• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.280-284
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• 2021

Mushroom strains of Polyporales from the genera Coriolus, Trametes, Pycnoporus, Ganoderma, and Formitella were explored in terms of mycelial growth characteristics for the application of mushroom mycelia as alternative sources of materials replacing fossil fuel-based materials. Among the 64 strains of Polyporales, G. lucidum LBS5496GL was selected as the best candidate because it showed fast mycelial growth with high mycelial strength in both the sawdust-based solid medium and the potato dextrose liquid plate medium. Some of the Polyporales in this study have shown good mycelial growth, however, they mostly formed mycelial mat of weak physical strength. The higher physical strength of mycelial mat by G. lucidum LBS5496GL was attributed to its thick hyphae with the diameter of 13 mm as revealed by scanning electron microscopic analysis whereas the hyphae of others exhibited less than 2 mm. Glycerol and skim milk supported the best mycelial growth of LBS5496GL as a carbon and a nitrogen source, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2020

Skin is continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UVB is an inherent component of sunlight that crosses the epidermis and reaches the upper dermis, leading to increased oxidative stress, activation of inflammatory response and accumulation of DNA damage among other effects. In the present study, the anti-wrinkle mechanism of Acorus gramineus callus culture supernatant (GB-AGS-PSC) was elucidated in UVB treated HaCaT keratinocytes. GB-AGS-PSC prevented the matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1), elastin, and pro-collagen product and cytotoxicity and SOD inhibition. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that GB-AGS-PSC-treated cells displayed dose-dependent increase in messenger RNA expression levels of Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), Keratin 1(KRT1), fillagrin, and hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS 2) and decreased expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3, -9, and -13 in UVB treated HaCaT keratinocytes. Additionally, GB-AGS-PSC suppressed TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 product for inflammatory responses in UVB treated HaCaT keratinocytes. Therefore, GB-AGS-PSC may be useful as an anti-photoaging resource for the skin.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2001

Antioxidant enzymes, scavengers of the reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI), are involved in numerous defense systems in cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the hot-water extracts of two medicinally potent mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus) on the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and in vivo. The mushroom extracts stimulated the catalase activity in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, whereas the other antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were unaffected by the extracts. The catalytic activity of catalase in the liver and brain was significantly increased after the oral treatment of the mushroom extracts (2.5 g/kg) to ICR mice for 2 months. Western blot analysis of the liver and brain tissues revealed that the expression level of catalase in the mice, treated with both mushroom extracts, was significantly increased compared to that of the control mice. However, the level of the SOD expression in the mice treated with the natural product extracts was unchanged under the same experimental conditions. Although the mechanisms for the stimulatory effect of the catalase expression by these extracts remains unclear, these results suggest that the ingredients of the Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus extracts act as an activator of catalase, and regulate the expression of catalase at the translational or transcriptional level.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 1994

Alkali soluble(AS) fraction, revealed the highest antitumor activity of the alkali extracted fractions of G. lucidum IY 009, was loaded on DEAE cellulose(OH$^{-}$ form) column. AS-1, AS-2, AS-3, AS-4 and AS-5 were obtained by stepwise elution with H$_{2}$O, 0.1 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.3 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.5 M NaHCO$_{3}$ and 0.5 N NaOH respectively, and their antitumor activities(I.R. %) against the sarcoma 180 were 97.5%, 68.0%, 73.0%, 81.0% and 66.0% respectively. AS-1 observed highest antitumor activity was appeared as single peak on the Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and their molecular weight was about 580,000 dalton. The carbohydrate content of AS-1 was 98.9%, their monosaccharide consisted of 67.5% of mannose, 22.5% of xylose, 5.8% of glucose, 1.8% of galactose and 2.0% of ribose. AS-1 was assumed $\alpha $linkaged xylomannan having infrared absorption at 864.3 cm$^{-1}$. The main alditol acetates of AS-1 were identified as 1,5-Di-O-acetyl1-2,3,4-Tri-O-methylxylitol, 1,4,5-Tro-O-acety1-2,3,6-Tri-O-methylmannitol and 1,3,4,5-Tetra-O-acety1-2,6-Di-O-methylmannitol by methylation analysis, and their molar ratio was 1 : 2 : 1. The core portion of AS-1 might be $\alpha $-(1$\longrightarrow $ 4)mannopyranosyl unit branched with side chain, C1 of xylopyranosyl residue linked to C3 of every 3 mannopyranosyl units, and the degree of polymerization of structural unit in AS-1 was about 835.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 2009

A scaling up study for the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum was carried out in jar fermenter systems (2.6, 20 and 75 L) under bi-staged pH process. Profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and volumetric coefficient of oxygen transfer ($k_La$) as a function of operating variables (agitation speed and aeration rate) was investigated, and a correlation between $k_La$ and operating variables was analysed statistically. Under bi-staged pH process, no limitation of DO was observed at agitation speeds tested in the range of 200 and 600 rpm, and the highest EPS production was obtained at the level of DO of $40{\sim}80%$. From the regression analysis, the relation between $k_La$, gas velocity (Vs), stirrer speed (N) and impeller diameter (Di) could be expressed as : $$k_La=0.555{\times}Vs^{0.42}{\times}(N^3{\times}Di^2)^{0.33}\;(R^2=0.925,\;p<0.05)$$ It was found that under 2.6 L jar fermenter, the optimum agitation speed and aeration rate was 400 rpm and 1 vvm, respectively, obtaining the EPS production of 15.43 g/L. Under the submerged cultivation of G. lucidum in jar fermenters of $2.6{\sim}75\;L$, the similar EPS yields at each fermenter were achieved during scaling up based on $k_La$, and $k_La$ value for maximum EPS production was $85.4{\pm}26.70\;h^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2018

