해 관측하고 RGA를 통해서 C, $H_2O$, $O^2$ 불순물의 제거량을 파악하는 한편 토카막의 신뢰성 있는 start-up을 위해 요구되는 벽면에서 토카막 방전가스의 제거량을 HD양을 통해서 조사하였다. 플라즈마 선적분 밀도는 약 $1{\sim}3{\times}10^{17}#/m^2$로 측정되었는데 이는 보통 He을 이용한 방전세정 플라즈마의 밀도에 해당한다. 한편 $H_{\alpha}$ line의 세기를 통해 ICWC 방전 플라즈마의 균일도를 살펴본 결과 안테나 전류띠의 중간이 아닌 끝부분에서 $H_{\alpha}$의 세기가 큰 것으로 나타났는데 이는 ICWC 플라즈마가 Inductive 방전보다는 capacitive 방전에 의해 생성되는 것으로 추정된다. ICWC 방전에서 C, $H_2O$, $O_2$ 불순물의 제거율은 각각 약 $4.2{\times}10^{-5}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$, $1.4{\times}10^{-3}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$ 그리고 $1.72{\times}10^{-4}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$로 각각 나타났는데 ICWC shot이 진행될수록 이 양은 점점 줄어들었다. 대표적인 He/$H_2$, He ICWC 방전 shot인 2118, 2123 shot에서 벽면에서 $D_2$의 제거율은 각각 약 $0.12\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$와 $3.9{\times}10^{-3}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$로 나타났다. 이는 수소의 첨가로 인해 HD의 형태로 $D_2$의 제거율이 증가되었기 때문이다. 한편 $H_2$의 첨가는 챔버 벽면에 흡착되는 $H_2$ 양을 또한 증가시키므로 차후에 $H_2$ 만을 제거하는 He ICWC를 수행해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1002-1014
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• 2023

The root of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (Maxim.) has long been used in traditional medicine to prevent the onset and progression of various diseases and has been reported to exert a wide range of physiological effects, including antioxidant activity. However, research on its effects on hepatocytes remains scarce. This study used the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line to investigate the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of C. japonicum root (EECJ) on hepatocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used to mimic oxidative stress. The results showed that EECJ significantly reverted the decrease in cell viability and suppressed the release of lactate dehydrogenase in HepG2 cells treated with H₂O₂. Moreover, an analysis of changes in cell morphology, flow cytometry, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) expression showed that EECJ significantly inhibited HepG2 cell autophagy induced by H₂O₂. Furthermore, it attenuated H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and cell cycle disruption by blocking intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide production, indicating strong antioxidant activity. EECJ also restored the decreased levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and enhanced the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase and GSH peroxidase in H₂O₂-treated HepG2 cells. Although an analysis of the components contained in EECJ and in vivo validation using animal models are needed, these findings indicate that EECJ is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-induced liver cell damage.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.371-378
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• 2013

Water and methanolic extracts of Ecklonia cava, a marine brown alga, were prepared by ultrasonic extraction (UE) and conventional extraction (CE) methods. The radical-scavenging activity and the inhibitory effects against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced DNA damage of the extracts were investigated. All extracts prepared by CE exhibited higher total polyphenolic content than that in the extracts prepared by UE. Extraction yield and total phenolic content increased as the UE time increased. The radical-scavenging activities increased as the UE time increased. All extracts prepared by CE exhibited higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities than did those prepared by UE. Extracts prepared by UE showed stronger scavenging activities on alkyl radical and $H_2O_2$ than those prepared by CE did. Methanolic extract with UE 12 h (100MEU-12h) and methanolic extract with CE 24 h (100MEC-24h) were selected and evaluated by comet assay for their inhibitory effect against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. 100MEU-12h showed slightly greater protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage than 100MEC-24h. Thus, UE can be effectively used as a seaweed extraction technique, and there is potential for scale-up of the extraction process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.242-242
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• 2010

SiO2박막을 이온 감지막으로 이용한 pH농도센서를 제작하였다. 현재 많은 연구중인 pH센서, pH-ISFET(pH-Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor)는 용액과 기준전극간의 전기화학적 변위차를 이용하여 pH를 센싱한다. pH-ISFET는 기존 CMOS공정을 그대로 이용할 수 있고, 이온감지막의 변화만으로 다양한 센서를 제작할 수 있어 최근 많은 연구가 진행 중이다. 하지만 FET를 제작하기 위한 공정의 복잡성과 용액의 전위를 정해주고 FET에 바이어스를 인가해줄 기준전극이 반드시 필요하다는 제한성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SOI 기판을 이용하여 간단한 구조의 pH센서를 제작하였다. 센서는 (100)결정면을 가지는 p-타입 SOI(Silicon On Insulator)기판을 사용하였으며 포토리소그래피 공정을 이용하여 back-gated MOSFET구조로 제작하였다. 이온감지막으로 사용할 SiO2박막은 RF 스퍼터링을 이용하여 $100{\AA}$ 증착하였다. 바이어스는 기존 pH-ISFET와는 다르게 기준전극 대신 기판을 backgate로 사용하여 FET에 바이어스를 인가해 주었다. pH 용액 주입을 위해 PDMS재질의 챔버를 제작하고 실리콘글루를 이용하여 센서에 부착하였다. pH12부터 pH4까지 단계적으로 누적시키며 챔버에 주입하였고, pH에 따른 드레인전류의 변화를 관찰하였다. pH용액을 챔버에 주입시, pH농도에 따라 제작된 센서의 문턱전압이 오른쪽으로 이동하는 결과를 관찰할 수 있었다. 결과적으로, 구조가 간단한 pseudo MOSFET을 이용하여 pH센서의 적용가능성을 확인하였으며 SiO2박막 역시 본 pH센서의 이온감지막의 역할과 센서의 안정성을 향상시킬 수 있다는 점을 확인하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1061-1065
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• 1996