Skin-aging is accelerated by the increased expression of MMP-1 caused by the increased skin temperature induced by IR/visible light as well as UV. Thus, the control of skin temperature is important to inhibit heat-induced aging. Many studies have been conducted to lower the skin temperature through the controlling transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel (TRPM8), which is known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) and is activated at temperature below $25^{\circ}C$. In this study, we first investigated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) on the TRPM8 expression. Results showed that GLE, hexane (Hex) fractions and water fractions increased the TRPM8 expression in a dose dependent manner. Active compound in Hex fractions were separated by chromatography and analyzed by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were identified as ergosterol and it also significantly increased the TRPM8 expression. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that G. lucidum extract and ergosterol have the potential as a new cooling ingredient in the cosmetics.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1988

Interspecific fusion products were obtained from fusion of Ganoderma applanatum and Ganoderma luridum. Frequency of fusion was 0.77-1.38%. Fusion products were selected by the comparision of morphology and color of colony. Fusion Products had chracteristics of two parental strains and generally grew faster than the parents. Some fusants were segregated on GCM. Fusion products were confirmed by mycelial morphology and electrophoretics pattern of esterase isozyme from mycelium. Most of fusion products were lack in clamp connection but those fusion products, that were segregated produced mycelium with and without clamp connection. Some of the fusion products produced fruit body on sawdust medium.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1987

This study has been investigated the effect of Ganordema lucidum extract on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth and physiology. Sacch. cerevisiae was inoculated in Hayduck solution medium which were added 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0% extracts of G. lucidum and fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 days respectively. Some results about cell number, alcohol content and carbon dioxide products during fermentation are as follows: $CO_2$ evolution of yeasts by addition of extract of G. lucidum was more increased than control after the fermentation for 120 hours. It was the most abundant by addition of 1.0% extract of pot-culture G. lucidum. The cell number of yeasts during the fermentation w as more increased than control by addition of extract of G. lucidum. It was by addition of extract of pot-culture G. lucidum that the cell number of yeasts was more increased than by each addition of extract of wood-culture G. lucidum and G. lucidum. Dry weight of yeasts was systematically increased in addition of extract of pot 0.5%>pot 1.0%>wild 1.0%>wood 1.0%=wood 0.5%>wild 0.5%>wild 0.1%>pot 0.1%>wood 0.1%>control in order. It was by addition of extract of pot-culture G. lucidum that. the dry weight of yeasts was more increased than by addition of woodculture G. lucidum and wild G. lucidum. Alcohol quantity by addition of extract of G. lucidum was increased more than 3 times after the fermentation for 72 hours compared with control but there was no any difference among them after the fermentation for 120 hours. The rate of sugar-consumption and fermentation of yeast by addition of extract of G. lucidum was highly increased during the early fermentation. As times went, there was no difference among them during the subsequent fermentation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

To examine the structural properties of the proteoglycan (GMPG, Ganoderma lucidum mycelial proteoglycan) obtained from mycelia in Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we obtained the low and high molecular proteoglycan by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography. The physicochemical properties of these fractions were as follows. When the proteoglycan separated by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, its was not fractionated completely. The molecular weight of high molecular proteoglycan by the gel column chromatography (CH) was 250 kD and 2,000 kD, and low molecular proteoglycan was 12kD. The total carbohydrate was consisted of 75.7% (UH) and 96.7% (CH), and the low fraction was 72.7% (UL) and 87.1% (CL), respectively. The sugar of high and low molecular proteoglycan composed of glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose and arabinose. Glucose contents of all fraction were ranged from $46.9%{\sim}82.4%$ of the total sugar and the ratio of ${\alpha}$\;and\;{\beta}-glucose$ was $0.84{\sim}1.14$, and its indicated the proteoglycan to be ${\beta}-glucan$. Amino acids pattern showed that the fractions contained a large amount of aspartie acid, glutamic acid, alanine and leucine. These fractions showed the characteristics of IR absorption for ${\beta}-glucan$ at $890\;cm^{-1}\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy showed the presence of the ${\beta}-1,3-glucan$ and a ${\beta}-1,6-glucan$.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 2008

Laccases are multicopper-containing oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of many aromatic compounds with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Interest in this enzyme has arisen in many fields of industry, including detoxification, wine stabilization, paper processing, and enzymatic conversion of chemical intermediates. In this study, we cloned a laccase gene (GLlac1) from the white-rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum. The cloned gene consists of 4,357 bp, with its coding region interrupted by nine introns, and the upstream region has putative CAAT and TATA boxes as well as several metal responsive elements (MREs). We also cloned a full-length cDNA of GLlac1, which contains an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) of 1,560 bp coding for 520 amino acids with a putative 21-residue signal sequence. The DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of GLlac1 were similar but not identical to those of other fungal laccases. GLlac1 was released from the cells when expressed in P. pastoris, and had high laccase activity. In addition, GLlac1 conferred antioxidative protection from protein degradation, and thus may be useful in bio-medical applications.