The charge transfer compounds of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with the general formula of (TTF)mMCln, (M=Au, Pt, Ir, Os) were prepared by the direct reaction using excess HAuCl4·3H2O, H2PtCl6·xH2O, H2IrCl6·xH2O and H2OsCl6 respectively. The powdered electrical conductivities (σrt) at room temperature are given as follows; (TTF)3AuCl2, 4.53×10-3; (TTF)3.5AuCl2, 6.37×10-3; (TTF)3PtCl4, 5.51×10-4; (TTF)2IrCl4, 2.40×10-5; (TTF)OsCl4·1/2C2H5OH, 4.46×10-7 Scm-1. Magnetic susceptibility, electronic (UV-Vis.), vibrational (IR) and EPR spectroscopic evidences indicate that there is incomplete charge transfer from the TTF donor to gold, platinum, and iridium respectively, and that there is essentially complete charge transfer to osmium, thereby resulting a relatively low electrical conductivity in osmium compound. The EPR and magnetic susceptibility data reflect that the metals are in diamagnetic Au(Ⅰ), Pt(Ⅱ), Ir(Ⅲ), and Os(Ⅱ) oxidation states, and the odd electrons are extensively delocalized over the TTF lattices in each compound.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.171-173
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• 2001

ZnO:Al transparent conductive thin films were prepared by facing targets sputtering system with a DC power supply using ZnO target containing 2wt% of $Al_2O_3$ and Zn metal target. Sputtering was carried out at substrate temperature of R.T. and $200^{\circ}C$ with a DC current of 0.6A, $O_2$ flow rate of $0.1{\sim}0.5$ and thickness $300{\sim}900nm$. ZnO:Al films showed a resistivity as low as $10^{-4}{\Omega}-cm$ and a transmittance above 85 % at wavelength 300 and 800nm.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

The present study demonstrates the effect of freezing conditions on the pore structure of porous Cu-10 wt.% Sn prepared by freeze drying of $CuO-SnO_2$/camphene slurry. Mixtures of CuO and $SnO_2$ powders are prepared by ball milling for 10 h. Camphene slurries with 10 vol.% of $CuO-SnO_2$ are unidirectionally frozen in a mold maintained at a temperature of $-30^{\circ}C$ for 1 and 24 h, respectively. Pores are generated by the sublimation of camphene at room temperature. After hydrogen reduction and sintering at $650^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, the green body of the $CuO-SnO_2$ is completely converted into porous Cu-Sn alloy. Microstructural observation reveals that the sintered samples have large pores which are aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction. The size of the large pores increases from 150 to $300{\mu}m$ with an increase in the holding time. Also, the internal walls of the large pores contain relatively small pores whose size increases with the holding time. The change in pore structure is explained by the growth behavior of the camphene crystals and rearrangement of the solid particles during the freezing process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 1999

The Mujeong au-Ag hydrothermal vein type deposits occur within the Teriary igneous rocks of the Janggi basin. Ore minerals consist of pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalertite, chalcopyrite, galena, cosalite, lillianite, argentite and electrum, and associated with epidotization, sericitization and pyritization. Fluid inclusion studies reveal that ore fluids were low saline with a simple NaCl-$H_{2}O$ system. Fluid inclusion data indicate that homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid are 150 to $340^{\circ}C$ and 1.0 to 6.5wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfied minerals ( ${\delta}^{34}S$=6.2 to 9.6$\textperthousand$) indicate that the ${\delta}^{34}S_{H2S}$ value of ore fluids was about 10.4$\textperthousand$. This ${\delta}^{34}S_{H2S}$ value is likely consistent with and hydrothermal sulfur, whereas the fluids were highly influenced by mixing with meteoric water. Measured and calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotope values (${\delta}^{18}O_{H2O}$=-2.7 to 3.4 $\textperthousand$, ${\delta}D_{H2O}$ = -83.6 to -52.7 $\textperthousand$) of ore forming fluids suggest mixing with hydrothermal and meteoric water. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation by mineral assemblages and chemistry indicates that sulfur fugacities (-log $fs_2$) ore forming fluids range from 9.0 to 12.6 atm stage II.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1965-1969
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• 2014

A new tetranuclear Mn(III) complex $[Mn^{III}{_4}(sae)_4({\mu}_3-O)({\mu}_{1,1}-N_3)(OH)(H_2O)_2]{\cdot}H_2O$ (1) ($H_2sae$ = 2-salicylideneamino-1-ethanol) has been synthesized by the reaction of $MnCl_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, $H_2sae$ and sodium azide in the mixed solvent of methanol, acetonitrile and water. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the four Mn(III) ions in complex 1 have a unique adamantine arrangement, whereas the coordination environment of each Mn(III) ions is different. Magnetic studies indicate that complex 1 manifests antiferromagnetic behaviors. The magnetic susceptibilities of complex 1 have been fitted by two magnetic models based on the suitable analysis of its magnetic structural topology.